The effect and mechanism of chronic stress on psychosomatic diseases are important topics in stress research.The establishment of animal models to simulate human chronic stress is of great significance to investigations of stress responses,the pathogenesis of related diseases,clinical treatment,and drug development.In this paper,animal models of chronic stress commonly used in China and abroad are reviewed;the classification of stressors,animal selection,model construction,pathological manifestations,and evaluation indexes are summarized;and the advantages and disadvantages and application of various models are discussed.The paper provides a reference for the study and selection of models of chronic stress response.

The Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-associated protein 3(NLRP3)-mediated pyroptosis of pulmonary parenchymal and immune cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of lung injury during sepsis.NF-κB,JAK2/STAT3 and MAPK signaling pathways are involved in NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis.Targeting NLRP3-pyroptosis and its related signaling pathways,pharmacological interventions with Physalin B,schisandrin,erythropoietin,and physical therapies such as acupuncture at Zusanli and Feishu points,as well as NLRP3-specific inhibitors like ergolide,have all shown effective anti-septic effects in treating lung injuries.This article reviewed the roles and mechanisms of NLRP3-pyroptosis in sepsis-induced lung injury,as well as the experimental progresses made in targeting NLRP3 pyroptosis as a therapy.We aim to highlight the importance of NLRP3-pyroptosis as a target,providing insights for the prevention and treatment of sepsis-induced lung injury.

Background::Exercise, as the cornerstone of pulmonary rehabilitation, is recommended to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The underlying molecular basis and metabolic process were not fully elucidated.Methods::Sprague-Dawley rats were classified into five groups: non-COPD/rest ( n = 8), non-COPD/exercise ( n = 7), COPD/rest ( n = 7), COPD/medium exercise ( n = 10), and COPD/intensive exercise ( n = 10). COPD animals were exposed to cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide instillation for 90 days, while the non-COPD control animals were exposed to room air. Non-COPD/exercise and COPD/medium exercise animals were trained on a treadmill at a decline of 5° and a speed of 15 m/min while animals in the COPD/intensive exercise group were trained at a decline of 5° and a speed of 18 m/min. After eight weeks of exercise/rest, we used ultrasonography, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, oxidative capacity of mitochondria, airflow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI), and transcriptomics analyses to assess rectal femoris (RF). Results::At the end of 90 days, COPD rats’ weight gain was smaller than control by 59.48 ± 15.33 g ( P = 0.0005). The oxidative muscle fibers proportion was lower ( P < 0.0001). At the end of additional eight weeks of exercise/rest, compared to COPD/rest, COPD/medium exercise group showed advantages in weight gain, femoral artery peak flow velocity (Δ58.22 mm/s, 95% CI: 13.85-102.60 mm/s, P = 0.0104), RF diameters (Δ0.16 mm, 95% CI: 0.04-0.28 mm, P = 0.0093), myofibrils diameter (Δ0.06 μm, 95% CI: 0.02-0.10 μm, P = 0.006), oxidative muscle fiber percentage (Δ4.84%, 95% CI: 0.15-9.53%, P = 0.0434), mitochondria oxidative phosphorylate capacity ( P < 0.0001). Biomolecules spatial distribution in situ and bioinformatic analyses of transcriptomics suggested COPD-related alteration in metabolites and gene expression, which can be impacted by exercise. Conclusion::COPD rat model had multi-level structure and function impairment, which can be mitigated by exercise.

Objective:To explore the application status and trends of the health examination data.Methods:Relevant literatures on health examination data were retrieved from Web of Science from 1 January 2007 to 30 June 2022 and China Knowledge Network Infrastructure from 1 January 1992 to 30 June 2022; and the literature and research contents were visually analyzed by using CiteSpace 6.1 bibliometrics software.Results:Total of 5 517 Chinese articles and 18 563 English articles were selected. The publication volume of health examination data in China increased year by year since 1992, and the international publication volume also showed an increasing trend. The Chinese literature focused on health management, osteoporosis, overweight, and physical examination subjects such as pilots, while the English literature focused on the study of obesity, care and functional cognition after the formation of a cohort of physical examination data. More co-citation papers related to health examination data were published in the journals from developed countries mainly in the United States and the United Kingdom, and the contents of the co-cited journals highly covered disease research on chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, functional cognition and rehabilitation.Conclusions:The number of articles published on health examination data is increasing year by year, and in the future, more studies will use big data algorithms such as machine learning to measure the association between the risk of chronic diseases and related influencing factors.

Objective:To investigate the electrophysiological features of patients with anti-neurofascin 155 (NF155) IgG4 antibodies positive chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP).Methods:The electrophysiological data of 6 anti-NF155 IgG4 antibodies positive CIDP patients in Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University from September 2018 to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Parameters studies included standard motor and sensory nerve conduction studies, electromyography (EMG) and F waves studies. Correlation analysis was made to explore the relationships between clinical indicators and electrophysiological data.Results:There was statistically significant difference in the motor nerve conduction study on abnormal rate of tibial nerve (χ 2=11.08, P=0.011). Motor nerve conduction abnormalities were presented in a majority of patients with decreased motor conduction velocity (MCV) and prolonged distal motor latency (DML). There was no statistically significant difference in the overall abnormal rate between lower limbs and upper limbs (30/32, 93.8% vs 22/22, 100.0%; χ 2=1.43, P=0.508), sensory nerve conduction and motor nerve conduction (52/54, 96.3% vs 42/42, 100.0%; χ 2=1.59, P=0.503). There was statistically significant difference in the overall abnormal rate in median nerve, ulnar nerve and sural nerve (χ 2=14.96, P=0.001;χ 2=10.00, P=0.007; χ 2=9.95, P=0.008),and absent sensory nerve action potential was the most common abnormality in sensory nerve conduction abnormalities. The abnormal rate of EMG was 9/14, which was constituted by upper limbs (4/8) and lower limbs (5/6), and the spontaneous activity accompanied with prolonged duration and increased amplitude of motor unit action potential was common. Significant negative correlations were established between disease duration and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude and negative area of ulnar nerve ( r=-0.84, P=0.036; r =-0.76, P=0.011), and the correlations between age and MCV of median nerve and ulnar nerve were also found ( r=0.89, P=0.019; r=0.95, P=0.003). The DML of median nerve was negatively correlated with CMAP amplitude ( r=-0.63, P=0.049). Moreover, the correlation analysis revealed associations of the F wave latency with the DML, CMAP amplitude and MCV of tibial nerve ( r= 0.90, P=0.039; r=-0.96, P=0.012; r=-0.96, P=0.010). Conclusions:The motor nerve and sensory nerve, the myelin sheath and axon of peripheral nerves in anti-NF155 IgG4 CIDP patients were largely affected. The CMAP amplitude and negative area of ulnar nerve might be of certain clinical value in reflecting the disease duration.The younger the patients, the more severe the demyelination degree of the upper limbs. The F wave latency of tibial nerve not only reflected the abnormal proximal conduction, but also the distal damage degree of myelin sheath and axon.

This study compared the effects on bone metabolism and morphology of pathological obesity induced by excessive fat intake in a non-hibernator (mice) versus healthy obesity due to pre-hibernation fattening in a hibernator (ground squirrels). Kunming mice were fed a high-fat diet to provide a model of pathological obesity (OB group). Daurian ground squirrels fattened naturally in their pre-hibernation season (PRE group) were used as a healthy obesity model. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and three-point bending tests were used to determine the microstructure and mechanical properties of bone. Western blots were used to analyze protein expression levels related to bone metabolism (Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RunX2), osteocalcin (OCN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-‍κB ligand (RANKL), cathepsin K, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), patched protein homolog 1 (Ptch1), phosphorylated β‍-‍catenin (P‍-‍β‍-‍catenin), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)). Compared with controls, there was no obvious bone loss in the OB mice, and the stiffness of the femur was increased significantly. Compared with summer active squirrels, bone formation was enhanced but the mechanical properties did not change in the PRE group squirrels. In OB mice, western blots showed significantly increased expression levels of all proteins except RunX2, OPG, and Ptch1. PRE ground squirrels showed significantly increased expression of most proteins except OCN and Ptch1, which decreased significantly, and P‍-‍β‍-‍catenin and OPG, which did not change. In conclusion, for non-hibernating mice, moderate obesity had a certain protective effect on bones, demonstrating two-way regulation, increasing both bone loss and bone formation. For pre-hibernating ground squirrels, the healthy obesity acquired before hibernation had a positive effect on the microstructure of bones, and also enhanced the expression levels of proteins related to bone formation, bone resorption, and Wnt signaling.
Mice ; Animals ; Hibernation ; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/metabolism* ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta/metabolism* ; Diet, High-Fat ; X-Ray Microtomography ; Sciuridae/metabolism* ; Obesity

Background: The risk of opportunistic infection in ulcerative colitis (UC) is significantly higher than that in healthy subjects, and has adverse impact on clinical outcome. Aims: To analyze the prevalence of opportunistic intestinal infection in UC patients and explore the risk factors of UC complicated with opportunistic infection. Methods: Clinical data of patients with UC hospitalized in Peking University Third Hospital from January 2012 to December 2020 were collected retrospectively. Information on demography, clinical characteristics, laboratory, endoscopic and pathological findings, as well as the medication histories were recorded; the factors associated with opportunistic intestinal infection were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: A total of 275 UC patients were included, with an opportunistic intestinal infection rate of 26.2%; among which, rates of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein ‑ Barr virus (EBV), fungi, Clostridium difficile, amoeba, and multiple infection were 13.5%, 14.5%, 5.1%, 1.5%, 1.1%, and 9.1%, respectively. Multivariate Logistic analysis demonstrated that severe disease activity (OR=6.517, 95% CI: 1.487‑28.552, P=0.013) and albumin <30 g/L (OR=3.895, 95% CI: 1.590 ‑ 9.544, P=0.003) were independent risk factors for CMV infection. The independent risk factors for EBV infection included severe disease activity (OR=11.260, 95% CI: 2.249‑56.382, P=0.003), albumin <30 g/L (OR=2.548, 95% CI: 1.096‑5.927, P=0.030) and C‑reactive protein (CRP) elevation (OR=1.046, 95% CI: 1.007‑1.086, P=0.019). While for intestinal fungal infection, the risk in patients with chronic relapsing type UC was lower (OR=0.278, 95% CI: 0.087‑0.886, P=0.030). Intestinal multiple infection was mainly composed of viral infection, and the independent risk factors were similar to those of CMV and EBV infection. Conclusions: Most of the opportunistic intestinal infection in UC patients is viral infection. Disease activity, inflammatory response and reduced albumin are risk factors for intestinal viral infection in UC patients, while the risk of fungal infection is only related to clinical subtyping.

Objective:To explore the effect of ICX ? tablets on controlling the pollution of dental unit waterlines. Methods:From September 30, 2018 to February 23, 2019, convenience sampling was used to select dental chair unit (DCU) with the dental pulp professional brand of A-dec which was newly put into use in a stomatology hospital for numbering. Using the method of random number table, four DCUs were selected and included in this study, including two in experimental group and two incontrol group. In control group, distilled water was added into two DCUs in dependent water storage tanks. In experimental group, two DCUs independent water storage tanks were added with distilled water and ICX ? tablets. From the first day of clinical use, water samples were collected continuously for 7 days, and the ICX ? tablets group was continuously sampled for 12 weeks for bacterial culture, and the number and qualified rate of colonies were counted. Results:A total of 280 water samples were collected.The number of colonies at the water outlet of the new DCU that used distilled water added with ICX ? tablets as dental unit waterlines was lower than that of distilled water group from the first day, and the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.007) . The qualified rate of colony number at the water outlet of the new DCU that used distilled water added with ICX ? tablets as dental unit waterlines was higher than that of distilled water group from the second day, and the difference was also statistically significant ( P=0.007) . Conclusions:ICX ? tablets can effectively control the pollution of dental unit waterlines and can keep the number of colonies in dental unit waterlines at a low level for a long time, but it still needs to be combined with regular monitoring and enhanced disinfection.

Objective:To summarize the methods and effects of hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide silver ion disinfection of the dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) .Methods:Following the research ideas of scope review, we searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, EBSCO, ProQuest, CNKI, Wanfang Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, VIP Database, CNKI PhD and Master Thesis Database by computer. The retrieval time limit was from the establishment of the database to December 31, 2020. Disinfectant concentration, implementation methods, and evaluating indicator were extracted and analyzed.Results:A total of 20 articles were included, including 1 single-center randomized controlled trail and 19 quasi-experimental studies. The disinfectants were divided into hydrogen peroxide group and hydrogen peroxide silver ion group. The implementation methods were mainly regular disinfection, continuous disinfectionandregular combined with continuous disinfection. The concentration of disinfectant used for regular disinfection was 0.1%-10%, and the concentration of disinfectant used for continuous disinfection was 0.008%-0.250%. The commonly used evaluation index were the total number of colonies, qualified rate, pathogenic bacteria detection rate and biofilm.Conclusions:Both disinfectants can effectively control the pollution of DUWLs, and the antibacterial effect of hydrogen peroxide silver ion is better. It is possible to combine continuous and regular disinfection, regularly check the water quality of oral diagnosis and treatment, and adjust the disinfection strategy in time.

Objective:To explore the influence of frequency of machinery heating power cleaning on dental handpiece loss and cleaning effect.Methods:This study selected 180 completely new high speed dental handpiece with machinery heating power cleaning. All of handpiece were randomly divided into group A, B and C, 60 cases in each group. Cleaning, oiling by special oiling machine, packing and sterilizing were carried out for the dental handpiece after being used. Group A, B and C implemented the process including machinery heating power cleaning, cleaning and oiling by special oiling machine, packing as well as sterilizing weekly, every other week and every three weeks respectively. This study randomly extracted 5 cases in each group to check the visible stains and monitor the cleaning effects after 3, 6 and 9 months.Results:Among group A, B and C, the using times were (56.60±24.77) , (49.70±30.08) , and (46.73±35.16) respectively with no statistical difference ( P=0.800) . There were 15 dental handpiece with trouble in 9 months, 4 in group A, 7 in group B and 4 in group C with no statistical difference ( P=0.660) ; 12 of them could be continued use after simple repair, 1 in group A, 7 in group B and 4 in group C with no statistical differences ( P=0.100) ; 3 of them could be continued use after changing central spindle, all in group A. The pass rates of visible cleanliness were all 100%. Conclusions:On the basis of cleaning and oiling by special oiling machine, machinery heating power cleaning every three weeks for dental handpiece can ensure the internal cleaning and improve working efficiency, but will not increase the loss.