ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics of ecological niche and interspecific relationships of mosquitoes in different habitats in Dongcheng District, Beijing, and to provide a basis for mosquito ecological monitoring, control and the development or optimization of prevention and control strategies for related mosquito-borne diseases. MethodsFrom May to October 2023, the ecological monitoring in residential areas, parks, tourist attractions and medical institutions in Dongcheng District of Beijing was carried out using the carbon dioxide (CO₂) mosquito trapping method, and the ecological niche characteristics and interspecific relationships of mosquitoes in different habitats were analyzed using Levins ecological niche breadth index, Pinaka ecological niche overlap index and ecological niche similarity coefficients. ResultsThe temporal ecological niche of Culex pipiens pallens (10.62) was higher than that of Aedes albopictus (8.29) in different habitats in Dongcheng District of Beijing, and the temporal ecological niche overlap index of the two mosquitoes was as high as 0.87. The ecological niche breadth of Culex pipiens pallens was higher than that of Aedes albopictus in different monitoring habitats, and the order of the ecological niche breadth of Culex pipiens pallens in different monitoring habitats was, from high to low, as follows: residential areas (11.09) > tourist attractions (10.25) > medical institutions (9.15) > parks (9.07), while the ecological niche breadth of Aedes albopictus in different habitats was, in descending order, residential areas (8.56) > medical institutions (7.68) > parks (7.44) > tourist attractions (5.73). The results of niche overlap analysis showed that the overlap index between Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus was the largest in residential areas (0.86), as for in other habitats, which was, in descending order, parks (0.81) > medical institutions (0.68) > tourist attractions (0.60). Besides, the ecological similarity coefficients further verified that similarity coefficients, between the two mosquito species, were highest in residential areas (0.712), lowest in tourist attractions (0.497), and which were 0.675 in parks and 0.598 in medical institutions, respectively. ConclusionIn different monitoring habitats in Dongcheng District of Beijing, Culex albopictus pallens demonstrates a stronger spatio-temporal resource utilization ability than Aedes albopictus, and the two species exhibit more similar spatio-temporal resource utilization patterns in residential areas. Corresponding control strategies targeting the characteristics of ecological niches and interspecific relationships of these two mosquito species in different habitats should be developed to enhance the prevention and control effect.

Objective:To explore the application value of three-dimensional visualization technique based on CT data in the analysis of renal vascular anatomical variation.Methods:The clinical data of 210 patients with renal tumors, adrenal tumors and renal cysts who underwent renal enhanced CT from October 2020 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Among the patients, there were 114 males and 96 females with an average age of (56.5±13.2) years. The CT data were reconstructed by 3D slicer software. According to the three-dimensional visualization model, the renal vascular anatomy was analyzed from the perspective of whether it needs to be treated during laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. The variation of renal artery can be divided into multiple renal arteries, premature branches of renal artery and the mixed type with the above two variations. Renal vein variation can be divided into multiple renal veins, late confluence of renal veins and mixed type with the above two variations.Results:Among the 210 patients in this study, there were no statistically significant differences in anatomical variations of renal arteries and veins between males and females ( P=0.914 and P=0.121). Among 420 kidneys, renal artery variation (174/420, 41.4%) was more common than renal vein variation (121/420, 28.8%) ( P<0.01). 32 (7.6%) right kidneys and 38 (9.0%) left kidneys have multiple renal arteries ( P=0.432). Eighty-nine cases (42.4%) had premature branches in the right renal artery, while 37 cases (17.6%) in the left kidney ( P<0.01). 24 kidneys (5.7%) showed mixed renal artery variation. 53 (12.6%) right kidneys and 3 (0.7%) left kidneys had multiple renal veins ( P<0.01). Late confluence of renal veins was found in 41 right kidneys (9.8%) and 33 left kidneys (7.9%), respectively ( P=0.306). 8 (1.9%) mixed renal vein variants were all right kidneys.. From the perspective of laparoscopic renal surgery, there were 71 cases (33.8%) of the left kidney to deal with ≥ 2 renal arteries, as well as 103 cases (49.1%) of the right kidney ( P<0.01). There were 44 cases (21.0%) of the left kidney to deal with ≥ 2 renal veins, as well as 78 cases (37.1%) of the right kidney ( P<0.01). Conclusions:The three-dimensional visualization technique based on renal CT data is helpful to accurately evaluate the renal vascular anatomy before operation. Right renal vascular variants are more common.

Objective:To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacteria isolated from blood culture in China.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2018 to December 2019. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted with agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 14 778 bacterial strains were collected from 50 hospitals, of which 4 117 (27.9%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 10 661(72.1%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (37.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.7%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (8.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.7%), Enterococcus faecium (3.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii(3.4%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.9%), Streptococci(2.8%) and Enterococcus faecalis (2.3%). The the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were 27.4% (394/1 438) and 70.4% (905/1 285), respectively. No glycopeptide-resistant Staphylococcus was detected. More than 95% of S. aureus were sensitive to amikacin, rifampicin and SMZco. The resistance rate of E. faecium to vancomycin was 0.4% (2/504), and no vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis was detected. The ESBLs-producing rates in no carbapenem-resistance E. coli, carbapenem sensitive K. pneumoniae and Proteus were 50.4% (2 731/5 415), 24.6% (493/2001) and 35.2% (31/88), respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae were 1.5% (85/5 500), 20.6% (518/2 519), respectively. 8.3% (27/325) of carbapenem-resistance K. pneumoniae was resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. The resistance rates of A. baumannii to polymyxin and tigecycline were 2.8% (14/501) and 3.4% (17/501) respectively, and that of P. aeruginosa to carbapenem were 18.9% (103/546). Conclusions:The surveillance results from 2018 to 2019 showed that the main pathogens of bloodstream infection in China were gram-negative bacteria, while E. coli was the most common pathogen, and ESBLs-producing strains were in majority; the MRSA incidence is getting lower in China; carbapenem-resistant E. coli keeps at a low level, while carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae is on the rise obviously.

Objective:To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacteria isolated from blood culture in China.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2016 to December 2017. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2019. WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 8 154 bacterial strains were collected from 33 hospitals, of which 2 325 (28.5%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 5 829 (71.5%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (34.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.3%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (7.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii (4.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.9%), Enterococcus faecium (3.8%), Streptococci (2.9%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.7%) and Enterococcus faecalis (2.5%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) accounted for 34.2%(315/922) and 77.7%(470/605), respectively. No vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus was detected. The resistance rate of Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin was 0.6%(2/312), and no vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium was detected. The ESBLs-producing rates in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus were 55.7%(1 576/2 831), 29.9%(386/1 289) and 38.5%(15/39), respectively. The incidences of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae were 1.2%(33/2 831), 17.5%(226/1 289), respectively. The resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to polymyxin and tigecycline were 14.8%(55/372) and 5.9%(22/372) respectively, and those of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to polymyxin and carbapenem were 1.3%(4/315) and 18.7%(59/315), respectively. Conclusion:The surveillance results from 2016 to 2017 showed that the main pathogens of blood stream infection in China were gram-negative bacteria, while Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen; the MRSA incidence was lower than other surveillance data in the same period in China; carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli was at a low level during this surveillance, while carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is on the rise.

Objective:This study proposed a new clinical classification and treatment strategies for periocular arteriovenous malformation (AVM).Methods:A retrospective analysis of the cases of periocular AVM from Jan 2015 to Jan 2019 was included in this study. According to the DSA angiography results, which type of the ophthalmic artery connected with the AVMs, three types of classification were initiated: type 1 is unilateral ophthalmic artery blood supply the lesion and the central retinal artery is not involved; type 2 is bilateral ophthalmic artery blood supply and the central retinal artery is not involved; type 3 is unilateral or bilateral ophthalmic artery blood supply and the central retinal artery is involved. Type 3 can be subdivided into 3a and 3b subtypes according to the visual acuity of the affected eye. Type 3a is the presence of vision; type 3b is the loss of vision. Type 1 patients were treated with super-selective onyx embolisation of the feeding arteries of AVMs through the ocular arteries and then treated with ethanol embolotherapy; Type 2 patients were treated with bilateral super-selection onyx embolisation of the feeding arteries of AVMs through the ocular arteries and then were treated with ethanol embolotherapy; type 3a patients were treated with ethanol embolotherapy combined with surgery; type 3b patients were treated with enucleation and orbital reconstruction.Results:There were 32 cases in this study. For 6 cases of type 1, The treatment course was 1-5 sessions, with an average of 2.1 sessions. 5 cases were cured, 1 case was improved, 1 case occured minor complication (superficial tissue necrosis), which was self-healing; In 8 cases of type 2, 4 cases were treated with interventional therapy for 1-7 sessions, with an average of 2.5 sessions. 3 cases were cured, 5 cases were improved, 1 case had minor complication (superficial tissue necrosis). Among the 4 cases treated by operation, 3 cases were repaired by expanded flap, 1 case by local flap. 1 case was cured, and 3 cases was improved, without operation related complications; In 13 cases of type 3a, 3 cases was cured, 10 cases was improved, 2 cases had intervention therapy related minor complications (superficial tissue necrosis) which was self-healed, 1 case had operation related complications (small area necrosis of flap, necrosis area was treated by dressing). In 5 cases of 3b type, 2 cases were cured, 3 cases were improved, and 1 case had operation related complication (partial necrosis of flap, thedefect was further repaired by skin grafting).Conclusions:The classification of periocular arteriovenous malformations has its significance for guiding the selection of treatment strategies. Combining ethanol embolotherapy, neurological intervention techniques, and plastic and reconstructive techniques are essential to achieve better clinical outcome in the treatment of periocular AVM with minimal complications.

Objective:To assess the treatment outcome of patients with head and facial arteriovenous malformation treated with absolute ethanol embolization alone, resection alone or combined ethanol embolization-resection.Methods:Medical records of 74 patients [41 male and 33 female; age mean, ( 29.1±10.6 )years]) with head and facial arteriovenous malformation between January of 2014 and December of 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. The most common sites were ear( n=25), cheek( n=20), and lip( n=18). Based on the pattern of lesion location and extent, a classified treatment strategy including ethanol alone, surgical resection and combined ethanol embolization-resection was established to gain satisfied treatment efficacy. Results:In total, cure was achieved in 50 patients (67.6%), and improvement was achieved in 24 patients. Ethanol embolization alone was performed in 42 patients [mean, ( 2.6±1.2) sessions]. The dosage of ethanol used per single session ranged from was 1.5 to 24.0 ml. Cure was achieved in 27 patients (64.3%), and improvement was achieved in 15 patients (35.7%). Surgical resection alone was performed in 15 patients. Cure was achieved in 12 patients (80.0%), and improvement was achieved in 2 patients (20%). Local flaps were performed in 2 patients, expanded flaps in 11 patients, and free flaps in 2 patients. Combined ethanol embolization-resection was performed in 17 patients. Cure was achieved in 11 patients (64.7%), and improvement was achieved in 6 patients (35.3%). In total, cure was achieved in 50 (67.6%) patients, improvement was achieved in 24 (32.4%) patients, with a follow-up of 27.0±11.3 months. A total of 2 major complications occurred in 2 patients. One patient experienced recurrence. Lesions involving ≥2 cervicofacial subunits had a lower cure rare compared with localized lesions ( P<0.05). Treatment outcomes were not significantly related to the treatment modalities ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Surgical resection and ethanol embolization, alone or combination, should be integrated in a regimen to treat head and facial arteriovenous malformation for gaining both satisfied treatment efficacy and optimal cosmetic outcome.

Objective:This study proposed a new clinical classification and treatment strategies for periocular arteriovenous malformation (AVM).Methods:A retrospective analysis of the cases of periocular AVM from Jan 2015 to Jan 2019 was included in this study. According to the DSA angiography results, which type of the ophthalmic artery connected with the AVMs, three types of classification were initiated: type 1 is unilateral ophthalmic artery blood supply the lesion and the central retinal artery is not involved; type 2 is bilateral ophthalmic artery blood supply and the central retinal artery is not involved; type 3 is unilateral or bilateral ophthalmic artery blood supply and the central retinal artery is involved. Type 3 can be subdivided into 3a and 3b subtypes according to the visual acuity of the affected eye. Type 3a is the presence of vision; type 3b is the loss of vision. Type 1 patients were treated with super-selective onyx embolisation of the feeding arteries of AVMs through the ocular arteries and then treated with ethanol embolotherapy; Type 2 patients were treated with bilateral super-selection onyx embolisation of the feeding arteries of AVMs through the ocular arteries and then were treated with ethanol embolotherapy; type 3a patients were treated with ethanol embolotherapy combined with surgery; type 3b patients were treated with enucleation and orbital reconstruction.Results:There were 32 cases in this study. For 6 cases of type 1, The treatment course was 1-5 sessions, with an average of 2.1 sessions. 5 cases were cured, 1 case was improved, 1 case occured minor complication (superficial tissue necrosis), which was self-healing; In 8 cases of type 2, 4 cases were treated with interventional therapy for 1-7 sessions, with an average of 2.5 sessions. 3 cases were cured, 5 cases were improved, 1 case had minor complication (superficial tissue necrosis). Among the 4 cases treated by operation, 3 cases were repaired by expanded flap, 1 case by local flap. 1 case was cured, and 3 cases was improved, without operation related complications; In 13 cases of type 3a, 3 cases was cured, 10 cases was improved, 2 cases had intervention therapy related minor complications (superficial tissue necrosis) which was self-healed, 1 case had operation related complications (small area necrosis of flap, necrosis area was treated by dressing). In 5 cases of 3b type, 2 cases were cured, 3 cases were improved, and 1 case had operation related complication (partial necrosis of flap, thedefect was further repaired by skin grafting).Conclusions:The classification of periocular arteriovenous malformations has its significance for guiding the selection of treatment strategies. Combining ethanol embolotherapy, neurological intervention techniques, and plastic and reconstructive techniques are essential to achieve better clinical outcome in the treatment of periocular AVM with minimal complications.

Objective:To assess the treatment outcome of patients with head and facial arteriovenous malformation treated with absolute ethanol embolization alone, resection alone or combined ethanol embolization-resection.Methods:Medical records of 74 patients [41 male and 33 female; age mean, ( 29.1±10.6 )years]) with head and facial arteriovenous malformation between January of 2014 and December of 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. The most common sites were ear( n=25), cheek( n=20), and lip( n=18). Based on the pattern of lesion location and extent, a classified treatment strategy including ethanol alone, surgical resection and combined ethanol embolization-resection was established to gain satisfied treatment efficacy. Results:In total, cure was achieved in 50 patients (67.6%), and improvement was achieved in 24 patients. Ethanol embolization alone was performed in 42 patients [mean, ( 2.6±1.2) sessions]. The dosage of ethanol used per single session ranged from was 1.5 to 24.0 ml. Cure was achieved in 27 patients (64.3%), and improvement was achieved in 15 patients (35.7%). Surgical resection alone was performed in 15 patients. Cure was achieved in 12 patients (80.0%), and improvement was achieved in 2 patients (20%). Local flaps were performed in 2 patients, expanded flaps in 11 patients, and free flaps in 2 patients. Combined ethanol embolization-resection was performed in 17 patients. Cure was achieved in 11 patients (64.7%), and improvement was achieved in 6 patients (35.3%). In total, cure was achieved in 50 (67.6%) patients, improvement was achieved in 24 (32.4%) patients, with a follow-up of 27.0±11.3 months. A total of 2 major complications occurred in 2 patients. One patient experienced recurrence. Lesions involving ≥2 cervicofacial subunits had a lower cure rare compared with localized lesions ( P<0.05). Treatment outcomes were not significantly related to the treatment modalities ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Surgical resection and ethanol embolization, alone or combination, should be integrated in a regimen to treat head and facial arteriovenous malformation for gaining both satisfied treatment efficacy and optimal cosmetic outcome.

Objective To analyze the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture in China.Methods Clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from participating hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistance Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) during January 2014 to December 2015 were collected.Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted with agar dilution or broth dilution methods as recommended by US Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)2018.The data were analyzed with Whonet 5.6 software.Results During the study period,4 801 clinical bacterial isolates were collected from 26 hospitals,of which 1 798 (37.5％) were Gram-positive bacteria and 3 003 (62.5％) were gram-negative bacteria.The top 10 isolates were Escherichia coli (33.8％),coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (19.0％),Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.9％),Staphylococcus aureus (10.1％),Acinetobacter baumannii (4.0％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.8％),Streptococcus (3.0％),Enterobacter sulcus (2.9％),Enterococcus faecium (2.8％) and Enterococcus faecalis (1.8％).Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillinresistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS) accounted for 33.9％ (165/487) and 56.9％ (520/913) of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus respectively.No vancomycinresistant Staphylococcus was detected.The resistance rate of Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin was 0.7％ (1/135),and no vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecaliss was detected.The positive rates of extendedspectrum β-1actamases(ESBLs)-producing Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus were 56.9％ (923/1 621),30.1％ (172/572) and 29.2％ (7/24),respectively.The positive rates of carbapenemresistant Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterobacter,Salmonella and Citrobacter were 1.2％ (20/1 621),7.2％ (41/572),4.3％ (6/141),1.5％ (1/67) and 2.9％ (1/34),respectively.The resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to polymyxin and tegacycline were 2.6％ (5/190) and 8.9％ (17/190)respectively,and that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to polymyxin and fosfomycin were 1.1％ (2/183)and 0.6％ (1/183),respectively.Conclusions The surveillance results from 2014 to 2015 show that the main pathogens of blood stream infection in China are Gram-negative bacteria,while Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen,the detection rate of MRSA is lower than other surveillance data in the same period in China;carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are at a low level as shown in this surveillance.

Objective To investigate an operative method of autologous fat transfer to retro-orbicularis oculi fat (ROOF) through upper blepharoplasty incision for correction of superior sulcus deformity and dermatochalasis,and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the method.Methods ROOF lies in the lateral supraorbital area.Autologous fat transfer to ROOF through upper blepharoplasty incision was performed in patients selected by examination.The efficacy and safety were evaluated by follow-up study.Results From March 2013 to June 2017,23 selected patients received the treatment with 3 months to 50 months (mean,20.4 months) follow-up.The amount of fat graft for each palpebra was 0.6 to 2.0 ml,and the mean graft amount was 1.4 ml.The superior sulcus deformity improved significantly in 22 (95.7％) cases.All 23 cases achieved significant improvement of dermatochalasis.22 (95.7％) cases were satisfied with the result.No major complications occurred.Conclusions Autologous fat transfer to ROOF through upper blepharoplasty incision is effective and safe in correction of superior sulcus deformity and dermatochalasis,The operative method should be a good choice for selected patients.