Objective: We aimed to investigate whether 2-[ 18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (2-[ 18F]FDG PET/CT) can aid in evaluating the risk of malignancy in ampullary tumors detected by endoscopy. Materials and Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed 155 patients (79 male, 76 female; mean age, 65.7 ± 12.7 years) receiving 2-[ 18F]FDG PET/CT for endoscopy-detected ampullary tumors 5–87 days (median, 7 days) after the diagnostic endoscopy between June 2007 and December 2020. The final diagnosis was made based on histopathological findings. The PET imaging parameters were compared with clinical data and endoscopic features. A model to predict the risk of malignancy, based on PET, endoscopy, and clinical findings, was generated and validated using multivariable logistic regression analysis and an additional bootstrapping method. The final model was compared with standard endoscopy for the diagnosis of ampullary cancer using the DeLong test. Results: The mean tumor size was 17.1 ± 7.7 mm. Sixty-four (41.3%) tumors were benign, and 91 (58.7%) were malignant. Univariable analysis found that ampullary neoplasms with a blood-pool corrected peak standardized uptake value in earlyphase scan (SUVe) ≥ 1.7 were more likely to be malignant (odds ratio [OR], 16.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.13–36.18;P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis identified the presence of jaundice (adjusted OR [aOR], 4.89; 95% CI, 1.80–13.33; P = 0.002), malignant traits in endoscopy (aOR, 6.80; 95% CI, 2.41–19.20; P < 0.001), SUVe ≥ 1.7 in PET (aOR, 5.43; 95% CI, 2.00–14.72; P < 0.001), and PET-detected nodal disease (aOR, 5.03; 95% CI, 1.16–21.86; P = 0.041) as independent predictors of malignancy. The model combining these four factors predicted ampullary cancers better than endoscopic diagnosis alone (area under the curve [AUC] and 95% CI: 0.925 [0.874–0.956] vs. 0.815 [0.732–0.873], P < 0.001). The model demonstrated an AUC of 0.921 (95% CI, 0.816–0.967) in candidates for endoscopic papillectomy. Conclusion Adding 2-[ 18F]FDG PET/CT to endoscopy can improve the diagnosis of ampullary cancer and may help refine therapeutic decision-making, particularly when contemplating endoscopic papillectomy.

As specialized intracellular parasite, viruses have no ability to metabolize independently, so they completely depend on the metabolic mechanism of host cells. Viruses use the energy and precursors provided by the metabolic network of the host cells to drive their replication, assembly and release. Namely, viruses hijack the host cells metabolism to achieve their own replication and proliferation. In addition, viruses can also affect host cell metabolism by the expression of auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs), affecting carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles, and participate in microbial-driven biogeochemical cycling. This review summarizes the effect of viral infection on the host's core metabolic pathway from four aspects: cellular glucose metabolism, glutamine metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and viral AMGs on host metabolism. It may facilitate in-depth understanding of virus-host interactions, and provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of viral diseases through metabolic intervention.
Humans ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Virus Diseases ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Host Microbial Interactions ; Lipid Metabolism

Due to the special geographical location and the complex ecosystem types, plateau wetlands play important ecological roles in water supply, greenhouse gas regulation and biodiversity preservation. Napahai plateau wetland is a special wetland type with low latitude and high altitude, and its microbial diversity was rarely studied. The diversity of microbial communities in the Napahai plateau wetland was analyzed using metagenomics method. Among the microbes detected, 184 phyla, 3 262 genera and 24 260 species belong to the bacterial domain, 13 phyla and 32 genera belong to the archaeal domain, and 13 phyla and 47 genera belong to the fungal domain. Significant differences in species diversity between soil and water were observed. Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were dominant phyla in soil, while Proteobacteria and Bacteroides were dominant phyla in water. Since the carbon and nitrogen metabolism genes were abundant, the pathways of carbon fixation and nitrogen metabolism were analyzed. Calvin cycle, reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and 3-hydroxypropionic acid cycle were the main carbon fixation pathways, while Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Crenarchaeota were the main carbon-fixing bacteria group. As for the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixation and dissimilatory nitrate reduction were dominant in water, while nitrification and denitrification were dominant in soil. Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota contributed to the nitrogen cycle. The study on microbial diversity of Napahai plateau wetlands provides new knowledge for the comprehensive management and protection of wetland environment in China.
Carbon ; Ecosystem ; Metagenomics ; Nitrogen ; Soil Microbiology ; Wetlands

Alternative splicing is a tightly regulated process that contributes to cancer development. CRNDE is a long noncoding RNA with alternative splicing and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several cancers. However, whether deregulated expression of CRNDE is common and which isoforms are mainly involved in cancers remain unclear. In this study, we report that CRNDE is aberrantly expressed in the majority of solid and hematopoietic malignancies. The investigation of CRNDE expression in normal samples revealed that CRNDE was expressed in a tissue- and cell-specific manner. Further comparison of CRNDE expression in 2938 patient samples from 15 solid and hematopoietic tumors showed that CRNDE was significantly overexpressed in 11 malignancies, including 3 reported and 8 unreported, and also implicated that the overexpressed isoforms differed in various cancer types. Furthermore, anti-cancer drugs could efficiently repress CRNDE overexpression in cancer cell lines and primary samples, and even had different impacts on the expression of CRNDE isoforms. Finally, experimental profiles of 12 alternatively spliced isoforms demonstrated that the spliced variant CRNDE-g was the most highly expressed isoform in multiple cancer types. Collectively, our results emphasize the cancer-associated feature of CRNDE and its spliced isoforms, and may provide promising targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

Background:Colorectal polyps,especially adenomatous polyps are the precusor of colorectal cancer. Screening and polypectomy by using colonoscopy is an important approach for prevention of colorectal cancer. Aims:To conduct a retrospective analysis among 1 613 cases of patients with colorectal polyps in Jiading District,Shanghai,China for guiding the management of colonoscopy surveillance of colorectal polyps. Methods:A total of 2 652 colorectal polyps detected by colonoscopy from Jan. 2013 to Aug. 2014 in the Endoscopy Center of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital Northern Branch were recruited in the study. Clinicopathological features of the polyps,coincidence rate of biopsy pathology and polypectomy pathology,and the re-detected polyps in colonoscopic follow-up were analyzed. Results:In 2 652 colorectal polyps,1 996 (75. 3% )were located in distal colon;adenomatous polyps accounted for 77. 5%(2 056 / 2 652)of the polyps detected by colonoscopy,of which 804(39. 1% )were found to have intraepithelial neoplasia. Both biopsy pathology and polypectomy pathology were obtained in 447 polyps,with an overall coincidence rate of 60. 4% ;as for adenomas,the coincidence rate was 68. 1% . Two hundred and eighteen pathologically proved polyps were found in a 1. 5-year colonoscopic follow-up, among which 74. 3% were adenomatous polyps;the re-detection rate of polyps located in proximal colon or less than 1. 0 cm in diameter was significantly higher than polyps located in distal colon and more than 1. 0 cm in diameter, respectively(12. 3% vs. 6. 9% and 9. 0% vs. 4. 5% ,P all < 0. 01). Conclusions:Adenomatous polyps account for high proportion of colorectal polyps detected by colonoscopy. Pathological examination of resection specimens and periodical follow-up are important for patients with colorectal polyps after endoscopic polypectomy.

Objective To investigate the effect of cyaniding?3?glucoside (Cy3G) on glucose and lipid metabolism in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Seven?month?old APPswe/PS1ΔE9(PAP) mice were randomly divided into model group (PAP), Cy3G treatment group (PAPCy, 5 mg/kg/d) and negative?control group (nPAP). In addition, age?matched and normal wild?type of C57BL/6J mice were selected and divided into vehicle group (WT), Cy3G intervention group (WTCy, 5 mg/kg/d). Each group containing 12 mice, with equal number of male and female mice. After 8?week Cy3G supplementation, microPET/CT was used to measure cerebral glucose metabolism rate of mice in each group. Biochemical methods were used to detect the liver / kidney function as well as indicators associated with lipid metabolism. After weighting brain tissue, the brain coefficient was tested and pathological examination was used to observe tissues changes. Transmission electron microscope was used to observe neuropathological amyloid plaques deposition. Western?blot was used to determine protein levels of AKT and JNK. Results Compared with the WT group, PAP mice had low levels of 18 F?FDG uptake rates, especially in the regions of the frontal lobe and hippocampus accompanied by the decreased brain coefficient and amyloid plaques deposition in hippocampus. And levels of aspartate transaminase ( AST) and lactic dehydrogenase ( LDH) were also increased in PAP mice, but lipid metabolism index was relatively normal. In addition, the expression of JNK was decreased and AKT was increased in mice of PAP. However, in the PAPCy group, 18 F?FDG uptake rates were obviously increased in the regions of the frontal lobe and hippocampus compared with those in the PAP mice. And the reduction of brain atrophy and amyloid plaques deposition, normal lipid metabolism and no obvious liver/kidney toxicity were also observed. Cy3G also could reverse the changes of JNK and AKT protein. Conclusions Cy3G can improve glucose metabolism disorders instead of lipid metabolism, inhibit the senile plaques deposition in hippocampus and regulate insulin resistance and inflammatory reaction associated with JNK/AKT pathway. Thus, Cy3G has a good safety profile and may be used as an ideal alternative to traditional disease?modifying treatments against AD.

Objective To screen gastric infiltrating carcinoma from gastric high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIEN) checked again by regular gastroscopy and confocal laser endomicroscopy(CLE).Methods From January 2005 to December 2010,82 patients with endoscopic biopsy and the tissue pathological diagnosed HGIEN were collected at Department of Gastroenterology,Ruijin Hospital,Jiaotong University.61 male patients and 21 female patients were collected,of which 38 patients underwent common gastroendoscopy and the other 44 patients were underwent CLE besides common gastroendoscopy.The pathological diagnosis of endoscopic biopsy tissues were compared,and patients with indications were referred to surgery and pathological examination again.Results A total of 82 patients were confirmed by repeated examination,and there were 8 cases of inflammation or benign ulcers (24.4％),12 cases of low grade intraepithelial neoplasia (14.6％),10 cases of HGIEN (12.2％),52 cases of infiltrating carcinoma (63.4％).36 cases of differentiated carcinoma and 16 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma.Of the 21 infiltrating carcinoma cases diagnosed by CLE,17 cases (81.0％) were consistent with the pathological diagnosis.The consistent parameter value of κ between CLE diagnosis and pathological diagnosis was 0.7250.Conclusion It is necessary to make differential diagnosis of infiltrating cancer in patients with endoscopic biopsy and the tissue pathological diagnosed HGIEN.

Objective To investigate the accuracy and the consistency with pathological diagnosis of confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) in real-time diagnosis of gastric malignancy and precancerous diseases.MethodsFrom January 2010 to March 2011, the out-patients and hospitalized patients of suspected gastric malignancy or precancerous diseases in Shanghai Ruijin Hospital were screened and undergone confocal laser endomicroscopy.Fluorescein sodium was used as fluorescent agent in the examination.A four-tiered diagnostic system was applied in the real time diagnosis with CLE images, and targeted biopsy was performed accordingly. Surgery was performed in CLE diagnosed or highly malignancy suspected patients.The diagnosis of common endoscopy, CLE and pathology was reviewed.ResultsA total of 160 patients were enrolled in this study, of those one patient withdrew because of fluorescin allergy and the rest 159 patients completed the CLE examination.A total of 194 lesions were inspected, among them, 130 cases each with one lesion, 23 cases each with two lesions and 6 cases each with three lesions.Overall accuracy rate of CLE was 93.3％ (181/194).And the sensitivity and specificity of CLE in gastric malignancy diagnosis was 93.6 ％ and 99.3 ％ respectively.Ideal correlation was identified between confocal laser endomicroscopy and final pathology results (Kappa=0.876).The incidence of marked fluorescin-related adverse events was only 0.6％ (1/160). ConclusionsCLE is consistent with histopathology and is helpful to make accurate diagnosis of gastric malignancy and precancerous diseases.It is important in early diagnosis of gastric malignancy and helps to avoid misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.

The HPLC-UV-Fluorescence technique and HPLC-UV-MS technique were used to determine fluorescence molecule in gastric juice of patients with malignant gastric cancer,which is identified as tryptophan. Lidocaine was detected in gastric juice of patients who were examined by gastric endoscopy. A method was developed to determine concentration of tryptophan and lidocaine in gastric juice using HPLC-UV technique,in which Kromasil C_(18) column(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm) and methanol(containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA))-water(containing 0. 1% TFA) as gradient mobile phase were used. The linear relationships were obtained between the concentration of tryptophan in the range of 0.5 - 200 mg/L and its peak area at 278 run with correlation coefficient of 0.9994,and between the concentration of lidocaine in the range of 20 -5000 mg/L and its peak area at 254 nm with correlation coefficient of 0.9992. The limit of detection is 0.15 mg/L for tryptophan and 5 mg/L for lidocaine. The recovery is 70. 8% - 110. 4% for tryptophan and 87. 1% -116.2% for lidocaine. 38 gastric juice samples of patients with malignant gastric disease and 48 gastric juice samples of patients with benign gastric disease were tested and the concentration of tryptophan in those two groups of gastric juice samples was apparently different.

Objective To study the value of 18F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in diagnosis of patients suspected with gastric malignant tumors. Methods Ten women and fourteen men, with a mean age of (56±15) years (ranged from 28 to 83 years) suspected of gastric malignant tumors were enrolled from May 2007 to July 2007. According to the results of the first time endoscopy and biopsy, patients were divided into gastric cancer group (n=9) and suspected group(n= 15). 18F-FDG PET/CT whole body scan was performed in gastric cancer group for assistant operation and suspected group for further diagnosis. The results of PET/CT for suspected group were all confirmed by the endoscopy later. The final diagnosis was based on pathology and follow-up. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnosis of gastric malignant tumors were analyzed, as well as the tumor staging before operation. Results The malignant tumor was found in 16 out of 24 patients who received 18F-FDG PET/CT scan, including 9 in gastric cancer group and 7 in suspected group. Sixteen tumors originated from stomach,and 1 infiltrated the liver, pancreas and omentum. Liver (1 case) and lung (1 case) metastases were found. Three lesions limited in intestine and 13 had positive lymph nodes. Two patiens in suspected group were not diagnosed by PET/CT, one was negative and the other, who suspected as gastric cancer by PET/CT, was pathologicaly confirmed as benign gastrointestinal stromal tumor. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnosis of gastric malignant tumors were 16/17, 6/7, 16/17 and 6/7, respectively. Six patients of stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ were all detected. Conclusions 18F-FDG PET/CT whole body scan is not only a feasible, safe, noninvasive and promising diagnostic tool in detecting and differentiating gastric cancer from benign tumor, but also can assist the management of disease.