OBJECTIVE To analyze the compositional differences between Fructus Tritici Levis and Triticum aestivum， and to provide reference for identification and quality control of both. METHODS Twenty batches of Fructus Tritici Levis and three batches of T. aestivum were collected， and their fingerprints were acquired by high-performance liquid chromatography and the similarities were evaluated by the Evaluation System of Similarity of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Traditional Chinese Medicine （2012 version）. Cluster analysis （CA）， principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） were performed to analyze the difference of Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum from different regions， and the differential components were screened. The contents of the six identified components in Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum were determined. RESULTS The similarities of the fingerprints of Fructus Tritici Levis ranged from 0.928 to 0.996， and the relative similarities of T. aestivum with Fructus Tritici Levis ranged from 0.761 to 0.773. A total of 19 common peaks were calibrated， and six components including linolenic acid， linoleic acid， 5-heptadecylresorcinol， 5-nonadodecylresorcinol， 5- heneicosylresorcinol， and 5-tricosylresorcinol were identified. The results of CA and PCA showed that Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum could be clearly distinguished； the distribution of Fructus Tritici Levis from Anhui province was relatively concentrated. The results of OPLS-DA showed that linolenic acid， linoleic acid， and other six unknown compounds were the differential components between Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum. The average contents of the six identified components in Fructus Tritici Levis were 0.100 9， 1.094 0， 0.005 1， 0.030 9， 0.098 2，and 0.024 8 mg/g， respectively； the contents of linolenic acid and linoleic acid in Fructus Tritici Levis were significantly higher than those in T. aestivum （P＜0.05）.CONCLUSIONS The established qualitative and quantitative methods are simple and reliable， and can be used for the identification and quality evaluation of Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum. The identified differential components， such as linolenic acid and linoleic acid， can also provide clues for the differentiation and pharmacological study of Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the compositional differences between Fructus Tritici Levis and Triticum aestivum， and to provide reference for identification and quality control of both. METHODS Twenty batches of Fructus Tritici Levis and three batches of T. aestivum were collected， and their fingerprints were acquired by high-performance liquid chromatography and the similarities were evaluated by the Evaluation System of Similarity of Chromatographic Fingerprints of Traditional Chinese Medicine （2012 version）. Cluster analysis （CA）， principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） were performed to analyze the difference of Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum from different regions， and the differential components were screened. The contents of the six identified components in Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum were determined. RESULTS The similarities of the fingerprints of Fructus Tritici Levis ranged from 0.928 to 0.996， and the relative similarities of T. aestivum with Fructus Tritici Levis ranged from 0.761 to 0.773. A total of 19 common peaks were calibrated， and six components including linolenic acid， linoleic acid， 5-heptadecylresorcinol， 5-nonadodecylresorcinol， 5- heneicosylresorcinol， and 5-tricosylresorcinol were identified. The results of CA and PCA showed that Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum could be clearly distinguished； the distribution of Fructus Tritici Levis from Anhui province was relatively concentrated. The results of OPLS-DA showed that linolenic acid， linoleic acid， and other six unknown compounds were the differential components between Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum. The average contents of the six identified components in Fructus Tritici Levis were 0.100 9， 1.094 0， 0.005 1， 0.030 9， 0.098 2，and 0.024 8 mg/g， respectively； the contents of linolenic acid and linoleic acid in Fructus Tritici Levis were significantly higher than those in T. aestivum （P＜0.05）.CONCLUSIONS The established qualitative and quantitative methods are simple and reliable， and can be used for the identification and quality evaluation of Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum. The identified differential components， such as linolenic acid and linoleic acid， can also provide clues for the differentiation and pharmacological study of Fructus Tritici Levis and T. aestivum.

Objective To compare the clinical effects of minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) and minimally invasive intramedullary nailing osteosynthesis (MINO) in the treatment of humeral shaft fractures. Methods The clinical data of 53 patients with humeral shaft fractures treated with MIPO and MINO were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into MIPO group of 25 patients and MINO group of 28 patients according to differed surgical approaches. The operation time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, fracture healing time, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder function score at 1 year postoperatively, and Mayo elbow performance score at 1 year postoperatively were compared between the two groups. Results All 53 patients successfully completed the surgery, and no postoperative complications such as surgical site infection, radial nerve injury, fracture nonunion, implant breakage, or loosening occurred. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of operation time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, fracture healing time, and Mayo elbow performance score at 1 year postoperatively (P>0.05). The UCLA shoulder function score at 1 year postoperatively was better in the MIPO group than in the MINO group (P < 0.05). One patient in the MIPO group experienced wound fat liquefaction, and one patient in the MINO group experienced radial nerve palsy. Conclusion Both MIPO and MINO can achieve satisfactory results in the treatment of humeral shaft fractures, and both minimally invasive techniques are worthy of clinical promotion. However, MIPO has lesser impact on shoulder function.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of childhood infectious diseases in a single center in Beijing City from 2007 to 2021, and to provide scientific basis for the management of infectious diseases in hospitals.Methods:The clinical data of outpatients or inpatients aged<18 years old with infectious diseases recorded in the Nationwide Health Information-based Disease Control and Prevention Information System of Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2021 were collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the types of infectious diseases, population distribution, time distribution characteristics, as well as the etiological characteristics of major infectious diseases.Results:There were 219 260 cases reported, accounting for 5.73‰(219 260/38 295 800) of the total number of hospital cases, with two peaks of 25 469 and 22 928 cases in 2010 and 2019, respectively. The main category of infectious diseases was class C, accounting for 77.51%(169 947/219 260). According to the classification of transmission routes, fecal-oral transmission infectious diseases were the most common, with 144 712 cases (66.00%), followed by air and droplet transmission infectious diseases with 73 946 cases (33.73%), showing an increasing trend by year. The top five diseases in terms of incidence were hand, foot and mouth disease (114 864 cases), influenza (28 703 cases), varicella (22 190 cases), other infectious diarrheal diseases (21 040 cases) and scarlet fever (11 500 cases). Among the 219 260 children, there were 131 546 males and 87 714 females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5 to 1. Children aged≤6 years old comprised the majority, with a total of 189 593 cases (86.47%). The peak period of infectious diseases reporting was from May to July. Hand, foot and mouth disease was mainly caused by Coxsackie virus A16(35.02%(1 258/3 592)), while Coxsackie virus A6 had been increasing rapidly since 2017. The main pathogen of influenza was influenza A virus (62.18%(7 400/11 900)), while other infectious diarrhea was mainly caused by rotavirus (87.55%(4 283/4 892)).Conclusions:There is an intermittent outbreak in the incidence of childhood infectious diseases, and air and droplet transmission infectious diseases have shown an upward trend in recent years. Hand, foot and mouth disease, influenza, varicella, other infectious diarrheal diseases and scarlet fever are the main infectious diseases affecting children. Different diseases have the characteristics of age and onset season. The prevention and control of infectious diseases should be updated gradually according to the epidemic trend. Proper protection should be taken during peak seasons and for key populations.

Objective:To investigate the ultrasonographic features and evolution of thyroid shrinking nodules in order to improve the differential diagnosis and management strategy and avoid unnecessary biopsy.Methods:A total of 245 patients with old bleeding of benign thyroid nodules diagnosed via fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) from May 2015 to July 2020 in the southern part of the Shanghai General Hospital Affiliated to the Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University, including 263 nodules. The sonographic parameters such as size, shape, aspect ratio, echo, edge, boundary, periphery, halo, calcification, posterior echo enhancement and posterior acoustic attenuation of nodules were analyzed retrospectively, and the ultrasonic appearances of nodules were classified; 41 nodules from 40 patients, who did ultrasound examinations more than twice and had both complete ultrasonographic data, were compared and then classified in order to explore the evolution rules of the nodules.Results:Two hundred and sixty-three thyroid shrinking nodules in 245 cases were classified into 4 types: "cystic wall shrinkage sign" type(71.48%, 188/263), "carcinoma-like" type (22.05%, 58/263), "inflammation-like" type(3.04%, 8/263) and "undefined atypical solid nodules" type(3.42%, 9/263). Of the 41 consecutive follow-up nodules, 37 cases showed obvious cystic wall shrinkage sign, and 7 of them developed into "carcinoma-like" type and 6 cases into "inflammation-like" type.Conclusions:The ultrasonographic appearance of thyroid shrinking nodules is a dynamic process, which can be divided into 4 types: "cystic wall shrinkage sign" , "carcinoma-like" , "inflammation-like" and "undefined atypical solid nodules" types. The "cystic wall shrinkage sign" type is typical and common. The "cystic wall shrinkage sign" type can develope into the "carcinoma-like" type or the "inflammation-like" type.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies with high incidence rate and mortality rate. Human intestinal microbiota play crucial roles in multiple aspects including immune function, digestion and metabolism.Current research literature suggests that there is a significant connection between intestinal dysbacteriosis and colorectal cancer.However,it is not clear how intestinal dysbacteriosis is involved in the initiation, progress and metastasis of colorectal cancer.In this paper,the influence discussed from three aspects.

As an advanced imaging technology,PET provides high sensitivity and accuracy for the diagnostic research of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Various pathophysiological information of AD can be illustrated by applying different molecular imaging probes.Three series of molecular imaging probes including glucose metabolism probes,neurotransmitter and neuroreceptor probes and neuropathological marker probes are introduced in this review.

Objective To investigate the clinical features and risk factors of adult nephrotic syndrome with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). Methods Sixty patients diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and clinically suspected with PTE were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into PTE group (n=32) and no-PTE group (n=28) according to the results of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA). The single factor analysis and Logistic repres?sion analysis were used to analyse risk factors including age, gender, onset time, clinical symptoms, laboratory examination and pathological types. According to the independent risk factors, the receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to determine PTE threshold value based on the evaluation index in nephrotic syndrome. Results Single factor analysis showed that there were significant differences in disease duration, hemoglobin, serum albumin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, D-dimer and physical examination in P2 hyperthyroidism between two groups (P <0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that D-dimer was independent risk factor of PTE. The analysis of ROC curve indi?cated that D-dimer optimal threshold was 1 015.50μg/L. Conclusion D-dimer is an independent risk factor of PTE in pa?tients with nephrotic syndrome. When D-dimer is greater than 1 015.50μg/L, should pay attention to the occurrence of PTE.

OBJECTIVETo compare the clinical efficacy on cervical spondylotic radiculopathy between the combined therapy of massage and magnetic-sticking at the auricular points and the simple massage therapy, and conduct the health economics evaluation.

METHODSSeventy-two patients of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy were randomized into a combined therapy group, and a simple massage group, 36 cases in each one. Finally, 35 cases and 34 cases were met the inclusive criteria in the corresponding groups separately. In the combined therapy group, the massage therapy and the magnetic sticking therapy at auricular points were combined in the treatment. Massage therapy was mainly applied to Fengchi (GB 20), Jianjing (GB 21), Jianwaishu (SI 14), Jianyu (LI 15) and Quchi (LI 11). The main auricular points for magnetic sticking pressure were Jingzhui (AH13), Gan (On12) Shen (CO10), Shenmen (TF4), Pizhixia (AT4). In the simple massage group, the simple massage therapy was given, the massage parts and methods were the same as those in the combined therapy group. The treatment was given once every two days, three times a week, for 4 weeks totally. The cervical spondylosis effect scale and the simplified McGill pain questionnaire were adopted to observe the improvements in the clinical symptoms, clinical examination, daily life movement, superficial muscular pain in the neck and the health economics cost in the patients of the two groups. The effect was evaluated in the two groups.

RESULTSThe effective rate and the clinical curative rate in the combined therapy group were better than those in the control group [100. 0% (35/35) vs 85. 3% (29/34), 42. 9% (15/35) vs 17. 6% (6/34), both P<0. 05]. The scores of the spontaneous symptoms, clinical examnation, daily life movement and superficialmuscular pain in the neck were improved apparently after treatment as compared with those before treatment in the patients of the two groups (all P<0. 001). In terms of the improvements in the spontaneous symptoms, clinical examination total scores and superficial muscular pain in the' neck were more significant in the combined therapy group as compared with those in the simple massage group (P<0. 05, P<0. 01, P<0. 001). The cost at the unit effect in the combined therapy group was lower than that in the simple massage group (P<0. 05).

CONCLUSIONCompared with the simple massage therapy, the massage therapy combined with magnetic sticking therapy at auricular points achieves the better effect and lower cost in health economics.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture, Ear ; economics ; Adult ; Aged ; Combined Modality Therapy ; economics ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Field Therapy ; economics ; Male ; Massage ; economics ; Middle Aged ; Radiculopathy ; economics ; therapy ; Spondylosis ; economics ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To systematically review the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide in adults with refractory nephrotic syndrome. Methods The randomized controlled trials of mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide treatment for refractory nephrotic syndrome were searched from Cochrane library, PubMed, Embase, Wanfang, VIP and CNKI till March 2014. The relevant studies were screened according to inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The quality of the included studies was evaluated. Meta-analyses were performed by using RevMan 5.2 software. The indexes were analyzed including the complete remission rate, efficiency, serum albumin, and adverse reaction after completing the treatment for adults with refractory nephrotic syndrome. Results There were 9 RCTs, a total of 467 patients were enrolled. The result of the meta-analysis showed that mycophenolate mofetil could significantly increase complete remission rate (RR=1.45, 95%CI=1.17～1.81, P=0.000 7) and efficiency rate (RR=1.23, 95%CI=1.11～1.36, P＜0.000 1). It can also enhance the level of serum albumin (WMD=2.73, 95%CI=1.42～4.04, P＜0.000 1) and decrease 24-hour urinary protein (SMD=-0.63, 95%CI=-1.16～-0.10, P=0.02) compared with cyclophosphamide in the treatment of refractory nephrotic syndrome. There was no significant difference in the serum level of cholesterol between mycophenolate mofetil group and cyclophosphamide group (SMD=0.31, 95%CI=-0.23～0.84, P=0.26 ). The incidence rates of liver dysfunction (RR=0.13,95%CI=0.06～0.28, P＜0.000 01), leukopenia (RR=0.10, 95%CI=0.04～0.23, P＜0.000 01), gastrointestinal reaction (RR=0.21, 95%CI=0.11～0.39, P＜0.000 01) and alopecia (RR=0.08, 95%CI=0.02～0.29, P＜0.000 01) were significantly lower in mycophenolate mofetil group than those of cyclophosphamide group. There were no significant differences in respiratory tract infection rate (RR=0.68, 95%CI=0.41～1.14, P=0.14) and lung infection rate (RR=0.58, 95%CI=0.31～1.08, P=0.09) between the two groups. Conclusion The safety and efficacy are better in the treatment of refractory nephrotic syndrome using mycophenolate mofetil than that of cyclophosphamide.