Objective:To explore the clinical application value of convolutional neural network（CNN）based on deep learning in the automatic measurement of dynamic pelvic floor ultrasound video parameters and the diagnosis and classification of cystocele.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on dynamic pelvic floor ultrasound videos from 398 postpartum women who underwent examinations at the First People's Hospital of Foshan between June 2020 and June 2022. The lowest point of the posterior bladder wall（PWB），urethral rotation angle（URA），and retrovesical angle（RVA）were manually measured by a senior radiologist（R1）and a junior radiologist（R2），and cystocele was classified according to the Green standard. The CNN model was employed to automatically extract the above parameters and to diagnose and classify cystocele. Using R1 measurements as a reference，intraclass correlation coefficient（ICC）was used to evaluate the consistency between the CNN model and R1，as well as between R2 and R1. The Kappa value was used to assess the agreement between the CNN model，R2，and R1 in the diagnosis and classification of cystocele. Additionally，the time consumption of the three measurement methods was compared.Results:The CNN model showed good consistency with R1 in measuring PWB and URA（ICC = 0.983，0.894），while its consistency in measuring RVA was moderate（ICC = 0.614）. The ICC between R2 and R1 in measuring PWB，URA，and RVA was 0.979，0.815，and 0.627，respectively. In the measurement of PWB and URA，the consistency between the CNN model and R1 was superior to that between R2 and R1. For cystocele diagnosis，the Kappa value between the CNN model and R1 was 0.924，which was higher than that between R2 and R1（0.904）. In cystocele classification，the Kappa value between the CNN model and R1 was 0.503，also higher than that between R2 and R1（0.426）. The CNN model processed a single video in 2.5（0.6）s，significantly faster than R1［59.9（16.9）s］and R2［56.8（11.2）s］（all P < 0.001）. Conclusions:The CNN model demonstrates high accuracy and efficiency in the measurement，diagnosis，and classification of cystocele，outperforming a junior radiologist and showing potential for clinical application.

Objective:To explore the clinical application value of convolutional neural network（CNN）based on deep learning in the automatic measurement of dynamic pelvic floor ultrasound video parameters and the diagnosis and classification of cystocele.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on dynamic pelvic floor ultrasound videos from 398 postpartum women who underwent examinations at the First People's Hospital of Foshan between June 2020 and June 2022. The lowest point of the posterior bladder wall（PWB），urethral rotation angle（URA），and retrovesical angle（RVA）were manually measured by a senior radiologist（R1）and a junior radiologist（R2），and cystocele was classified according to the Green standard. The CNN model was employed to automatically extract the above parameters and to diagnose and classify cystocele. Using R1 measurements as a reference，intraclass correlation coefficient（ICC）was used to evaluate the consistency between the CNN model and R1，as well as between R2 and R1. The Kappa value was used to assess the agreement between the CNN model，R2，and R1 in the diagnosis and classification of cystocele. Additionally，the time consumption of the three measurement methods was compared.Results:The CNN model showed good consistency with R1 in measuring PWB and URA（ICC = 0.983，0.894），while its consistency in measuring RVA was moderate（ICC = 0.614）. The ICC between R2 and R1 in measuring PWB，URA，and RVA was 0.979，0.815，and 0.627，respectively. In the measurement of PWB and URA，the consistency between the CNN model and R1 was superior to that between R2 and R1. For cystocele diagnosis，the Kappa value between the CNN model and R1 was 0.924，which was higher than that between R2 and R1（0.904）. In cystocele classification，the Kappa value between the CNN model and R1 was 0.503，also higher than that between R2 and R1（0.426）. The CNN model processed a single video in 2.5（0.6）s，significantly faster than R1［59.9（16.9）s］and R2［56.8（11.2）s］（all P < 0.001）. Conclusions:The CNN model demonstrates high accuracy and efficiency in the measurement，diagnosis，and classification of cystocele，outperforming a junior radiologist and showing potential for clinical application.

Animal survival necessitates adaptive behaviors in volatile environmental contexts. Virtual reality (VR) technology is instrumental to study the neural mechanisms underlying behaviors modulated by environmental context by simulating the real world with maximized control of contextual elements. Yet current VR tools for rodents have limited flexibility and performance (e.g., frame rate) for context-dependent cognitive research. Here, we describe a high-performance VR platform with which to study contextual behaviors immersed in editable virtual contexts. This platform was assembled from modular hardware and custom-written software with flexibility and upgradability. Using this platform, we trained mice to perform context-dependent cognitive tasks with rules ranging from discrimination to delayed-sample-to-match while recording from thousands of hippocampal place cells. By precise manipulations of context elements, we found that the context recognition was intact with partial context elements, but impaired by exchanges of context elements. Collectively, our work establishes a configurable VR platform with which to investigate context-dependent cognition with large-scale neural recording.
Animals ; Mice ; Rodentia ; Virtual Reality ; Cognition ; Recognition, Psychology

The optimal protocol for neuromodulation by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) remains unclear. Using the rotarod paradigm, we found that mouse motor learning was enhanced by anodal tDCS (3.2 mA/cm²) during but not before or after the performance of a task. Dual-task experiments showed that motor learning enhancement was specific to the task accompanied by anodal tDCS. Studies using a mouse model of stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion showed that concurrent anodal tDCS restored motor learning capability in a task-specific manner. Transcranial in vivo Ca²⁺ imaging further showed that anodal tDCS elevated and cathodal tDCS suppressed neuronal activity in the primary motor cortex (M1). Anodal tDCS specifically promoted the activity of task-related M1 neurons during task performance, suggesting that elevated Hebbian synaptic potentiation in task-activated circuits accounts for the motor learning enhancement. Thus, application of tDCS concurrent with the targeted behavioral dysfunction could be an effective approach to treating brain disorders.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation/methods* ; Motor Cortex/physiology* ; Neurons ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Objective:To investigate the significance of clinical factors combined with transvaginal ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS) in guiding the choice of treatment plan for cesarean scar pregnancy(CSP).Methods:The clinical and transvaginal ultrasound and CEUS data of 120 patients with CSP from January 2016 to June 2021 in the First People′s Hospital of Foshan were retrospectively analyzed, and they were divided into ultrasound-guided curettage/ hysteroscopic group (Group A, 91 cases) and laparoscopic group (Group B, 29 cases) according to treatment option, and the differences in clinical and ultrasound factors between the two groups were compared, and to determine the relevant clinical and ultrasound indicators for the choice of treatment option.Results:There were statistical differences between the 2 groups in comparison of whether the gestational sac/mass protruded toward the plasma membrane, gestational sac/mass diameter, the main blood supply site of the gestational sac/mass, the site of the chorion/early placenta and scar thickness (all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that CEUS showing major blood supply site of the gestational sac/mass ( OR=6.029, P=0.003) and uterine scar thickness ( OR=12.998, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for minimally invasive surgery for CSP. Conclusions:Ultrasound combined with clinical factors have a certain value in the selection of treatment options for CPS, and the thickness of the uterine scar and the main blood supply site of the gestational sac/mass showed in CEUS may be key factors affecting the minimally invasive surgical treatment of CSP.

Objective:To describe the prevalence of daytime nap habit in participants of the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study, across 10 study regions and explore its correlation with prevalence of major chronic diseases.Methods:Participants with a self-reported pre-diagnosis of any cancer at baseline survey were excluded. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the differences in study regions and age distribution of the prevalence daytime nap habit, and its correlation with the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic liver diseases.Results:Among 510 145 participants, 39.9% had daytime nap habit in summer and 20.8% had daytime nap habit all the year round. Urban-rural differences were observed in the prevalence of summer nap habit and perennial nap habit. Daytime nap in summer was common in rural areas and Suzhou, with prevalence ranged from 32.9% to 73.3%. Haikou and Liuzhou had higher prevalence of perennial nap (60.4% and 63.3%). The proportion of people with daytime nap habit all the year round increased with age ( P for trend <0.001), the proportion was highest in those aged 70- years (31.9%). Daytime nap habit in summer was positively correlated with the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, CHD and chronic liver disease with OR of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.07-1.14), 1.03 (95% CI:1.02-1.05), 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02-1.12) and 1.07 (95% CI:1.00-1.14), respectively. Daytime nap habit all the year round was positively correlated with the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, CHD, stroke, COPD and chronic liver disease with OR of 1.33 (95% CI: 1.29-1.37), 1.11 (95% CI: 1.09-1.13), 1.39 (95% CI: 1.33-1.45), 1.33 (95% CI: 1.26-1.41), 1.12 (95% CI: 1.08-1.16) and 1.27 (95% CI:1.18-1.37) respectively. Conclusion:There were regional and age differences in prevalence of daytime nap habit among CKB participants. Daytime nap habit, especially daytime nap habit all the year round, was positively correlated with the prevalence of major chronic diseases.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and accuracy of transperineal real-time three-dimensional ultrasound combined with clinical factors in predicting the risk of female stress urinary incontinence(SUI). Methods: Three hundred and forty-eight female patients with SUI diagnosed were selected as the case group, and 102 healthy people in the same period were selected as the control group. All subjects underwent transperineal real-time three-dimensional ultrasound. The ultrasonic parameters of resting state, contraction and Valsalva were measured, and the clinical parameters such as age, height, weight, history of pregnancy and childbirth were collected. According to the time sequence, all the subjcets were divided into derivation cohort and verification cohort inproportion to 2∶1, single factor screening and logistic multiple regression analysis were carried out on 24 factors, and the risk model was established. The cut-off value of the disease probability P was determined by the ROC curve of the subjects, and then the accuracy of the cut-off value in predicting SUI was verified in the verification group. Results: Single factor analysis showed that 13 parameters were associated with SUI(all P<0.05). Logit P=2.014+ 1.870×Z₁ was established by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The cut-off value of the disease probability P determined by ROC curve was 0.823. The predictive sensitivity of the model was 68.1% (95%CI: 59.6%-76.6%), specificity was 91.2% (95%CI: 86.0%-96.4%), positive predictive value was 64.3% (95%CI: 55.6%-73.0%) and negative predictive value was 92.5% (95%CI: 86.2%-98.8%). Conclusions It is feasible to predict the risk of female stress urinary incontinence by transperineal real-time three-dimensional ultrasound combined with clinical factors. Although, some limitations with the prediction model, it has accuracy in predicting SUI with obvious symptoms.

Objective:To establish an experimental model for intracellular antibacteria and endotoxin neutralization in vitro to detect the antibacterial and endotoxin neutralization activity of the muBPI_(25) protein.Methods: RAW264.7 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)muBPI_(36-259), and then were infected with intracellular bacterial of either G ~+/G~-to establish the experimental model of intracellalar antibacteria.The RAW264.7 cells were co-transfected with the pSecTag2B-muBPI_(36-259) and dual-luciferase reporter gene plasmids for establishment of the experimental model of endotoxin neutralization.Results:The experimental model of intracellular antibacteria confirmed that the muBPI_(25) protein could inhibit/kill Salmonella typhi.The experimental model of endotoxin neutralization indicated that the muBPI_(25) protein could neutralize endotoxin.Conelusion: We firstly demonstrate that murine BPI N-terminal functional fragment(muBPI_(25) protein)can inhibit/kill Salmonella typhi,and can neutralize, its lysating product, endotoxin.

Immunocytochemical staining technique by using specific antibody against 5-HT1A receptor subtype (5-HT1AR) wasused to observe the distribution of 5-HT1AR immunoreactivity in the rat nervous system. The highest level of 5-HT1AR im-munoreactivity was observed in piriform cortex, septum, ventraldorsal thalamic nucleus, reticular thalamic nucleus, basolateralamygdaloid nucleus, Purkinje cell layer, red nucleus, facial nucleus and nucleus of the trapezoid body. Considerably weaker im-munoreactivity was detected in hippocampus, frontal cortex, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, mesen-cephalic trigeminal nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn, dor-sal root and trigeminal nerve ganglia, Very weak immunoreactivity was found in the olfactory bulb, caudate putamen,globus pal-lidus, nucleus diagonal band, bed nucleus stria terminalis, habenular nucleus, substantia nigra and superior olive. The presentresults indicate that 5-HT1AR immunoreactive structures are widely distributed in the rat nervous system and might play impor-tant role in mediating the multiple effects of 5-HT in the nervous system.