Biomolecular condensates are formed through phase separation of biomacromolecules such as proteins and RNAs. These condensates exhibit liquid-like properties that can futher transition into more stable material states. They form complex internal structures via multivalent weak interactions, enabling precise spatiotemporal regulations. However, the use of inconsistent and non-standardized terminology has become increasingly problematic, hindering academic exchange and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the terminology related to biomolecular condensates in order to clarify concepts, promote interdisciplinary cooperation, enhance research efficiency, and support the healthy development of this field.

Osteoporosis(OP) is a senile bone disease characterized by an imbalance between bone remodeling and bone formation. Targeting pathogenesis of kidney deficiency, spleen deficiency, and blood stasis, Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Decoction has a significant effect on the treatment of OP by tonifying kidney, invigorating spleen, and activating blood circulation. MicroRNA(miRNA) and the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-2-like protein 1(BCL2L1) are closely related to bone cell metabolism. Therefore, in this study, the binding of miR-140-5p to BCL2L1 was detected by dual luciferase assay and polymerase chain reaction(PCR). After silencing or overexpressing miR-140-5p, the apoptosis, autophagy, and osteogenic function of human fetal osteoblast cell line 1.19(HFOB1.19) were observed by flow cytometry and Western blot. Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Decoction-containing serum was prepared by intragastric administration of Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Decoction in rats. Different concentrations of Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Decoction-containing serum were used to treat HFOB1.19 with or without miR-140-5p mimic. The expression of osteogenic proteins in each group was observed, and the role of miR-140-5p/BCL2L1 in apoptosis and autophagy of HFOB1.19 was studied, along with the effect of Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Decoction on these processes. As indicated by the dual luciferase assay, miR-140-5p bound to BCL2L1. Flow cytometry and Western blot showed that miR-140-5p promoted apoptosis and inhibited autophagy in HFOB1.19. After intervention with high, medium, and low doses of Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Decoction-medicated serum, compared with the miR-140-5p NC group, the expression of osteocalcin(OCN), osteopontin(OPN), Runt-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2), and transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1) decreased in the miR-140-5p mimic group, while the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP2) showed no significant difference under high-dose intervention. Therefore, miR-140-5p/BCL2L1 can promote apoptosis and inhibit autophagy in HFOB1.19. Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Decoction can affect the osteogenic effect of miR-140-5p through BMP2.
MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; Autophagy/drug effects* ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Animals ; Cell Line ; bcl-X Protein/metabolism* ; Osteoblasts/metabolism* ; Rats ; Osteoporosis/physiopathology* ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Osteogenesis/drug effects*

Based on the ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS) technology, combined with related literature, databases, and reference material information, this study qualitatively analyzed the components of Dayuanyin in the tissue of rats after gavage and employed molecular docking technology to predict the rationality of the mechanism behind the antipyretic effect of the in vivo components in Dayuanyin. A total of 21, 26, 20, 21, 14, and 31 prototype components and 3, 16, 3, 7, 5, and 24 metabolites were identified from the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and hypothalamus of the rats, respectively, and the binding ability of key components and targets was further verified by molecular docking. The results showed that all components had good binding ability with targets. The established UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS could effectively and quickly identify the Dayuanyin components distributed in tissue and preliminarily identify their metabolites. Many components were identified in the hypothalamus, which suggested that the components delivered to the brain should be focused on in the study on Dayuanyin in the treatment of febrile diseases. The molecular docking technology was used to predict the rationality of the mechanism behind its antipyretic effect, which lays the foundation for the clarification of the material basis and action mechanism of Dayuanyin, the development of new preparations, and the prediction of quality markers.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Rats ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Male ; Antipyretics/metabolism* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tissue Distribution ; Mass Spectrometry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Hypothalamus/metabolism*

The assessment of adverse drug events is an important basis for clinical safety evaluation and post-marketing risk control of drugs,and its causality assessment is gaining increasing attention.The existing methods for assessing the causal relationship between drugs and the occurrence of adverse reactions can be broadly classified into three categories:global introspective methods,standardized methods,and probabilistic methods.At present,there is no systematic introduction of the operational details of the various methods in the domestic literature.This paper compares representative causality assessment methods in terms of definition and concept,methodological steps,industry evaluation and advantages and disadvantages,clarifies the basic process of determining the causality of adverse drug reactions,and discusses how to further improve the adverse drug reaction monitoring and evaluation system,with a view to providing a reference for drug development and pharmacovigilance work in China.

Objective To explore the effect of Shugan Lipi decoction on inflammation and intestinal flora,Toll like receptor 4(TLR4),T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3(Tim-3)in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)rats.Methods The NASH model was established by feeding methionine and choline deficient diet for 4 weeks.SD rats were randomly divided into blank group(intragastric administration with 0.9％NaCl),model group(NASH model,intragastric administration with 0.9％NaCl),and experimental group(NASH model,intragastric administration with 6.18g·kg-1 Shugan Lipi decoction).Illumina sequencing by synthesis method was used to detect the 16S rRNA sequence of rat Intestinal microbiota.Western blot method was used to detect the expression levels of Tim-3 and TLR4 proteins.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-10 levels in each group of rats.Results After 4 weeks of medication,the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the blank,model and experimental groups were(47.96±10.52)％,(42.90±15.01)％and(57.15±10.99)％;the relative abundance of Firmicutes were(49.27±9.99)％,(53.06±11.47)％and(39.99±11.88)％;the relative expression levels of Tim-3 protein were 1.03±0.07,0.24±0.06 and 1.57±0.11;the relative expression levels of TLR4 protein were 1.04±0.11,3.23±0.33 and 0.94±0.27;the levels of TNF-α were(403.03±25.25),(576.87±60.29)and(385.16±37.67)pg·mL-1;the levels of IL-6 were(125.35±14.07),(189.75±34.30)and(113.71±18.35)pg·mL-1;the levels of IL-10 were(123.20±15.96),(66.71±11.94)and(119.54±10.57)pg·mL-1,respectively.The above indexes in the experimental group showed statistically significant differences compared with the model group(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).Conclusion Shugan Lipi decoction may regulate inflammatory cytokines by affecting intestinal flora and TLR4,Tim-3 protein expression,affect liver inflammatory response,and improve NASH.

The pathogenesis of depression is complex, and some existing monoamine antidepressants have problems such as drug resistance or off-target failure. Traditional Chinese medicine has the characteristics of "multi-component and multi-target", and has been used in the treatment of depression in clinical practice. Yueju pill is effective in the treatment of depression. Geniposide and ligustrazine, the active ingredients of Gardeniae fructus and Ligusticum sinense 'Chuanxiong', play a key role in the treatment of depression. In this study, based on the neuroprotective activity of genipin and the rapid antidepressant activity of tetramethylpyrazine, a series of novel genipin derivatives were designed and synthesized through pharmacophore assembly principle, and their neuroprotective activity and antidepressant effect were investigated. The results showed that the novel genipin derivatives had well neuroprotective activity on the glutamate-induced HT-22 cell model, with compounds W-1 and W-3 showing better protective activity. In behavioral despair depression (BDD) model mice, compound W-3 was found to have better antidepressant activity than W-1 in tail suspension test and forced swimming test. Further study on the behavior of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model mice showed that W-3 could significantly improve the depression-like behavior of model mice. All animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: AHUCM-mouse-2022027). The effects of the preferred compound W-3 on protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT_1A) receptor, N-methyl-D-aspartate ionic glutamate receptor 2A (GluN2A) and N-methyl-D-aspartate ionic glutamate receptor 2B (GluN2B) were analyzed by Western blot. W-3 treatment significantly up-regulated the protein expression of PKA, CREB, BDNF and 5-HT_1A, and down-regulated the protein expression of GluN2A and GluN2B. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with those of Western blot. According to the above results, compound W-3 has a potential antidepressant effect, and its mechanism may be related to the activation of PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway by regulating the expression of GluN2A, GluN2B and 5-HT_1A receptor proteins.

Objective To explore characteristics of clinical and imaging findings in patients with fat embolism syndrome.Methods From January 2021 to October 2022,clinical manifestations of 13 patients with fat embolism due to fracture or or-thopaedic surgery were retrospectively analyzed,including 11 males and 2 females,aged from 17 to 60 years old.Mental and respiratory abnormalities and changes in vital signs occurred after admission or after surgery,and patient's chest and brain imaging results were abnormal.The patient's mental and respiratory abnormalities,vital signs,chest and brain imaging results were continuously monitored.Results The main clinical manifestations of fat embolism syndrome were abnormal pulmonary respiration in 13 patients,abnormal central nervous function in 7 patients,and spotted rash in 2 patients.Chest CT showed dif-fuse distribution of ground glass shadows in 13 patients,and severe symptoms were"snowstorm".Nine patients with ground glass fusion consolidation,5 patients with multiple nodules and 4 patients accompanied by bilateral pleural effusion.Head CT findings of 5 patients were negative,and head MRI findings of 1 patient showed multiple T1WI low signal,T2WI high signal shadow,DWI high signal shadow,and"starry sky sign"in basal ganglia,radiative crown,hemioval center,thalamus,frontal parietal cortex and subcortex.Conclusion Fat embolism syndrome has a high mortality rate.Clinical manifestations of respira-tory system and nervous system are not specific,and the skin spot rash has a characteristic manifestation.The"blizzard"sign is the specific manifestation of chest X-ray and CT examination of fat embolism,and the"starry sky"sign is the typical manifesta-tion of diffusion-weighted sequence of brain MRI examination of fat embolism.

Objective This study aimed to understand the epidemic status and phylogenetic relationships of rotavirus group A(RVA)in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong Province,China. Methods This study included individuals aged 28 days-85 years.A total of 706 stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis collected between January 2019 and January 2020 were analyzed for 17 causative pathogens,including RVA,using a Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel,followed by genotyping,virus isolation,and complete sequencing to assess the genetic diversity of RVA. Results The overall RVA infection rate was 14.59%(103/706),with an irregular epidemiological pattern.The proportion of co-infection with RVA and other pathogens was 39.81%(41/103).Acute gastroenteritis is highly prevalent in young children aged 0-1 year,and RVA is the key pathogen circulating in patients 6-10 months of age with diarrhea.G9P[8](58.25%,60/103)was found to be the predominant genotype in the RVA strains,and the 41 RVA-positive strains that were successfully sequenced belonged to three different RVA genotypes in the phylogenetic analysis.Recombination analysis showed that gene reassortment events,selection pressure,codon usage bias,gene polymorphism,and post-translational modifications(PTMs)occurred in the G9P[8]and G3P[8]strains. Conclusion This study provides molecular evidence of RVA prevalence in the Pearl River Delta region of China,further enriching the existing information on its genetics and evolutionary characteristics and suggesting the emergence of genetic diversity.Strengthening the surveillance of genotypic changes and gene reassortment in RVA strains is essential for further research and a better understanding of strain variations for further vaccine development.

AIM To establish a UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous content determination of gallic acid,protocatechuic acid,neomangiferin,catechin,caffeic acid,mangiferin,isomangiferin,albiflorin,paeoniflorin,vitexin,liquiritin,scutellarin,baicalin,liquiritigenin,timosaponin BⅡ,quercetin,wogonoside,benzoylpaeoniflorin,isoliquiritigenin,honokiol,magnolol,norarecaidine,arecaidine,arecoline,epicatechin,baicalein,glycyrrhizinate and wogonin in Dayuan Drink.METHODS The analysis was performed on a 35℃thermostatic Syncronis C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of 0.1%formic acid-acetonitrile flowing at 0.3 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and electron spray inoization source was adopted in positive and negative ion scanning with select reaction monitoring mode.RESULTS Twenty-eight constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(R2≥0.991 0),whose average recoveries were 95.60%-103.53%with the RSDs of 0.60%-5.45%.CONCLUSION This rapid,simple,selective,accurate and reliable method can be used for the quality control of Dayuan Drink.

Objective: To report the clinical manifestations and laboratory features of five patients with congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (cTTP) and explore its standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment along with a review of literature. Methods: Clinical data of patients, such as age of onset, disease manifestation, personal history, family history, and misdiagnosed disease, were collected. Treatment outcomes, therapeutic effects of plasma infusion, and organ function evaluation were observed. The relationship among the clinical manifestations, treatment outcomes, and ADAMTS13 gene mutation of patients with cTTP was analyzed. Additionally, detection of ADAMTS13 activity and analysis of ADAMTS13 gene mutation were explored. Results: The age of onset of cTTP was either in childhood or adulthood except in one case, which was at the age of 1. The primary manifestations were obvious thrombocytopenia, anemia, and different degrees of nervous system involvement. Most of the patients were initially suspected of having immune thrombocytopenia. Acute cTTP was induced by pregnancy and infection in two and one case, respectively. ADAMTS13 gene mutation was detected in all cases, and there was an inherent relationship between the mutation site, clinical manifestations, and degree of organ injury. Therapeutic or prophylactic plasma transfusion was effective for treating cTTP. Conclusions: The clinical manifestations of cTTP vary among individuals, resulting in frequent misdiagnosis that delays treatment. ADAMTS13 activity detection in plasma and ADAMTS13 gene mutation analysis are important bases to diagnose cTTP. Prophylactic plasma transfusion is vital to prevent the onset of the disease.
Female ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Adult ; Blood Component Transfusion ; Plasma ; Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic/therapy* ; Mutation ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; ADAMTS13 Protein/therapeutic use*