The skull, surrounding the brain parenchyma, plays a role of protection and support. With the in-depth study of the interface of the central nervous system, ossified vascular channels connecting the dura and the skull bone marrow for cells traffic have been found, and the neuroimmune function of the skull has been gradually paid attention to. Here, this review will introduce the anatomy and immune function of the skull bone marrow, and then explore its changes during health and disease. It will further highlight the role of the skull bone marrow in neurological diseases such as stroke, glioblastoma, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Dura mater, rich in vasculature and immune cells, is the outermost layer of the central nervous system, and thus acts as the first barrier to protect brain. Meningeal lymphatic vessels and immune cells are main components of dural immunity, which respond to a variety of central nervous system diseases. Meanwhile, compared with brain parenchyma, dura mater communicates more with peripheral tissues and is more susceptible to medical interventions. Therefore, dura mater is a promising target to prevent, diagnose and treat intracranial diseases. Here dural immunity is clarified based on meningeal lymphatic vessels and dural immune cells, and current researches inquiring the role of dural immunity in infectious and immune diseases of central nervous system are summarized.

Objective:To analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristics of the Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Shijiazhuang, which can reveal the origin of the outbreak and provide a scientific basis for COVID-19 prevention and control.Methods:From January 2 to January 8, 2021, a total of 404 samples from 170 COVID-19 cases were collected from the Shijiazhuang Fifth Hospital. The consensus sequence of 2019 novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) was obtained through multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing. The sequences of 170 COVID-19 cases were analyzed by the PANGOLIN, and the data were statistically analyzed by T-test.Results:Among the 404 COVID-19 samples, a total of 356 samples obtained high quality genome sequences (>95%,100×sequencing depth). The whole genome sequences of 170 COVID-19 cases were obtained by eliminating repeated samples. All 170 sequences were recognized as lineage B1.1 using PANGOLIN. The number of single nucleotide polymorphism arrange from 18-22 and most of the single nucleotide polymorphism were synonymous variants. All of 170 genomes could be classified into 48 sub-groups and most of the genomes were classified into 2 sub-groups (66 and 31, respectively).Conclusions:All cases in this study are likely originated from one imported case. The viruses have spread in the community for a long time and have mutated during the community transmission.

Objective : To explore the epicardial adipose tissue ( EAT) of patients with coronary heart disease , KLF7 stimulates macrophages to secrete inflammatory factors and promotes the differentiation and maturation of adipocytes through the NF⁃κB signaling pathway , and to clarify the mechanism of KLF7 in the occurrence and development of CAD. Methods : 30 patients with coronary heart disease ( CAD group) and 30 patients without coronary heart disease (non⁃CAD group) were collected , and general data and biochemical indicators were collected. qRT⁃PCR was used to detect the expression levels of KLF7 , APN , IL⁃6 , and TNF⁃α mRNA in EAT. Human THP⁃1 cells were cultured in vitro and induced into M1 type macrophages and 3T3 ⁃L1 preadipocytes. The cells were divied into 3 groups : KLF7 up⁃regulated group ( transfected with KLF7 mimic) , KLF7 down⁃regulated group ( transfected with siRNA knockdown KLF7 ) , NC group ( transfected oligopeptide sequence) , transfected two kinds of cells. qRT⁃PCR was used to detect the expression of APN , MCP⁃1 , IL⁃6 and TNF⁃α mRNA in M1 type macrophages , and the protein expression levels of key factors in the NF⁃κB signaling pathway were detected by Westren blot. The qRT⁃PCR method was used to detect APN , KLF4 , IL⁃6 , MCP⁃1 mRNA and adipocyte differentiation marker peroxisome proliferator⁃activated receptor⁃γ (PPARγ) in 3T3 ⁃L1 preadipocytes 24 h after transfection. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα ) , fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) mRNA relative expression levels , and Westren blot was used to detect protein expression levels. Results : Compared with the non⁃CAD group , the expression of CAD group decreased , APN decreased , IL⁃6 and TNF⁃α increased significantly , and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0. 01) . KLF7 was highly expressed in human THP⁃1 derived M1 macrophages induced by inflammatory stimuli (LPS) . In M1 macrophages derived from human THP⁃1 , knocking down KLF7 could inhibit the release of inflammatory factors. Transfection with KLF7 ⁃siRNA could significantly inhibit LPS⁃induced phosphorylation of JNK⁃MAPKs , the level of p⁃p65 and the activation of p ⁃IκBa (P < 0. 05) . In 3T3 ⁃L1 preadipocytes , upregulation of KLF7 increased the expression of adipocyte differentiation markers PPARγ , C/EBPa , FABP4 mRNA , and promoted the differentiation of 3T3 ⁃L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes (P < 0. 05) . Conclusion The expression of KLF7 in EAT in CAD patients increases. KLF7 activates the activation of macrophages mediated by the JNK⁃NF⁃KB signaling pathway in EAT , promotes inflammation in EAT in CAD patients , and promotes the differentiation and maturation of adipocytes , thereby promoting the development of CAD. It indicates that KLF7 may be a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases (such as CAD) .

Objective To study the biomechanical influence of posterior laminectomy with varying extent on adjacent segment after lumbar interbody fusion. Methods Three finite element models of lumbar posterior fusion were developed based on the validated intact lumbar model. These models were: posterior fusion with bi-lateral incision of facet joint (Bi-TLIF），inferior partly incision of laminar (PLIF)，total laminectomy (LAM-PLIF). The range of motion (ROM), intradiscal pressure (IDP), facet joint contact force (FJF) of adjacent segment of fusion models under various loading were compared with the intact model. The follower load of 400 N under 7.5 N·m torque was exerted on superior endplate of L1 segment. The 6-DOF (degree of freedom) of sacroiliac joint surface was constrained during loading. ResultsDuring flexion, obvious biomechanical changes of superior adjacent segment (L3-4) were found in Bi-TLIF, PLIF, LAM-PLIF surgery groups. Compared with the intact model, the ROM in Bi-TLIF, PLIF, LAM-PLIF group increased by 1.0%, 9.3%, 24.5%, respectively, while IDP in the above fusion groups increased by 1.4%, 4.3%, 10.0%，respectively. These changes were not obvious in other postures. For FJF, the Bi-TLIF and PLIF group showed obvious increasing effect on L3-4 segment, while almost had no effect on L5-S1 segment. Conclusions Laminectomy increased ROM, IDP and FJF of adjacent segment (especially superior adjacent segment) after posterior lumbar fusion, which might increase the risk of adjacent segment degeneration. This biomechanical effect was more obvious with the increase in incision range of laminar. Therefore, preserving more posterior complex during decompression has a positive effect on preventing adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) following lumbar fusion surgeries.

Objective To identify the content of tubeimoside I in Paniculate Bolbostemma from 16 differ-ent locations and determine the high-containing locations and influencing factors.Methods The quanti-tative determination method of tobeimoside I in Tubeimu(Paniculate Bolbostemma, Rhizoma Bolbostem-atis)in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 Edition)was used to determine the content of tobeimoside I in 16 batches of Tubeimu for deciding producing areas with higher content of Tubeimu and analyzing the influ-encing factors.The origin producing areas was classified by using group-average clustering analysis meth-od taken content of tobeimoside I as the index.Results The results showed that the content of tobeimo-side I was in a range from 1.234%to 3.174%in different producing areas,which was accorded with the requirement of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.The clustering analysis classified 16 producing areas into 4 groups,and content of tobeimoside I was the highest in Tubeimu material produced from Shangluo and Hanzhong.Conclusion The temperature and humidity had influence on Tubeimu material, and content of tobeimoside I was higher in the producing areas with higher temperature and humidity.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of T2 *mapping T2 *value combined with DWI ADC value in quantitative assessment of the activity of sacroiliitis.Methods 30 patients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis (AS)were divided into 2 groups as acute group (n=17)and chronic group (n=13)according to the BASDAI scores of the clinical severity of disease.And 20 healthy adults were recruited as control group.All groups were examined by MR with traditional sequence,T2 *mapping and DWI in the sacroiliac joint.The T2 *value and ADC value of the bone marrow edema region and normal region were measured.Furthermore,the imaging data and the clinical scores were statistical analysis and compared among three groups.Results T2 *values and ADC values in acute group of AS patients were higher than chronic group (P<0.05),as well as compared with healthy volunteers (P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference between the chronic group of AS patients and control group (P>0.05).Positive correlation between ADC value and BASDAI was observed in patients group.Conclusion T2 *mapping combined with DWI imaging in AS is beneficial for early diagnosis and quantitative analysis of the activity of sacroiliitis.

Objective To investigate the effect of the choice of the different models of venous indwelling needle on coronary flash dual-source computed tomography (CT) angiography.Methods 120 patients were randomly divided into three groups (40 cases in each group) who were selected to use 18G,20G,22G indwelling needle.They underwent CT coronary imaging.We measured the CT value of left and right coronary artery opening,right vein opening plane and the right ventricular cavity.We also compared the pain of patients during puncture.Results 120 cases were completed inspection.There was significant difference in the strengthen value of left and right coronary artery and CT value of the right ventricle cavity between 18G and 20G.The difference in the strengthen value of left and right coronary artery and CT value of the right ventricle cavity between 18G and 22G was also significantly different.There was no significant difference in all monitoring points between 20G and 22G.Three types of right coronary vein were not statistically significant.Conclusions Model 20G indwelling needle get the best flash dual-source CT image and better patients' acceptance.

Objective To explore the MR features of granulomatous mastitis and to improve the diagnosis of the disease.Methods MR findings of 1 1 patients with granulomatous mastitis confirmed by pathology were retrospectively reviewed.Results Nine (81.82%)lesions showed regional or diffused hyperintensity on T2 WI with heterogeneous gridding features.2 (18.18%)lesions showed mass-like enhancement and 9 lesions showed non-mass-like enhancement.Of 9 (81.82%)lesions with non-mass-like en-hancement,the enhancement patterns included diffused in 2 (18.18%)cases,regional in 4 (36.36%)cases,multiple-regional in 2 (18.18%)cases,and focal in 1 (9.09%)case,respectively.All the lesions showed early heterogeneous enhancement,and clumped-ring enhancement was seen in 6 lesions.The signal intensity of the lesions was increased and more uniform in the later stage.The time-signal intensity curve was type I in 7(63.64%)cases,type II in 3 (27.27%)cases and type III in 1 (9.09%)case.The mean ADC value was (1.82±0.1 7)×10 -3 mm2/s,and there was no significant difference between lesions and normal regions (t=1.766, P >0.05).Concomitant signs included barymastia,thickening of skin,edema surrounding the lesions,and axillary lymph node en-largement.The BI-RADS category was 3 degree in 1 (9.09%)case,4a degree in 5 (45.45%)cases,4b degree in 2 (18.18%)ca-ses,4c degree in 2 (18.18%)cases and 5 degree in 1 (9.09%)case.The misdiagnosis ratio was 54.55%.Conclusion Granuloma-tous mastitis has certain characteristic MR features.The misdiagnosis ratio of granulomatous mastitis is high.Therefore,clinical data should be referred when making diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: Regional nodal metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma plays an important role in the definition of radiotherapy area and clinical stage. It is also one of the main factors influencing prognosis. This study was designed to explore the pattern of metastatic lymph nodes for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which might provide a basis for clinical treatment and research. METHOD: From Jan. 2009 to Jul. 2011, 1 298 histologically diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients had routine MRI scan before radiotherapy in The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. Diagnostic radiologists and radiation oncologists together assessed the nodal distribution according to the guideline CT-based delineation of lymph node levels. Then,Chi-square test was used to analyze the correlations between T stage and nodal metastasis rate and between nodal diameter and nodal extracapsular invasion. RESULT: Of 1298 patients, 1067 (82.2%) had nodal involvement. The distributions were as: 20 in level I b,604 in level II a,883 in level II b,330 in level III, 78 in level IV, 162 in level Va,49 in level Vb,967 in retropharynx. Leap metastasis rate was 0.69%. In these patients, a total of 2464 positive nodes,including 1589 (64.52%) extra capsular spread nodes, were detected. The rate of nodal extracapsular invasion was higher when the axial diameter increased. No significant correlation was found between T stage and nodal involvement. CONCLUSION The level II and retropharyngeal node are the most frequently involved regions. They have similar metastatic rate and are both the first echo node to metastases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Level I metastasis is very low. There is a positive correlation between the proportion of extracapsular spread of metastatic lymph nodes and the axial diameter of lymph nodes. The cervical node involvement of nasopharyngeal carcinoma spread orderly down the neck, and the incidence of skip metastasis is rare. There is no significant difference between T stage and nodal involvement.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; pathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Young Adult