Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is a specific autoimmune disease.In addition to traditional exogenous insulin supplementation therapy,immunomodulators and cell therapy methods have received attention.The Janus tyrosine protein kinase/signal transduction and transcription activating factor(JAK/STAT)pathway is widely present in cells,maymediate various cytokine signaling pathways and participate in islets β cell autoimmune destruction in T1DM.This article reviews the research progress on the correlation between the JAK/STAT pathway and T1DM.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is a specific autoimmune disease.In addition to traditional exogenous insulin supplementation therapy,immunomodulators and cell therapy methods have received attention.The Janus tyrosine protein kinase/signal transduction and transcription activating factor(JAK/STAT)pathway is widely present in cells,maymediate various cytokine signaling pathways and participate in islets β cell autoimmune destruction in T1DM.This article reviews the research progress on the correlation between the JAK/STAT pathway and T1DM.

Objective:To analyze the occurrence and risk factors of moderate-to-severe pain after elective endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL).Methods:This was a single-center case-control study. The research subjects were selected from inpatients with liver cirrhosis who received elective EVL in the Department of Gastroenterology of Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from April 2015 to June 2022. Based on the medical records and nursing documents, the general information of the patients, operation records of EVL, laboratory tests and abdominal ultrasound examination results, dose of octreotide and occurrence of very early postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding, pain assessment records, etc. were collected; the preoperative liver function and the severity of gastroesophageal varices (GOV) in the patients were evaluated accordingly. The patients were divided into low (0.3 mg/12 h) and high (0.6 mg/12 h) dose groups according to the octreotide dosage, and the incidence of very early postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding in the 2 groups was compared. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether moderate-to-severe pain occurred after the operation. The clinical characteristics in the patients of the 2 groups were compared, and the independent risk factors of moderate-to-severe pain after the operation were analyzed by the multivariate logistic regression model.Results:A total of 252 patients were included in this study, 6 of which developed very early gastrointestinal bleeding after elective EVL with an incidence of 2.4%. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of very early bleeding between the low-dose and high-dose octreotide groups [2.5% (3/122) vs. 2.3% (3/130), P=1.000]. Moderate-to-severe pain occurred in 61 patients after elective EVL with an incidence of 24.2%. Compared with patients without moderate-to-severe pain, the proportions of females, and those with severe GOV, undergoing EVL for the first time, and using high-dose octreotide were relatively high in patients with moderate-to-severe pain, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being female[odds ratio ( OR)=2.603, 95% confidence interval ( CI): 1.377-4.923, P=0.003], with severe GOV ( OR=2.436, 95% CI: 1.098-5.405, P=0.029), using high-dose octreotide ( OR=2.205, 95% CI: 1.162-4.184, P=0.016), and undergoing EVL for the first time ( OR=2.070, 95% CI: 1.072-3.998, P=0.030) were independent risk factors for moderate-to-severe pain after EVL. Conclusions:The efficacy of octreotide at doses 0.3 and 0.6 mg/12 h was similar in preventing very early postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding after elective EVL. Females and patients with severe GOV, using high-dose octreotide, and undergoing EVL for the first time had a higher risk of moderate-to-severe pain after surgery. It is recommended to optimize the octreotide treatment plan to reduce the occurrence of moderate-to-severe pain after elective EVL.

Objective:To analyze the occurrence and risk factors of moderate-to-severe pain after elective endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL).Methods:This was a single-center case-control study. The research subjects were selected from inpatients with liver cirrhosis who received elective EVL in the Department of Gastroenterology of Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from April 2015 to June 2022. Based on the medical records and nursing documents, the general information of the patients, operation records of EVL, laboratory tests and abdominal ultrasound examination results, dose of octreotide and occurrence of very early postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding, pain assessment records, etc. were collected; the preoperative liver function and the severity of gastroesophageal varices (GOV) in the patients were evaluated accordingly. The patients were divided into low (0.3 mg/12 h) and high (0.6 mg/12 h) dose groups according to the octreotide dosage, and the incidence of very early postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding in the 2 groups was compared. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether moderate-to-severe pain occurred after the operation. The clinical characteristics in the patients of the 2 groups were compared, and the independent risk factors of moderate-to-severe pain after the operation were analyzed by the multivariate logistic regression model.Results:A total of 252 patients were included in this study, 6 of which developed very early gastrointestinal bleeding after elective EVL with an incidence of 2.4%. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of very early bleeding between the low-dose and high-dose octreotide groups [2.5% (3/122) vs. 2.3% (3/130), P=1.000]. Moderate-to-severe pain occurred in 61 patients after elective EVL with an incidence of 24.2%. Compared with patients without moderate-to-severe pain, the proportions of females, and those with severe GOV, undergoing EVL for the first time, and using high-dose octreotide were relatively high in patients with moderate-to-severe pain, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being female[odds ratio ( OR)=2.603, 95% confidence interval ( CI): 1.377-4.923, P=0.003], with severe GOV ( OR=2.436, 95% CI: 1.098-5.405, P=0.029), using high-dose octreotide ( OR=2.205, 95% CI: 1.162-4.184, P=0.016), and undergoing EVL for the first time ( OR=2.070, 95% CI: 1.072-3.998, P=0.030) were independent risk factors for moderate-to-severe pain after EVL. Conclusions:The efficacy of octreotide at doses 0.3 and 0.6 mg/12 h was similar in preventing very early postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding after elective EVL. Females and patients with severe GOV, using high-dose octreotide, and undergoing EVL for the first time had a higher risk of moderate-to-severe pain after surgery. It is recommended to optimize the octreotide treatment plan to reduce the occurrence of moderate-to-severe pain after elective EVL.

Objective It compared the power consumption and electrical parameters between Thulium fiber laser devices(TFL)and Holmium laser devices(HoL)in transurethral enucleation of prostate(TUEP).Methods A sin-gle surgeon conducted TUEP by THL or HoL in 10 patients respectively.The enucleation efficiency,the laser energy output and the electric parameters were recorded and analyzed.Results The data from both groups of surgeries were tested for normal distribution,and the t-test found that the difference in the enucleation efficiency between the two surgeries was not statistically significant(P=0.818),and the energy consumption indexes of the two devices were comparable.The difference in the total kilojoules of laser emission between the two lasers during surgery was not statistically significant(P=0.148),but the power consumption of the thulium laser was about one-tenth of that of the holmium laser(P＜0.001),suggesting that the former utilised electrical energy significantly more efficiently than the latter.The maximum current of the HoL was significantly higher than that of the TFL(P＜0.001),requiring a spe-cial high-power power outlet.Conclusion TFL was superior to HoL in terms of lower power consumption,higher en-ergy-efficient and electrical convenient in transurethral enucleation of the prostate.

Objective It compared the power consumption and electrical parameters between Thulium fiber laser devices(TFL)and Holmium laser devices(HoL)in transurethral enucleation of prostate(TUEP).Methods A sin-gle surgeon conducted TUEP by THL or HoL in 10 patients respectively.The enucleation efficiency,the laser energy output and the electric parameters were recorded and analyzed.Results The data from both groups of surgeries were tested for normal distribution,and the t-test found that the difference in the enucleation efficiency between the two surgeries was not statistically significant(P=0.818),and the energy consumption indexes of the two devices were comparable.The difference in the total kilojoules of laser emission between the two lasers during surgery was not statistically significant(P=0.148),but the power consumption of the thulium laser was about one-tenth of that of the holmium laser(P＜0.001),suggesting that the former utilised electrical energy significantly more efficiently than the latter.The maximum current of the HoL was significantly higher than that of the TFL(P＜0.001),requiring a spe-cial high-power power outlet.Conclusion TFL was superior to HoL in terms of lower power consumption,higher en-ergy-efficient and electrical convenient in transurethral enucleation of the prostate.

Objective It compared the power consumption and electrical parameters between Thulium fiber laser devices(TFL)and Holmium laser devices(HoL)in transurethral enucleation of prostate(TUEP).Methods A sin-gle surgeon conducted TUEP by THL or HoL in 10 patients respectively.The enucleation efficiency,the laser energy output and the electric parameters were recorded and analyzed.Results The data from both groups of surgeries were tested for normal distribution,and the t-test found that the difference in the enucleation efficiency between the two surgeries was not statistically significant(P=0.818),and the energy consumption indexes of the two devices were comparable.The difference in the total kilojoules of laser emission between the two lasers during surgery was not statistically significant(P=0.148),but the power consumption of the thulium laser was about one-tenth of that of the holmium laser(P＜0.001),suggesting that the former utilised electrical energy significantly more efficiently than the latter.The maximum current of the HoL was significantly higher than that of the TFL(P＜0.001),requiring a spe-cial high-power power outlet.Conclusion TFL was superior to HoL in terms of lower power consumption,higher en-ergy-efficient and electrical convenient in transurethral enucleation of the prostate.

Objective It compared the power consumption and electrical parameters between Thulium fiber laser devices(TFL)and Holmium laser devices(HoL)in transurethral enucleation of prostate(TUEP).Methods A sin-gle surgeon conducted TUEP by THL or HoL in 10 patients respectively.The enucleation efficiency,the laser energy output and the electric parameters were recorded and analyzed.Results The data from both groups of surgeries were tested for normal distribution,and the t-test found that the difference in the enucleation efficiency between the two surgeries was not statistically significant(P=0.818),and the energy consumption indexes of the two devices were comparable.The difference in the total kilojoules of laser emission between the two lasers during surgery was not statistically significant(P=0.148),but the power consumption of the thulium laser was about one-tenth of that of the holmium laser(P＜0.001),suggesting that the former utilised electrical energy significantly more efficiently than the latter.The maximum current of the HoL was significantly higher than that of the TFL(P＜0.001),requiring a spe-cial high-power power outlet.Conclusion TFL was superior to HoL in terms of lower power consumption,higher en-ergy-efficient and electrical convenient in transurethral enucleation of the prostate.

Objective It compared the power consumption and electrical parameters between Thulium fiber laser devices(TFL)and Holmium laser devices(HoL)in transurethral enucleation of prostate(TUEP).Methods A sin-gle surgeon conducted TUEP by THL or HoL in 10 patients respectively.The enucleation efficiency,the laser energy output and the electric parameters were recorded and analyzed.Results The data from both groups of surgeries were tested for normal distribution,and the t-test found that the difference in the enucleation efficiency between the two surgeries was not statistically significant(P=0.818),and the energy consumption indexes of the two devices were comparable.The difference in the total kilojoules of laser emission between the two lasers during surgery was not statistically significant(P=0.148),but the power consumption of the thulium laser was about one-tenth of that of the holmium laser(P＜0.001),suggesting that the former utilised electrical energy significantly more efficiently than the latter.The maximum current of the HoL was significantly higher than that of the TFL(P＜0.001),requiring a spe-cial high-power power outlet.Conclusion TFL was superior to HoL in terms of lower power consumption,higher en-ergy-efficient and electrical convenient in transurethral enucleation of the prostate.

Objective It compared the power consumption and electrical parameters between Thulium fiber laser devices(TFL)and Holmium laser devices(HoL)in transurethral enucleation of prostate(TUEP).Methods A sin-gle surgeon conducted TUEP by THL or HoL in 10 patients respectively.The enucleation efficiency,the laser energy output and the electric parameters were recorded and analyzed.Results The data from both groups of surgeries were tested for normal distribution,and the t-test found that the difference in the enucleation efficiency between the two surgeries was not statistically significant(P=0.818),and the energy consumption indexes of the two devices were comparable.The difference in the total kilojoules of laser emission between the two lasers during surgery was not statistically significant(P=0.148),but the power consumption of the thulium laser was about one-tenth of that of the holmium laser(P＜0.001),suggesting that the former utilised electrical energy significantly more efficiently than the latter.The maximum current of the HoL was significantly higher than that of the TFL(P＜0.001),requiring a spe-cial high-power power outlet.Conclusion TFL was superior to HoL in terms of lower power consumption,higher en-ergy-efficient and electrical convenient in transurethral enucleation of the prostate.