The exploration and pilot studies of applying blockchain to drug supply chain show great potential in promoting information sharing, collaboration competence among the actors, regulatory efficiency, and etc. In the future, with the help of blockchain, the optimization of the entire supply chain for orphan drugs is expected to be realized. However, there is no such exploration in China at present. This paper systematically sorts out the whole process of supply chain for orphan drugs and the existing problems of the chain. The article concludes that at present, blockchain is mainly used in the " circulation" and " use" of the drug supply chain. It helps to improve the traceability of drugs, to cope with the problem of counterfeit drugs, to enable actors of the drug supply chain to form a collaborative network in optimizing resource allocation, and to improve the operation and supervision efficiency of the supply chain. In the future, the application faces challenges such as high costs in system conversion, lack of personnel awareness, and incomplete supporting systems. Based on the three dimensions of technology, practice, and research, this paper also looks into the future and suggests for the future use of blockchain in the supply chain of orphan drugs by constructing a practice model, the so called DI-GIVE (Digital, Intelligence, Government′s supervision, Innovation, Views of variety, Evaluation-based) hoping to innovate the supply chain of orphan drugs and to ensure the drug use for the patients with rare diseases in China.

OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of Huayu jiedu formula in regulating inflammatory injury in chronic kidney disease （CKD）. METHODS Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into a sham surgery group （10 rats） and a modeling group （40 rats）. The CKD model was replicated in the modeling group by unilateral ureteral obstruction surgery. After successful modeling， the rats were randomly divided into model group， esaxerenone group （positive control）， and TCM low- and high-dose groups， with 10 rats in each group. The Esaxerenone group was given 1 mg/kg of esaxerenone， while the TCM low- and high-dose groups were given 13.7 and 27.4 g/kg of Huayu jiedu formula respectively， the sham surgery group and model group were given an equal volume of physiological saline， all groups were intervened continuously for 14 days. Hematoxylin eosin and Masson staining were used to observe the pathological changes in rat kidney tissue. Conventional biochemical methods were used to detect serum urea （SUr）， serum creatinine （SCr）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） levels； enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of serum interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， IL-6， and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）； immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α（PGC-1α） ， mitochondrial transcription factor A （TFAM）， absent in melanoma 2（AIM2）， caspase-1， gasdermin D （GSDMD）， IL-1β and IL-18 in renal tissue； real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of AIM2. RESULTS Compared with the sham surgery group， the renal tissue of the model group showed pathological changes such as glomerular deformation and destruction， severe tubular dilation， and increased deposition of blue fibrin； the levels of SUr， SCr， MDA， IL-1β， IL-6， TNF-α，the protein expression of AIM2， GSDMD， caspase-1， IL-1β， IL-18 ， and the mRNA expression of AIM2 were significantly increased or up-regulated （P＜0.01）； the levels of SOD， the protein expression of PGC-1α， TFAM were significantly reduced or down-regulated （P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， all treatment groups showed improvement in the above symptoms and most indicators in rats. CONCLUSIONS Huayu jiedu formula may improve renal function， alleviate renal inflammatory damage and pyroptosis， and exert renal protective effects by regulating the AIM2 pyroptosis pathway.

This paper reported a case of juvenile trabecular ossifying fibroma（JTOF） originating from the uncinate process. The main clinical manifestation was nasal obstruction and epiphora. Contrast-enhanced sinus CT revealed an irregular heterogeneous soft tissue mass centered in the right uncinate process, with involvement of the right anterior ethmoid sinus, maxillary sinus ostium, frontal process of the maxilla, and partial nasolacrimal duct. The solid components of the tumor demonstrated enhancement on contrast imaging. The patient underwent endoscopic resection of the right sinonasal tumor under general anesthesia. Postoperative pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of JTOF. No tumor recurrence was observed during the 3-month follow-up period.
Humans ; Ethmoid Bone/pathology* ; Fibroma, Ossifying

OBJECTIVES: To explore the value of ferroptose-related genes in the diagnosis and prediction of ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: We used UC dataset from the GEO database to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in UC. The DEGs related to ferroptositis were screened from the FerrDb database and their functions were analyzed. The hub genes were identified by constructing the protein-protein interaction network (PPI), the differences in immune infiltration levels between UC and the control group were evaluated using CIBERSORT, and the diagnostic values of the hub genes for UC were verified by using the training set. In a mouse model of UC, we examined the expression levels of the hub genes in the colon tissues of the mice using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS: We identified a total of 76 DEGs related to ferroptosis. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these genes were significantly enriched in ferroptosis and hypoxia pathways. The PPI network identified 10 hub genes, and 9 of them were highly expressed in UC. Analysis of immune cell infiltration showed that 27 cell types were significantly increased in UC (P<0.05), and the immune checkpoints-related genes had the strongest correlation with the hub gene PPARG (P<0.05). Verification analysis using the training set showed that P4HB, PPARG and STAT3 had the best predictive value for UC (P<0.05). In the UC mouse model, the expression of PPARG was significantly decreased and the expressions of P4HB and STAT3 were significantly increased in the colon tissues of the mice as compared with the normal mice. CONCLUSIONS Ferroptose-related genes have significant value for diagnosis and prediction of UC.
Colitis, Ulcerative/genetics* ; Animals ; Mice ; Ferroptosis/genetics* ; Humans ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Profiling ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics*

Congenital orofacial cleft, the most common birth defect in the maxillofacial region, exhibits a wide range of prognosis depending on the severity of deformity and underlying etiology. Non-syndromic congenital orofacial clefts typically present with milder deformities and more favorable treatment outcomes, whereas syndromic congenital orofacial clefts often manifest with concomitant organ abnormalities, which pose greater challenges for treatment and result in poorer prognosis. This consensus provides an elaborate classification system for varying degrees of orofacial clefts along with corresponding diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines. Results serve as a crucial resource for families to navigate prenatal screening results or make informed decisions regarding treatment options while also contributing significantly to preventing serious birth defects within the development of population.
Humans ; Cleft Lip/diagnosis* ; Cleft Palate/diagnosis* ; Consensus ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Female

Objective To preliminarily design a wide-energy-spectrum CR-39 solid-state nuclear track individual neutron dosimeter with different energy sections. Methods The thickness of the converter was optimized using the Monte Carlo SRIM program to broaden the energy range of the dosimeter. The self-made wide-energy-spectrum CR-39 individual neutron dosimeter was calibrated using ²⁴¹Am-Be, ²⁵²Cf, and thermal neutron sources to evaluate its dosimetric performance, including linearity, energy response, and neutron energy resolution. Results The linear correlation coefficient of the measurement system exceeded 0.98. The relative deviations of the energy response were 35.0% for blank section and 42.0% for polyethylene section, falling within the range of −50% to + 100% and meeting the monitoring requirements. The detection sensitivity for thermal neutron dose was 67 137.2 tr·cm⁻²·mSv⁻¹, and the detection sensitivity for thermal neutron fluence was 0.98 × 10⁻³ tr·n⁻¹, demonstrating good thermal neutron detection capability. Conclusion The self-made wide-energy-spectrum CR-39 individual neutron dosimeter fundamentally meets the requirements for individual neutron dose monitoring and is suitable for individual neutron dose monitoring in the energy range of thermal neutrons (up to approximately 15 MeV).

Objective·To explore the correlation between comorbidities of chronic non-communicable diseases(chronic diseases),phase angle(PhA),and muscle mass decline associated with sarcopenia in the elderly,and the predictive value of chronic disease comorbidities and PhA in muscle mass decline in the elderly.Methods·By retrospectively screening inpatients aged≥60 years who were admitted to the Department of Geriatrics,Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from August 1,2018 to July 31,2019,basic information and medical history of the patients(gender,age,number of medications used,number of comorbidities,presence of osteoporosis,smoking history,etc.)were collected,as well as laboratory examination indicators(hemoglobin,albumin,serum creatinine,serum uric acid,ferritin,vitamin D,triacylglycerol,total cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein,low-density lipoprotein,etc.).The age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index(aCCI)was calculated.The InBody S10 bioelectrical impedance body composition detector was used to test the body composition.Body mass index(BMI),skeletal muscle mass index(SMI),and PhA were collected.Some patients underwent measurement of grip strength.Muscle mass decline was diagnosed by using the SMI values recommended by the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia(AWGS)(≤7.0 kg/m2 for males and≤5.7 kg/m2 for females).According to the measured SMI values,patients were divided into a group with normal muscle mass and a group with muscle mass decline.Univariate and multivariate Logistic analyses were employed to investigate the risk factors associated with muscle mass decline related to sarcopenia in the elderly.Additionally,the receiver operator characteristic(ROC)curve and the area under the curve were utilized to predict the significance of these factors in muscle mass decline.Results·A total of 359 chronic disease patients were enrolled,including 226 males and 133 females.There were 241 cases in the normal muscle mass group and 118 cases in the muscle mass decline group.The incidence of muscle mass decline related to sarcopenia in the elderly was 32.9%.The univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age(OR=1.036,95%CI 1.013?1.060),comorbidities(OR=1.117,95%CI 1.025?1.217),aCCI(OR=1.123,95%CI 1.031?1.222),and high-density lipoprotein(OR=3.688,95%CI 2.065?6.622)were positively correlated with the risk of muscle mass decline in the elderly.BMI(OR=0.514,95%CI 0.443?0.597),PhA(OR=0.195,95%CI 0.126?0.303),hemoglobin(OR=0.984,95%CI 0.972?0.996)and triacylglycerol(OR=0.606,95%CI 0.424?0.866)were negatively correlated with the risk of muscle mass decline in the elderly.Multivariate Logistic regression model indicated that PhA(OR=0.338,95%CI 0.119?0.959)and BMI(OR=0.634,95%CI 0.476?0.844)were negatively correlated with the risk of muscle mass decline in elderly.The area under the ROC curve for predicting muscle mass decline related to sarcopenia in elderly by using BMI and PhA was 0.893(95%CI 0.855?0.931)and 0.786(95%CI 0.736?0.837),respectively.The sensitivity was 0.724 and 0.676,respectively.The specificity was 0.916 and 0.762,respectively.When BMI combined with PhA predicted muscle mass decline in the elderly,the area under the ROC curve was 0.917(95%CI 0.883?0.951).The sensitivity was 0.867,and the specificity was 0.860.Conclusion·aCCI is correlated with muscle mass decline associated with sarcopenia in the elderly.As BMI and PhA decrease,the risk of muscle mass decline in the elderly increases.The combination of BMI and PhA has a high predictive value in muscle mass decline in the elderly.No predictive value of chronic diseases comorbidities in muscle mass decline related to sarcopenia in the elderly is found.

Progesterone is currently the first-line drug for clinical treatment and prevention of threatened abortion and habitual abortion. However， due to its special chemical structure， its solubility is low， which limits its clinical application. Therefore， the new technology and new dosage form of progesterone solubilization preparation is an important direction of its research and development. In this paper， the research progress of progesterone solubilization preparation technology in recent years is reviewed. It is found that the water solubility of progesterone can be enhanced by solid dispersion technology， inclusion technology， micronization， nanocrystallization （ including nanosuspensions， polymer micelles， nanoparticles， etc. ）， liposome technology， self- emulsification， cocrystal technology， and 3D printing. Eight technologies are used to increase the solubility of progesterone， improve its bioavailability and reduce its toxic and side effects， to serve the clinic better.

Objective To compare the results of accumulation and continuation methods in indoor radon measurement. Methods The radon concentrations in 30 households in 7 provincial capital cities of China were simultaneously measured using both accumulation and continuation methods. Results The radon concentration measured by accumulation method in 30 households ranged from 21 to 323 Bq/m³, with a median M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of 70.5 (43.8, 111). The radon concentration measured by the continuation method ranged from 16.1 to 258 Bq/m³, with a median M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of 100 (51.3, 141). The average relative percent deviation between the two measurement methods was 41.8%. There were significant differences among the measurement results at 8, 16, and 24 h by the continuation method. Pairwise comparisons showed there were statistical diffferences between 8 h and 16 h, as well as between 8 h and 24h; however, no statistical significance was found (P < 0.05), between 16 h and 24 h. Conclusion The overall continuous measurement results of the 30 households were higher than those of cumulation method. The comparison between accumulation and continuation measurement results did not show a high level of correlation (r=0.49). The continuation method is significantly affected by environmental factors, and the length of the measurement period can affect the measurement results. The selection of indoor radon measurement methods should consider the purpose, sample size, and environmental conditions.

Objective:To explore effects and mechanisms of medium and low doses X-ray irradiation on polarization type changes of tumor associated macrophages(TAMs).Methods:Mouse RAW264.7 macrophage line was cultured with supernatant of 4T1 tumor cell culture(4T1-TCS)of mouse breast cancer,and induced to M2 TAMs.On this basis,medium and low doses X-ray irra-diation was conducted,and NO was detected by Griess method,CD86 and CD206 were detected by flow cytometry.ELISA was use to detect cytokines IL-10 and IL-12p70,immunofluorescence was use to detect iNOS and Arg-1.Western blot was used to detect polariza-tion related pathway proteins,and whether medium and low doses of radiation could alter polarization type of TAMs was observed.Results:4T1-TCS induced TAM had decreasing NO secretion and increasing CD206 and Arg-1 expressions,iNOS expression was decreased;with low doses irradiation(0.075 Gy,0.5 Gy,1 Gy)of TCS-TAM,compared with non irradiation group,NO secretion,expressions of CD86,CD206,Arg-1 and iNOS showed no significant changes;medium doses(2 Gy,4 Gy,6 Gy)of irradiation on TCS-TAM resulted in increased secretion of NO,and flow cytometry results showed increased expressions of CD86,decreased CD206 expression;immunofluorescence results showed an increase in iNOS expression and a decrease in Arg-1 expression in cells;ELISA results showed an increase in secretion of IL-12p70 by cells and a decrease in secretion of IL-10.Western blot results showed that NOX2,ATMS1981*,IRF5 proteins expressions were increased.Conclusion:4T1-TCS can successfully induce macrophage RAW264.7 polarize into M2 phenotype,while low dose irradiation has no significant effect on polarization phenotype of TCS-TAM.Medium dose irradiation can induce TCS-TAM polarization into M1 phenotype that inhibits tumor growth,and reversal mechanism of polarization may be related to IRF5 pathway.