As an extension of the central nervous system, the retina is the only tissue in the body that allows direct in vivo observation of both neural and vascular structures, offering a unique non-invasive window for the assessment of cerebral neurovascular diseases. Recent studies have shown that multimodal imaging techniques—such as fundus photography, optical coherence tomography(OCT), and OCT angiography(OCTA)—enable quantitative analysis of retinal indicators including vascular caliber, fractal dimension, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and microvascular density. These metrics can, to some extent, reflect the severity and progression risk of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Consequently, retinal imaging holds promise as a powerful tool for early screening, risk stratification, and treatment monitoring. This article systematically reviews the application of retinal imaging technologies in the diagnosis and management of cerebral neurovascular disorders, with a particular focus on the important role of artificial intelligence(AI)-driven image analysis in enhancing screening efficiency, improving risk assessment accuracy, and promoting multidisciplinary collaborative care, thereby providing insights for clinical translation.

In recent years, the global prevalence of myopia has continued to rise. In China, myopia shows a trend toward widespread prevalence, earlier onset, and greater severity, and high myopia poses a serious threat to adolescent ocular health. Orthokeratology is currently one of the most effective clinical interventions for slowing myopia progression, yet its exact mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. Focusing on the various hypotheses proposed in the literature, this review summarizes the role of peripheral retinal defocus, choroidal thickness and blood flow, higher-order aberrations, accommodation, and biomechanics in myopia control with orthokeratology lenses. Specifically, the induction of peripheral myopic defocus through the reverse-geometry design of orthokeratology lenses constitutes the core mechanism by which axial elongation is slowed. After lens wear, choroidal thickening and increased blood perfusion improve the nutritional supply to the outer retina and inhibit scleral remodeling. Increases in higher-order aberrations, such as spherical aberration and coma, expand the depth of focus and reduce accommodative lag. Improvements in accommodative function and alterations in corneal biomechanics also act synergistically. These mechanisms are interrelated and act in a cascading manner to jointly inhibit axial elongation. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of orthokeratology lenses and to offer clinical references for individualized lens fitting, optimized lens design, and future research on myopia prevention and control.

Exposure to acceleration can have Various effects on the physiology,psychology,and performance of human.With the increasing density and complexity of China's space mission,and the significant differences between deep space exploration and near Earth orbit flight,unprecedented challenges have been posed to the emotions of astronauts and the ability of human-machine collaboration to complete complex operational tasks in special environments.Similarly,with the continuous development of high-performance fighter jets,air combat operation are becoming increasingly complex,and the payload generated by the aircraft is also increasing.The requirements for the anti-overload ability of fighter pilots are also becoming higher and higher.A review of recent studies on physiological and cognitive load of acceleration exposure on humans.The research on human physiology is relatively systematic,but there is limited research on cognitive load.The corresponding evaluation methods,assessment methods,and assessment systems are not comprehensive enough,and there is a lack of mechanistic analysis.Multimodal analysis and modeling are even rarer.Further in-depth research is needed on the cognitive load and evaluation techniques of overweight environment in the future.This article provides reference for the selection,adaptive training,and related experimental research of overweight endurance for astronauts and pilots in the future.

Objective:To measure pancreatic fat deposition by magnetic resonance chemical shift imaging (CSI), and analyze the correlation between pancreatic fat deposition and pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 55 patients who underwent PD in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from September 2021 to April 2024. Among them, 34 were male (61.8%) and 21 were female (38.2%), with the age of (63.5±12.0) years. The 55 patients included 17 cases (30.9%) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 1 case (1.8%) of pancreatic serous cystadenoma, 2 cases (3.6%) of pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma, 1 case (1.8%) of pancreatic solid pseudopapillary tumor, 11 cases (20.0%) of ampullary carcinoma, 10 cases (18.2%) of common bile duct carcinoma, and 13 cases of other pathological types (such as high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of the ampullary gland, duodenal adenocarcinoma, etc.) (23.6%). Before the operation, pancreatic fat deposition was measured by CSI and the fat fraction was calculated. With a fat fraction of 6.2% as the cut-off value, 55 patients were divided into the normal pancreas group (fat fraction ≤ 6.2%, n=29) and the fat pancreas group (fat fraction > 6.2%, n=26). The total hospitalization cost, postoperative hospital stay, biochemical leakage, grade B pancreatic fistula of the two groups were compared, and the correlation between pancreatic fat fraction and pancreatic fistula was analyzed. Result:The total hospitalization cost in the normal pancreas group was (91 527.3±19 118.4) yuan, and the postoperative hospital stay was 9.0 (8.0, 13.0) days, both of which were lower than those in the fatty pancreas group (107 772.4 ± 27 055.6) yuan and 11.0 (8.0, 22.0) days, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=-2.59, P=0.012; Z=-2.08, P=0.038). In the normal pancreas group, 8 cases (27.6%) of biochemical leakage and 1 case (3.4%) of grade B pancreatic fistula occurred after the operation. In the fat pancreas group, 10 cases (38.5%) of biochemical leakage and 8 cases (30.8%) of grade B pancreatic fistula occurred after the operation. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of biochemical leakage between the two groups ( χ2=0.74, P=0.391). The incidence of grade B pancreatic fistula after surgery in the adipose pancreas group was significantly higher than that in the normal pancreas group, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=5.61, P=0.018). The relationship between pancreatic body fat fraction and the occurrence of pancreatic fistula is correlated (the correlation coefficient was 0.334, 95% CI: 0.127-0.515, P=0.013) The relationship between the overall fat fraction of the pancreas and the occurrence of pancreatic fistula is correlated (the correlation coefficient was 0.472, 95% CI: 0.235-0.689, P<0.001). Conclusions:The incidence of grade B pancreatic fistula after PD in patients with a low fat fraction of the pancreas measured by CSI was lower than that in patients with a high fat fraction. Fat deposition in the pancreatic body and the pancreas as a whole is associated with the incidence of pancreatic fistula.

The intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents is currently the first-line therapy for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in clinical practice.This therapy has several advantages, including ease of operation, rapid onset of action, and minimal adverse reactions.However, the high reactivation rate observed in clinical applications limits its utility.Understanding reactivation characteristics is crucial for patient management and clinical trial design.The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (Third edition) updated the definition of reactivation and related concepts.This article summarizes the clinical manifestations and mechanisms of ROP reactivation after anti-VEGF therapy in recent studies and analyzes high-risk factors associated with reactivation, including those related to the infant, the disease, and the medication.The goal is to provide guidance for the early identification, prevention, and intervention in clinical practice.Nevertheless, significant clinical controversies remain regarding the prevention and retreatment of ROP reactivation.Future research should accumulate more evidence-based medical data and conduct large-scale prospective studies to further standardize diagnostic and treatment processes.

AIM:To establish a cell model of visceral hypersensitivity and nerve hyperplasia in irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)by conducting an in vitro co-culture of mouse P815 mast cells and N2a nerve cells and explore its possible mechanism.METHODS:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)with three replicates was used to confirm the C48/80-induced P815 degranulation.The length of neurites was observed under bright field microscopy to determine the number of differentiated neurons,thereby selecting the concentration of retinoic acid(RA)for stimulating the differentia-tion of N2a cells,with four replicates.A co-culture system of P815 and N2a cells was established using Transwell cham-bers with four replicates.The following groups were established:N2a cells cultured alone,N2a cells co-cultured with P815 cells,N2a cells co-cultured with P815 cells plus C48/80,and N2a cells plus RA group.After co-culturing,the num-ber of differentiated N2a cells was observed under bright field.The expression of nerve growth factor(NGF),tyrosine ki-nase receptor A(TRKA),growth-associated protein-43(GAP43),neuron-specific enolase(NSE),synapsin(SYN),and postsynaptic density protein-95(PSD-95)at both protein and gene levels in N2a cells was detected using Western blot and polymerase chain reaction(PCR),with four replicates.RESULTS:The best condition for N2a differentiation was stimulation with 10 μmol/L RA for 24 hours,whereas the best condition for degranulation was stimulation of P815 cells with 20 mg/L C48/80 for 24 hours.Compared with N2a cells cultured alone,the differentiation ratio of the N2a+P815+C48/80 and N2a+RA groups was significantly increased(P<0.01),and the protein and mRNA expressions of NGF,TRKA,GAP43,NSE,SYN,and PSD-95 were significantly increased(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Our results revealed that mast cell degranulation enhances the level of nerve hyperplasia in enteric nerve cells and promotes changes in nerve structure and function.Synaptic remodeling regulated by abnormal expression of key proteins such as NGF,TRKA,and GAP43 is involved in the nerve hyperplasia induced by mast cell degranulation.

Objective To explore the value of ZOOMit intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion weighted imaging(IVIM-DWI)technology in assessing renal function in diabetic kidney disease(DKD)and non-diabetic kidney disease(non-DKD).Methods Based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),50 DKD patients and 50 non-DKD patients were enrolled,with each group contained 21 mild cases(mild group)and 29 moderate to severe cases(moderate to severe group).All subjects underwent ZOOMit IVIM-DWI examination and the parameter values of the renal cortex and medulla were measured.The differences of IVIM-DWI parameters in renal cortex and medulla between DKD and non-DKD patients,and the correlation with eGFR,and diagnostic efficacy were compared.Results In the DKD patients,the f value of the medulla,the D value of the cortex,and the D* value of the medulla showed statistically significant differences between mild group and moderate to severe group(t=7.836,3.337,2.515,P<0.05),and all were positively correlated with eGFR(r=0.750,0.375,0.404,P<0.05).In the non-DKD patients,the f value of the medulla and the D* value of the medulla showed statistically significant differences between mild group and moderate to severe group(t=2.619,2.453,P<0.05),and were positively correlated with eGFR(r=0.425,0.360,P<0.05).In both DKD and non-DKD patients,the f value of the medulla showed the best efficacy in distinguishing between mild and moderate to severe DKD,with the area under the curve(AUC)=0.961(DeLong test P<0.05).Conclusion ZOOMit IVIM-DWI technology can be used for renal function in DKD and non-DKD,with the f value of the medulla being more suitable for the assessment of renal function in DKD.

Objective To establish a rapid and accurate droplet digital PCR(ddPCR)detection method for detecting Staphylococcus aureus(SA)in laboratory animals and the environment.Methods Using the heat-stable nuclease gene(nuc)of SA as the target gene,a pair of specific primers and probes are designed within its conserved region.Optimize the reaction conditions,test the dynamic range,and evaluate the specificity and stability of the method.Using the same template,test reactions were performed with both ddPCR and real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)method to assess the interchangeability between the two approaches.Finally,the method is applied to the detection of various clinical samples.Results The kinetic range of the established SA ddPCR method is 100～15 000 copies/μL,with a detection limit of 2.5 copies and a quantification limit of 10 copies;The specificity of this method was tested,and only SA showed positive droplets,while no positive droplets were found for other pathogens;After measuring three parallel samples,the standard deviation and relative standard deviation were calculated.It was found that within the dynamic detection interval of ddPCR,as the target copy number gradually decreased,the relative standard deviation showed an upward trend,but remained below 25％.This result indicates that the detection method has good stability.Conclusions The established ddPCR method for detecting SA has the advantages of high sensitivity,strong specificity,good stability,and good reproducibility.This method can be applied for the detection of SA in laboratory animals.

With the development of surgery and technology, robot-assisted pancreatic surgery has gradually become a popular choice for surgeons, and is favored by patients and their families. As the first pancreatic disease treatment center in China to carry out robot-assisted pancreatic surgery, the author's team has unique experience and insight into robot-assisted pancreatic surgery. With the updating and domestication of surgical robots, the domestic multi-port robot-assisted surgical system has begun to be applied in clinical practice. The paper gave an overview of the development of domestic multi-port robotic surgical system in the clinical practice of pancreatic surgery.

Objective We aimed to investigate the effects of different non-surgical embryo transfer devices,number of transferred embryos,embryo stage,and embryos obtained from different mouse strains on the efficiency of non-surgical embryo transfer in mice,and to compare the efficiencies of surgical and non-surgical embryo transfer,in order to establish a stable non-surgical embryo transfer technology system.Methods Mouse embryo transfer was carried out using non-surgical method.Results The pregnancy rates using two different non-surgical transfer devices were(75.00±0.00)％and(66.67±14.43)％,and the birth rates were(46.11±6.31)％and(18.89±0.96)％,respectively.Transfer of 10,15,and 20 embryos resulted in pregnancy rates of(66.67±11.55)％,(80.00±0.00)％,and(66.67±23.09)％,and birth rates of(29.33±4.16)％,(38.67±4.81)％,and(17.00±3.46)％,respectively.When blastocysts and morulae were transferred non-surgically,the resulting pregnancy rates were(80.00±0.00)％and(46.67±11.55)％and the birth rates were(38.67±4.81)％and(10.22±2.77)％,respectively.Four strains(C57BL/6J,ICR,genetically modified mice A,genetically modified mice B)were used as donors for non-surgical embryo transfer,with resulting pregnancy rates of(66.67±11.55)％,(80.00±0.00)％,(73.33±11.55)％,and(80.00±0.00)％,and birthrates of(26.67±2.67)％,(38.67±4.81)％,(32.00±3.53)％,and(29.34±2.31)％,respectively.Fifteen pseudo-pregnant mice were transplanted surgically and 15 were transplanted non-surgically,with pregnancy rates of(80.00±0.00)％and(86.67±11.55)％,and birth rates of(38.67±4.81)％and(36.00±5.82)％,respectively.Conclusions Transfer device A resulted in a higher birth rate in this study.The embryo transfer efficiency was higher when 15 embryos were transferred into unilateral uterine horns of pseudo-pregnant 2.5-day recipients.Blastocyst-stage embryo transfer was more efficient than morula-stage transfer.There was no significant difference in efficiency between surgical and non-surgical embryo transfer procedures.