BACKGROUND:Peripheral nerve axon rupture seriously affects patients' physical function and mental health.Microsurgery,nerve autograft,nerve allograft,fibrin glue and catheter technology are the main treatments for peripheral nerve injury,each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages,but the overall treatment effect is not satisfactory.Despite the clinical success of Schwann cells in promoting axonal regeneration,there are still many challenges in the treatment with Schwann cells,such as slow expansion of Schwann cells,immune rejection,and low survival rate of transplanted cells.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the role and mechanism of Schwann cells in promoting the regeneration of peripheral nerve axons,and the difficulties and challenges of Schwann cells in the process of nerve regeneration treatment.METHODS:PubMed,Medline,WanFang,VIP,and CNKI were searched by computer using the search terms of"Schwann cells,synaptic Schwann cell,macrophage,peripheral nerve axon rupture,Wallerian degeneration,Peripheral nerve axon regeneration,Central nervous system repair"in English and Chinese.Literature related to Schwann cell proliferation and differentiation,promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration,and clinical applications was retrieved from database inception to October 2024,and a total of 95 articles were finally included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Schwann cells interact with macrophages,T cells and other cells,to initiate the regeneration process through signaling pathways,including Krox20/C-Jun,NRG-1/ErbB,Notch,MAPK,and PI3K/Akt/mTOR,synthesize and release nerve growth factors,and thus promote regeneration of the peripheral nervous system.Schwann cells have been experimentally demonstrated to have great potential in peripheral nerve repair and are expected to become the key target of therapeutic intervention.However,there are still problems such as difficulties in cell harvest and culture,as well as the occurrence of other diseases during the treatment process.

BACKGROUND:Peripheral nerve axon rupture seriously affects patients' physical function and mental health.Microsurgery,nerve autograft,nerve allograft,fibrin glue and catheter technology are the main treatments for peripheral nerve injury,each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages,but the overall treatment effect is not satisfactory.Despite the clinical success of Schwann cells in promoting axonal regeneration,there are still many challenges in the treatment with Schwann cells,such as slow expansion of Schwann cells,immune rejection,and low survival rate of transplanted cells.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the role and mechanism of Schwann cells in promoting the regeneration of peripheral nerve axons,and the difficulties and challenges of Schwann cells in the process of nerve regeneration treatment.METHODS:PubMed,Medline,WanFang,VIP,and CNKI were searched by computer using the search terms of"Schwann cells,synaptic Schwann cell,macrophage,peripheral nerve axon rupture,Wallerian degeneration,Peripheral nerve axon regeneration,Central nervous system repair"in English and Chinese.Literature related to Schwann cell proliferation and differentiation,promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration,and clinical applications was retrieved from database inception to October 2024,and a total of 95 articles were finally included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Schwann cells interact with macrophages,T cells and other cells,to initiate the regeneration process through signaling pathways,including Krox20/C-Jun,NRG-1/ErbB,Notch,MAPK,and PI3K/Akt/mTOR,synthesize and release nerve growth factors,and thus promote regeneration of the peripheral nervous system.Schwann cells have been experimentally demonstrated to have great potential in peripheral nerve repair and are expected to become the key target of therapeutic intervention.However,there are still problems such as difficulties in cell harvest and culture,as well as the occurrence of other diseases during the treatment process.

Real-time,noninvasive programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)testing using molecular imaging has enhanced our understanding of the immune environments of neoplasms and has served as a guide for immunotherapy.However,the utilization of radiotracers in the imaging of human brain tumors using positron emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT)remains limited.This investigation involved the synthesis of[18F]AlF-NOTA-PCP2,which is a novel peptide-based radiolabeled tracer that targets PD-L1,and evaluated its imaging capabilities in orthotopic glioblastoma(GBM)models.Using this tracer,we could noninvasively monitor radiation-induced PD-L1 changes in GBM.[18F]AlF-NOTA-PCP2 exhibited high radiochemical purity(＞95％)and stability up to 4 h after synthesis.It demonstrated specific,high-affinity binding to PD-L1 in vitro and in vivo,with a dissociation constant of 0.24 nM.PET/CT imaging,integrated with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging,revealed significant accumulation of[18F]AlF-NOTA-PCP2 in orthotopic tumors,correlating with blood-brain barrier disruption.After radiotherapy(15 Gy),[18F]AlF-NOTA-PCP2 uptake in tumors increased from 9.51％±0.73％to 12.04％±1.43％,indicating enhanced PD-L1 expression consistent with immunohisto-chemistry findings.Fractionated radiation(5 Gy × 3)further amplified PD-L1 upregulation(13.9％±1.54％ID/cc)compared with a single dose(11.48％±1.05％ID/cc).Taken together,[18F]AlF-NOTA-PCP2 may be a valuable tool for noninvasively monitoring PD-L1 expression in brain tumors after radiotherapy.

Real-time, noninvasive programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) testing using molecular imaging has enhanced our understanding of the immune environments of neoplasms and has served as a guide for immunotherapy. However, the utilization of radiotracers in the imaging of human brain tumors using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) remains limited. This investigation involved the synthesis of [¹⁸F]AlF-NOTA-PCP2, which is a novel peptide-based radiolabeled tracer that targets PD-L1, and evaluated its imaging capabilities in orthotopic glioblastoma (GBM) models. Using this tracer, we could noninvasively monitor radiation-induced PD-L1 changes in GBM. [¹⁸F]AlF-NOTA-PCP2 exhibited high radiochemical purity (>95%) and stability up to 4 h after synthesis. It demonstrated specific, high-affinity binding to PD-L1 in vitro and in vivo, with a dissociation constant of 0.24 nM. PET/CT imaging, integrated with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, revealed significant accumulation of [¹⁸F]AlF-NOTA-PCP2 in orthotopic tumors, correlating with blood-brain barrier disruption. After radiotherapy (15 Gy), [¹⁸F]AlF-NOTA-PCP2 uptake in tumors increased from 9.51% ± 0.73% to 12.04% ± 1.43%, indicating enhanced PD-L1 expression consistent with immunohistochemistry findings. Fractionated radiation (5 Gy × 3) further amplified PD-L1 upregulation (13.9% ± 1.54% ID/cc) compared with a single dose (11.48% ± 1.05% ID/cc). Taken together, [¹⁸F]AlF-NOTA-PCP2 may be a valuable tool for noninvasively monitoring PD-L1 expression in brain tumors after radiotherapy.

Objective This study aims to explore the impacts of short-term insemination and early rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection (E-RICSI) on clinical and neonatal outcomes for IVF patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data from the patients who underwent fresh embryo transfer at the Reproductive Center from January 2019 to December 2023. Patients were divided into four groups based on fertilization method:short-term IVF group (n=204),conventional IVF group (n=208),E-RICSI group (n=13) and conventional ICSI group (n=92). The fertilization rates,embryo development,pregnancy outcomes,and neonatal outcomes were compared between the short-term IVF and conventional IVF groups,and between the E-RICSI and conventional ICSI groups. Results There were no statistically significant differences in embryo development,clinical pregnancy,miscarriage,ectopic pregnancy,live birth rates,neonatal sex,and birth weight between the short-term IVF group and conventional IVF group. Similarly,no significant differences were observed in the E-RICSI group compared to the conventional ICSI group (P>0.05). However,the fertilization rate (79.11％ vs. 84.39％,P<0.001) and the rate of 2PN zygotes (63.98％ vs. 70.83％,P<0.001) were significantly lower in the short-term IVF group compared to the conventional IVF group;The fertilization rate (65.49％ vs. 91.68％,P<0.001) and the rate of 2PN zygotes (57.75％ vs. 88.35％,P<0.001) were significantly lower in the E-RICSI group compared to the conventional ICSI group. Conclusions Although the fertilization rate of short-term insemination and E-RICSI is lower than that of conventional IVF and ICSI,it has no effect on embryonic development,preg-nancy outcome and neonatal outcome. Short-term insemination combined with early rescue ICSI is an effective and safe technology to prevent complete fertilization failure.

Objective To systematically analyze the research status,hotspots,and trends in the field of health-care-associated infection(HAI)in 2020-2025 globally,with a focus on exploring the development strategy of sci-entific and technological talents,and provide data support for talent cultivation,disciplinary layout,and evidence-based decision-making in this field.Methods Web of Science Core Collection was adopted as data source,and HAI-related literatures from January 2020 to January 2025 were retrieved.Bibliometric methods were employed with tools such as VOSviewer and Bibliometrix(R4.4.0)to conduct a cluster analysis on annual publication volume,countries/regions,authors,highly cited literatures,and keywords.The distribution characteristics,collaboration modes,and adaptability to research hotspots of scientific and technological talents in this field were also sorted out.Results A total of 9 566 literatures were included in the analysis.The annual publication volume peaked in 2021 and subsequently entered a high-level platform period with over 1 800 articles per year.China and the United States formed a dual-core research pattern,with Chinese scholars dominating the list of productive authors.Highly cited literatures were predominantly published in 2020-2021,mainly focusing on the clinical characteristics and HAI risks during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.Research hotspots present a dual theme of"clinical epide-miology as well as management of prevention and control"and"antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of pathogens".However,the existing talent system shows deficiency in interdisciplinary adaptability and the depth of international collaboration.Conclusion Over the past five years,global research on HAI has entered a normalized stage,and Chinese scholars play vital role in the dual-core pattern of China and the United States.From the perspective of ta-lents,it is necessary to formulate a development strategy for scientific and technological talents around research hotspots,including improving transnational collaboration mechanisms,innovating interdisciplinary training models,and establishing a dynamic adaptability evaluation system,so as to provide action guidance and policy references for talent development in this field.

Objective This study aims to explore the impacts of short-term insemination and early rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection (E-RICSI) on clinical and neonatal outcomes for IVF patients. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data from the patients who underwent fresh embryo transfer at the Reproductive Center from January 2019 to December 2023. Patients were divided into four groups based on fertilization method:short-term IVF group (n=204),conventional IVF group (n=208),E-RICSI group (n=13) and conventional ICSI group (n=92). The fertilization rates,embryo development,pregnancy outcomes,and neonatal outcomes were compared between the short-term IVF and conventional IVF groups,and between the E-RICSI and conventional ICSI groups. Results There were no statistically significant differences in embryo development,clinical pregnancy,miscarriage,ectopic pregnancy,live birth rates,neonatal sex,and birth weight between the short-term IVF group and conventional IVF group. Similarly,no significant differences were observed in the E-RICSI group compared to the conventional ICSI group (P>0.05). However,the fertilization rate (79.11％ vs. 84.39％,P<0.001) and the rate of 2PN zygotes (63.98％ vs. 70.83％,P<0.001) were significantly lower in the short-term IVF group compared to the conventional IVF group;The fertilization rate (65.49％ vs. 91.68％,P<0.001) and the rate of 2PN zygotes (57.75％ vs. 88.35％,P<0.001) were significantly lower in the E-RICSI group compared to the conventional ICSI group. Conclusions Although the fertilization rate of short-term insemination and E-RICSI is lower than that of conventional IVF and ICSI,it has no effect on embryonic development,preg-nancy outcome and neonatal outcome. Short-term insemination combined with early rescue ICSI is an effective and safe technology to prevent complete fertilization failure.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has the potential to rebuild the intestinal microbiome of patients, which can influence the disease course, alleviate symptoms, or even cure the disease. It is seen as a promising breakthrough for treating major chronic diseases that are difficult to manage. Currently, FMT therapy has been clinically studied for over 80 diseases and has led to significant breakthroughs. However, there are still four main challenges: (1) identifying the effective characteristics of donor microbiota and ensuring precise matching between donors and recipients; (2) understanding the pathways and molecular mechanisms by which key FMT bacteria and metabolites improve disease outcomes; (3) studying strain interactions and colonization mechanisms to restore intestinal microbiota balance; and (4) refining the precision of microbiome and functional microbiota transplantation. To address these clinical challenges, this article reviews the latest research both domestically and internationally, outlines the response patterns of FMT therapy, examines the reasons behind FMT failure, and explores future directions for the development of FMT. The aim is to accelerate the scientific and precise advancement of FMT technology in China.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has the potential to rebuild the intestinal microbiome of patients, which can influence the disease course, alleviate symptoms, or even cure the disease. It is seen as a promising breakthrough for treating major chronic diseases that are difficult to manage. Currently, FMT therapy has been clinically studied for over 80 diseases and has led to significant breakthroughs. However, there are still four main challenges: (1) identifying the effective characteristics of donor microbiota and ensuring precise matching between donors and recipients; (2) understanding the pathways and molecular mechanisms by which key FMT bacteria and metabolites improve disease outcomes; (3) studying strain interactions and colonization mechanisms to restore intestinal microbiota balance; and (4) refining the precision of microbiome and functional microbiota transplantation. To address these clinical challenges, this article reviews the latest research both domestically and internationally, outlines the response patterns of FMT therapy, examines the reasons behind FMT failure, and explores future directions for the development of FMT. The aim is to accelerate the scientific and precise advancement of FMT technology in China.

Objective To systematically analyze the research status,hotspots,and trends in the field of health-care-associated infection(HAI)in 2020-2025 globally,with a focus on exploring the development strategy of sci-entific and technological talents,and provide data support for talent cultivation,disciplinary layout,and evidence-based decision-making in this field.Methods Web of Science Core Collection was adopted as data source,and HAI-related literatures from January 2020 to January 2025 were retrieved.Bibliometric methods were employed with tools such as VOSviewer and Bibliometrix(R4.4.0)to conduct a cluster analysis on annual publication volume,countries/regions,authors,highly cited literatures,and keywords.The distribution characteristics,collaboration modes,and adaptability to research hotspots of scientific and technological talents in this field were also sorted out.Results A total of 9 566 literatures were included in the analysis.The annual publication volume peaked in 2021 and subsequently entered a high-level platform period with over 1 800 articles per year.China and the United States formed a dual-core research pattern,with Chinese scholars dominating the list of productive authors.Highly cited literatures were predominantly published in 2020-2021,mainly focusing on the clinical characteristics and HAI risks during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.Research hotspots present a dual theme of"clinical epide-miology as well as management of prevention and control"and"antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of pathogens".However,the existing talent system shows deficiency in interdisciplinary adaptability and the depth of international collaboration.Conclusion Over the past five years,global research on HAI has entered a normalized stage,and Chinese scholars play vital role in the dual-core pattern of China and the United States.From the perspective of ta-lents,it is necessary to formulate a development strategy for scientific and technological talents around research hotspots,including improving transnational collaboration mechanisms,innovating interdisciplinary training models,and establishing a dynamic adaptability evaluation system,so as to provide action guidance and policy references for talent development in this field.