Chronic liver disease remains a severe threat to human health. Furthermore, if left untreated promptly and effectively, it may gradually develop into end-stage liver disease, including decompensated cirrhosis and liver failure. Currently, mesenchymal stem cell technology is acting as a kind of an emerging treatment method, and multiple clinical trials have confirmed its promising application prospects in the treatment of decompensated cirrhosis and liver failure. Hence, stem cell therapy may offer a novel therapeutic option for these patients. This article summarizes the clinical research progress of stem cell therapy for decompensated cirrhosis and liver failure and analyzes present challenges and application prospects.

Objective:To assess the pharmacoeconomic benefits of using omalizumab in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) before the pollen season.Methods:This economic evaluation, which based on a prospective, randomized, controlled, open label, single center trial conducted in 2020, compared omalizumab treatment with standard medicine treatment in controlling SAR symptoms two weeks before autumn pollen season. Total nasal symptom scores (TNSS) were used as the effect index for cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), with incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) calculated. Cost-utility analysis (CUA) was used to compare incremental cost-utility ratios (ICUR) between groups using 1.76 times of the national and Beijing per capita GDP as willingness-to-pay thresholds. The experimental group was divided into mild and moderate-severe groups for cost-effectiveness analysis.Results:CEA showed an ICER of 3 084.76 yuan/point. CUA revealed an ICUR of 554 288.39 yuan, exceeding 1.76 times of the 2020 national (126 417.28 yuan) and Beijing (288 918.08 yuan) per capita GDP. Therefore, omalizumab currently lacked economic advantage in both Beijing and nationwide. The moderate-severe subgroup had a lower ICUR (371 041.07 yuan/year) than the mild subgroup (1 436, 823.35 yuan/year). Omalizumab would gain economic advantage in Beijing if its cost dropped below 723.02 yuan/dose, and nationwide below 312.72 yuan/dose. For moderate-severe patients, the cost threshold for Beijing was 1 104.95 yuan/dose, and 482.45 yuan/dose nationwide.Conclusions:At its current price, a single pre-pollen season omalizumab injection (300 mg) offers no pharmacoeconomic advantage over conventional medication in improving SAR patients′ quality of life in Beijing and nationwide. However, omalizumab shows lower ICUR in moderate-severe SAR patients compared to mild cases.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of allergic rhinitis (AR) among adults in Yinchuan, focusing on its prevalence and associated risk factors in recent years.Methods:A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted among adult residents in Yinchuan from June to October 2022, including three districts, two counties, and one city, to identify and analyze factors influencing the incidence of AR in the population.Results:A total of 3 345 individuals were surveyed, including 1 891 males (56.5%) and 1 454 females (43.5%). The overall AR prevalence was 17.2% (576/3 345). The self-reported prevalence was 16.2% (306/1 891) in males and 18.6% (270/1 454) in females, with no statistically significant difference ( χ2=3.29, P=0.07). The prevalence was significantly lower among the elderly (aged over 60 years) at 11.8% (60/509) compared to the middle-aged (aged 40-59 years) at 17.1% (202/1 183) and young adults (aged 18-39 years) at 19.0% (314/1 653, χ2=10.36, P=0.023). Han nationality had the highest self-reported prevalence (18.8%, 446/2 372), followed by other ethnic minorities (17.6%, 13/74), and Hui nationality (13.0%, 117/899; χ2=11.21, P=0.004). Regionally, Xingqing District had the highest self-reported prevalence at (19.5%, 188/964), followed by Jinfeng District (18.7%, 151/808), Lingwu City (17.5%, 58/332), Xixia District (14.9%, 78/522), Yongning County (14.3%, 49/342), and Helan County (13.8%, 52/377; χ2=35.68, P=0.038). In terms of disease severity, mild cases made up 55.4% (319/576), while moderate to severe cases constituted 44.6% (257/576). In terms of symptom characteristics, perennial AR patients accounted for 18.8% (108/576), seasonal AR patients accounted for 81.2% (468/576), and 25.7% (148/576) of self-reported AR patients had other allergic diseases. Regarding diagnosis and treatment, 38.7% (223/576) of patients underwent allergen tests, 65.1% (375/576) received medication, but 62.3% (359/576) reported symptoms persisting for 2-year post-treatment, 32.6% (188/576) reported uncontrolled symptoms, and 5% (29/576) experienced symptoms worsening. Conclusions:The study provides a preliminary understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of AR in Yinchuan. These findings provide a reference for formulating relevant public health policies, clarifying prevention and treatment strategies, and improving the prevention and control system for AR.

Objective:To report the nationwide surveillance results of pathogenic profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Gram-positive bloodstream infections in China in 2023.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-posttive bacteria from blood cultures were collected in member hospitals of National Bloodstream Infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）during January to December 2023. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the dilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. Statistical analyses were conducted using WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software.Results:A total of 4 385 Gram-positive bacterial isolates were obtained from 60 participating center. The top five pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus（ n=1 544，35.2%），coagulase-negative Staphylococci（ n=1 441，32.9%）， Enterococcus faecium（ n=574，13.1%）， Enterococcus faecalis（ n=385，8.8%），and α-hemolytic Streptococci（ n=187，4.3%）. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus（MRSA）and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci（MRCNS）was 26.2%（405/1 544）and 69.8%（1 006/1 441），respectively. Notably，all Staphylococci remained susceptible to glycopeptide or daptomycin. Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated excellent susceptibility（>97.0%）to cephalobiol，rifampicin，trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole，linezolid，minocycline，tigecycline，and eravacycline. No Enterococcus exhibiting resistance to linezolid were detected. Glycopeptide resistance was uncommon but more frequent in Enterococcus faecium（resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin：both 1.7%）compared to Enterococcus faecalis（both 0.3%）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS exhibited significant regional variations across the country（ χ2=17.674 and 148.650，respectively，both P<0.001）. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci were detected in central China. Institutional comparison demonstrated higher prevalence of MRSA（ χ2=14.111， P<0.001）and MRCNS（ χ2=4.828， P=0.028）in provincial hospitals than that in municipal hospitals. Socioeconomic analysis identified elevated detection rates of both MRSA（ χ2=18.986， P<0.001）and MRCNS（ χ2=4.477， P=0.034）in less developed regions（per capita GDP

Objective:To report the results of bacterial resistant investigation collaborative system（BRICS）on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-negative bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2023，and provide reference for clinical tretment of bloodstream infections and prevention and control of bacterial resistance.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of BRICS were collected during January 2023 to December 2023. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 were used to analyze the data.Results:During the study period，11 492 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 60 hospitals，of which 10 098（87.9%）were Enterobacterales and 1 394（12.1%）were non-fermentative bacteria. The top 5 bacterial species were Escherichia coli（50.0%）， Klebsiella pneumoniae（26.1%）， Pseudomonas aeruginosa（5.1%）， Acinetobacter baumannii complex（5.0%）and Enterobacter cloacae complex（4.1%）. The ESBL-producing rates in Escherichia coli， Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirablilis were 46.8%（2 685/5 741），18.3%（549/2 999）and 44.0%（77/175），respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli（CREC）and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）were 1.3%（76/5 741）and 15.0%（450/2 999）；32.9%（25/76）and 78.0%（351/450）of CREC and CRKP were sensitive to ceftazidime/avibactam combination，respectively. 94.7%（72/76）and 90.2%（406/450）of CREC and CRKP were sensitive to aztreonam/avibactam combination. Furthermore，57.9%（44/76）and 79.1%（356/450）were sensitive to imipenem/relebactam combination. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii（CRAB）complex was 64.6%（370/573），while more than 80.0% of CRAB complex was sensitive to tigecycline，eravacycline and polymyxin B. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa（CRPA）was 17.0%（99/581）. There were differences in the composition ratio of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections and the prevalence of important Gram-negative bacteria resistance among different regions in China，with statistically significant differences in the prevalence of CREC，CRKP，CRPA and CRAB complex（ χ2=10.6，28.6，10.8 and 19.3， P<0.05）. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli， CREC，CRAB complex and CRKP were higher in provincial hospitals than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=12.5，9.8，12.7 and 57.8，all P<0.01）. Conclusions:Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogens causing bloodstream infections in China，and Escherichia coli is ranked in the top，while the trend of Klebsiella pneumoniae increases continuously with time. CRKP infection shows a slow upward trend，CREC infecton maintains a low prevalence level，and CRAB complex infection continues to exhibit a high prevalence rate. The composition and resistance patterns of pathogens causing bloodstream infections vary to some extent across different regions and levels of hospitals in China.

Chronic liver disease remains a severe threat to human health. Furthermore, if left untreated promptly and effectively, it may gradually develop into end-stage liver disease, including decompensated cirrhosis and liver failure. Currently, mesenchymal stem cell technology is acting as a kind of an emerging treatment method, and multiple clinical trials have confirmed its promising application prospects in the treatment of decompensated cirrhosis and liver failure. Hence, stem cell therapy may offer a novel therapeutic option for these patients. This article summarizes the clinical research progress of stem cell therapy for decompensated cirrhosis and liver failure and analyzes present challenges and application prospects.

Objective:To assess the pharmacoeconomic benefits of using omalizumab in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) before the pollen season.Methods:This economic evaluation, which based on a prospective, randomized, controlled, open label, single center trial conducted in 2020, compared omalizumab treatment with standard medicine treatment in controlling SAR symptoms two weeks before autumn pollen season. Total nasal symptom scores (TNSS) were used as the effect index for cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), with incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) calculated. Cost-utility analysis (CUA) was used to compare incremental cost-utility ratios (ICUR) between groups using 1.76 times of the national and Beijing per capita GDP as willingness-to-pay thresholds. The experimental group was divided into mild and moderate-severe groups for cost-effectiveness analysis.Results:CEA showed an ICER of 3 084.76 yuan/point. CUA revealed an ICUR of 554 288.39 yuan, exceeding 1.76 times of the 2020 national (126 417.28 yuan) and Beijing (288 918.08 yuan) per capita GDP. Therefore, omalizumab currently lacked economic advantage in both Beijing and nationwide. The moderate-severe subgroup had a lower ICUR (371 041.07 yuan/year) than the mild subgroup (1 436, 823.35 yuan/year). Omalizumab would gain economic advantage in Beijing if its cost dropped below 723.02 yuan/dose, and nationwide below 312.72 yuan/dose. For moderate-severe patients, the cost threshold for Beijing was 1 104.95 yuan/dose, and 482.45 yuan/dose nationwide.Conclusions:At its current price, a single pre-pollen season omalizumab injection (300 mg) offers no pharmacoeconomic advantage over conventional medication in improving SAR patients′ quality of life in Beijing and nationwide. However, omalizumab shows lower ICUR in moderate-severe SAR patients compared to mild cases.

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of allergic rhinitis (AR) among adults in Yinchuan, focusing on its prevalence and associated risk factors in recent years.Methods:A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted among adult residents in Yinchuan from June to October 2022, including three districts, two counties, and one city, to identify and analyze factors influencing the incidence of AR in the population.Results:A total of 3 345 individuals were surveyed, including 1 891 males (56.5%) and 1 454 females (43.5%). The overall AR prevalence was 17.2% (576/3 345). The self-reported prevalence was 16.2% (306/1 891) in males and 18.6% (270/1 454) in females, with no statistically significant difference ( χ2=3.29, P=0.07). The prevalence was significantly lower among the elderly (aged over 60 years) at 11.8% (60/509) compared to the middle-aged (aged 40-59 years) at 17.1% (202/1 183) and young adults (aged 18-39 years) at 19.0% (314/1 653, χ2=10.36, P=0.023). Han nationality had the highest self-reported prevalence (18.8%, 446/2 372), followed by other ethnic minorities (17.6%, 13/74), and Hui nationality (13.0%, 117/899; χ2=11.21, P=0.004). Regionally, Xingqing District had the highest self-reported prevalence at (19.5%, 188/964), followed by Jinfeng District (18.7%, 151/808), Lingwu City (17.5%, 58/332), Xixia District (14.9%, 78/522), Yongning County (14.3%, 49/342), and Helan County (13.8%, 52/377; χ2=35.68, P=0.038). In terms of disease severity, mild cases made up 55.4% (319/576), while moderate to severe cases constituted 44.6% (257/576). In terms of symptom characteristics, perennial AR patients accounted for 18.8% (108/576), seasonal AR patients accounted for 81.2% (468/576), and 25.7% (148/576) of self-reported AR patients had other allergic diseases. Regarding diagnosis and treatment, 38.7% (223/576) of patients underwent allergen tests, 65.1% (375/576) received medication, but 62.3% (359/576) reported symptoms persisting for 2-year post-treatment, 32.6% (188/576) reported uncontrolled symptoms, and 5% (29/576) experienced symptoms worsening. Conclusions:The study provides a preliminary understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of AR in Yinchuan. These findings provide a reference for formulating relevant public health policies, clarifying prevention and treatment strategies, and improving the prevention and control system for AR.

Objective:To report the nationwide surveillance results of pathogenic profiles and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Gram-positive bloodstream infections in China in 2023.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-posttive bacteria from blood cultures were collected in member hospitals of National Bloodstream Infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）during January to December 2023. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the dilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. Statistical analyses were conducted using WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software.Results:A total of 4 385 Gram-positive bacterial isolates were obtained from 60 participating center. The top five pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus（ n=1 544，35.2%），coagulase-negative Staphylococci（ n=1 441，32.9%）， Enterococcus faecium（ n=574，13.1%）， Enterococcus faecalis（ n=385，8.8%），and α-hemolytic Streptococci（ n=187，4.3%）. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus（MRSA）and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci（MRCNS）was 26.2%（405/1 544）and 69.8%（1 006/1 441），respectively. Notably，all Staphylococci remained susceptible to glycopeptide or daptomycin. Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated excellent susceptibility（>97.0%）to cephalobiol，rifampicin，trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole，linezolid，minocycline，tigecycline，and eravacycline. No Enterococcus exhibiting resistance to linezolid were detected. Glycopeptide resistance was uncommon but more frequent in Enterococcus faecium（resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin：both 1.7%）compared to Enterococcus faecalis（both 0.3%）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS exhibited significant regional variations across the country（ χ2=17.674 and 148.650，respectively，both P<0.001）. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci were detected in central China. Institutional comparison demonstrated higher prevalence of MRSA（ χ2=14.111， P<0.001）and MRCNS（ χ2=4.828， P=0.028）in provincial hospitals than that in municipal hospitals. Socioeconomic analysis identified elevated detection rates of both MRSA（ χ2=18.986， P<0.001）and MRCNS（ χ2=4.477， P=0.034）in less developed regions（per capita GDP

Objective:To report the results of bacterial resistant investigation collaborative system（BRICS）on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-negative bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2023，and provide reference for clinical tretment of bloodstream infections and prevention and control of bacterial resistance.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of BRICS were collected during January 2023 to December 2023. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 were used to analyze the data.Results:During the study period，11 492 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 60 hospitals，of which 10 098（87.9%）were Enterobacterales and 1 394（12.1%）were non-fermentative bacteria. The top 5 bacterial species were Escherichia coli（50.0%）， Klebsiella pneumoniae（26.1%）， Pseudomonas aeruginosa（5.1%）， Acinetobacter baumannii complex（5.0%）and Enterobacter cloacae complex（4.1%）. The ESBL-producing rates in Escherichia coli， Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirablilis were 46.8%（2 685/5 741），18.3%（549/2 999）and 44.0%（77/175），respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli（CREC）and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）were 1.3%（76/5 741）and 15.0%（450/2 999）；32.9%（25/76）and 78.0%（351/450）of CREC and CRKP were sensitive to ceftazidime/avibactam combination，respectively. 94.7%（72/76）and 90.2%（406/450）of CREC and CRKP were sensitive to aztreonam/avibactam combination. Furthermore，57.9%（44/76）and 79.1%（356/450）were sensitive to imipenem/relebactam combination. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii（CRAB）complex was 64.6%（370/573），while more than 80.0% of CRAB complex was sensitive to tigecycline，eravacycline and polymyxin B. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa（CRPA）was 17.0%（99/581）. There were differences in the composition ratio of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections and the prevalence of important Gram-negative bacteria resistance among different regions in China，with statistically significant differences in the prevalence of CREC，CRKP，CRPA and CRAB complex（ χ2=10.6，28.6，10.8 and 19.3， P<0.05）. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli， CREC，CRAB complex and CRKP were higher in provincial hospitals than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=12.5，9.8，12.7 and 57.8，all P<0.01）. Conclusions:Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogens causing bloodstream infections in China，and Escherichia coli is ranked in the top，while the trend of Klebsiella pneumoniae increases continuously with time. CRKP infection shows a slow upward trend，CREC infecton maintains a low prevalence level，and CRAB complex infection continues to exhibit a high prevalence rate. The composition and resistance patterns of pathogens causing bloodstream infections vary to some extent across different regions and levels of hospitals in China.