Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Yunnan Province fol-lowing interruption of schistosomiasis transmission, so as to provide the evidence for assessing the risk of schistosomiasis transmission and scientifically formulating the schistosomiasis surveillance program. Methods According to the requirements of the National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Scheme (2020 Edition), O. hupensis snail surveillance data were collected from 18 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (cities, districts) in Yunnan Province from 2020 to 2024, including area of snail survey, area of snail habitats, area of re-emerging snail habitats, number of frames surveyed, number of frames with O. hupensis snails, number of O. hupensis snails captured, and number of living snails, and the occurrence of frames with snails and mean density of living snails were calculated. Changes in snail status over the 5-year period from 2020 to 2024 and the differences in snail distributions specified by epidemic intensity, environmental type, and vegetation type were analyzed. Results The areas of snail survey increased from 1 727.96 hm² in 2020 to 3 894.45 hm² in 2024 (peak) across 18 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (cities, districts) in Yunnan Province during the period from 2020 through 2024. The areas of snail habitats increased from 70.36 hm² in 2020 to a peak in 2023 (172.04 hm²), followed by a reduction to 132.36 hm² in 2024, and the areas of re-emerging snail habitats increased from 42.71 hm² in 2020 to a peak in 2022 (78.43 hm²), followed by a reduction to 40.21 hm² in 2024. The occurrence of frames with snails and mean density of living snails increased from 1.24% (3 025/244 404) and (0.033 2 ± 0.038 7) snails/0.1 m² in 2020 to peaks at 2.03% (6 231/307 563) and (0.066 9 ± 0.068 4) snails/0.1 m² in 2023, followed by reductions to 1.04% (5 829/559 941) and (0.032 6 ± 0.057 7) snails/0.1 m² in 2024, respectively. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of frames with snails over the 5-year study period (χ² = 1 962.95, P < 0.05), and the occurrence of frames with snails reduced by 48.71% in 2024 relative to in 2023 (χ² = 1 411.05, P < 0.005); however, there was no significant difference in the mean density of living snails over the 5 years (H = 5.310, P > 0.05). There were significant differences in the occurrence of frames with snails (χ² = 481.27, P < 0.05) and mean density of living snails (H = 6.872, P < 0.05) in schistosomiasis-endemic areas with different epidemic intensities. The occurrence of frames with snails (χ² = 25.32 and 38.70, both P values < 0.017) and mean density of living snails (Z = 28.55 and 49.96, both P values < 0.017) were higher in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted and eliminated areas with snails than in schistosomiasis-eliminated areas without snails, and the occurrence of frames with snails (χ² = 453.54, P < 0.017) and mean density of living snails (Z = −56.97, P < 0.017) were higher in schistosomiasis-eliminated areas with snails than in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted areas with snails. O. hupensis snails were mainly distributed in paddy fields, dry farmlands and ditches; however, the occurrence of frames with snails (13.40%, 424/3 164) and mean density of living snails [(0.252 8 ± 0.158 7) snails/0.1 m²] were higher in ponds/weirs than in other types of environments (both P values < 0.05). Rice, dry farmland crops and weeds were main vegetations in which O. hupensis snails were distributed, and the occurrence of frames with snails (2.29%, 7 111/310 140) and mean density of living snails [(0.072 3 ± 0.018 9) snails/0.1 m²] were higher in weeds than in other types of environments (both P values < 0.05). Conclusions O. hupensis snails have been effectively controlled in Yunnan Province following implementation of integrated schistosomiasis control measures; however, there are still risk factors for schistosomiasis transmission, including reduced attention to schistosomiasis control and snail re-emergence. Improved control efforts and surveillance system construction and timely identification of risk factors of snail status and timely management are recommended to ensure the achievement of the target of schistosomiasis elimination as scheduled.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild murines in schistosomiasisendemic areas of Yunnan Province, so as to provide the evidence for improving the schistosomiasis surveillance and early warning capability and implementing precise interventions in the province. Methods A total of 56 natural villages were sampled from 14 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (cities, districts) in Yunnan Province as surveillance sites from 2024 to 2025. Wild murines were captured using traps at night and characterized for species. Liver samples were collected from wild murines, S. japonicum eggs and miracidia were simultaneously detected using liver tissue compression microscopy, liver tissue homogenate microscopy, and liver tissue homogenate hatching. In addition, stool samples were collected from wild murine rectum, with S. japonicum eggs detected using a modified Kato-Katz thick smear technique and S. japonicum miracidia detected using the hatching test with nylon gauzes. Results A total of 15 577 valid murine traps were recovered, and 891 wild murines belonging to 16 species were captured, with a capture rate of 5.72%(891/15 577). The captured wild murines were predominantly districted in paddy fields, dry lands, ditches, ponds and marshlands, with Apodemus chevrieri, Rattus norvegicus, Crocidura attenuata, R. rattus sladeni, R. flavipectus, and Eothenomys miletus as dominant species. No S. japonicum eggs or miradicia were in laboratory; however, other parasites were identified in 25 wild murines. The prevalence rates of Schistosoma sinensis, Capillaria hepatica and Hymenolepis nana were 2.24% (20/891), 0.90% (8/891) and 0.56% (5/891), and the prevalence of S. sinensis and C. hepatica co-infection was 0.90% (8/891), respectively. Conclusions S. sinensis, C. hepatica and H. nana are predominant parasite species in wild murines in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunan Province. No S. japonicum infection was detected during the study period; however, there is still a risk of wild murines as a potential source of infection for schistosomiasis transmission. Continuous intensified surveillance of S. japonicum infections in wild murines is a critical programme in schistosomiasis surveillance and early warning in Yunnan Province.

Objective: To assess the current status of bacterial detection capabilities in various blood collection and supply and related laboratories across China, and to identify key factors affecting the consistency of test results. Methods: A pooled analysis was conducted on data from 21 external quality assessment (EQA) rounds for blood bacterial detection carried out by the China International Transfusion Infection Prevention and Control (CITIC) project from 2019 to 2025. The study covered three types of laboratories-blood centers, central blood stations, and commercial laboratories—across 23 provincial-level administrative regions in China. Statistics were compiled on the number of participating laboratories, and the concordance rates were calculated for different institution types, different automated blood culture systems, different bacterial concentrations, and different strains. Non-standard reporting issues were also reviewed, and statistical methods were applied for analysis. Results: Over the seven-year period, the number of participating laboratories increased from 161 to 236, with an average annual growth rate of 6.58%, and the annual concordance rates ranged from 82.61% to 94.92%. The overall laboratory concordance rates for the three types of participating laboratories were all>89.0% (P>0.05), while commercial laboratories showed a significant year-by-year increase (70.97%-100%, P<0.05). The concordance rates of automated blood culture systems from eight manufacturers showed no significant differences (97.98%-100%, P>0.05), indicating stable performance across all devices. The overall sample concordance rate was 98.88%, with negative samples showing a lower rate than positive samples (97.97% vs 99.14%); positive sample rates increased with higher concentrations; and low-concentration Gram-negative bacterial samples had a lower concordance rate than Gram-positive ones (93.15% vs 100%). A total of 50 instances of non-standard result reporting were identified, with incorrect time units accounting for the highest proportion (52.0%). Conclusion The participation scale and overall testing proficiency of blood collection and supply and related laboratories nationwide have improved year by year, and all types of automated blood culture devices can meet the requirements for blood bacterial screening. Detection of negative and low-concentration positive samples remains a weak link in current bacterial EQA, and the standardization of laboratory data reporting requires further strengthening. Continuous: external quality assessment, targeted training, and standardized reporting procedures can effectively enhance the homogenization level of blood bacterial testing across the country and ensure the safety of clinical transfusion.

Objective : Based on glycolysis of hypoxia inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α)/Bcl2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3(BNIP3) pathway, to study the mechanism of oxygen-induced retinal angiogenesis in neonatal mice. Methods : Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) were divided into normoxic group, hypoxia+si-NC group, hypoxia +si-HIF-1α group and hypoxia+si-HIF-1α+BNIP group. In normoxic group, HUVECs were exposed to normoxic(21% O2) and cultured. Hypoxia +si-NC group, hypoxia +si-HIF-1α group and hypoxia +si-HIF-1α+BNIP3 group were treated with si-NC, si-HIF-1α or si-HIF-1α combined with BNIP3 plasmid for 36 h, and then exposed to hypoxia(1% O2) for culture. The autophagy, glycolysis, proliferation, migration and tube formation of mitochondria were investigated by immunofluorescence, metabolic measurement, cell viability, scratch experiment and tube formation experiment. On the 7th day after birth, C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to different treatment groups: control group, oxygen-induced retinopathy(OIR) group, OIR+si-HIF-1α group and OIR+si-BNIP group. The neovascularization and vascular occlusion were measured. Results: Compared with normoxic group, the rate of LC3+MitoTracker+ spots, glucose uptake and lactic acid release in HUVECs in hypoxia +si-NC group increased significantly(P<0.001). Compared with hypoxia +si-NC group, the rate of LC3+MitoTracker+ spots, glucose uptake and lactic acid release in HUVECs in hypoxia +si-HIF-1α group decreased significantly(P<0.01). Compared with normoxic group, the proliferation activity of HUVECs in hypoxia +si-NC group decreased significantly(P<0.05), and the wound healing area and the number of tubes formed increased significantly(P<0.01). Compared with hypoxia+si-NC group, the proliferation activity of HUVECs in hypoxia +si-HIF-1α group decreased significantly at the 24th, 48th and 72th hours of culture(P<0.05), and the wound healing area and the number of tubes formed decreased significantly(P<0.001). Overexpression of BNIP3 reversed the effects of HIF-1α knock-down on mitochondrial autophagy, glycolysis and biological function. Compared with OIR group, the neovascularization and vascular occlusion areas in retina of mice in OIR+si-HIF-1α group and OIR+si-BNIP3 group reduced significantly(P<0.05). Conclusion HIF-1α/BNIP3 signaling pathway promotes mitochondrial autophagy activation in HUVECs under hypoxia, which plays an important role in controlling endothelial function and angiogenesis.

Objective To predict the potential geographic distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in Yunnan Province using random forest (RF) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models, so as to provide insights into O. hupensis surveillance and control in Yunnan Province. Methods The O. hupensis snail survey data in Yunnan Province from 2015 to 2016 were collected and converted into O. hupensis snail distribution site data. Data of 22 environmental variables in Yunnan Province were collected, including twelve climate variables (annual potential evapotranspiration, annual mean ground surface temperature, annual precipitation, annual mean air pressure, annual mean relative humidity, annual sunshine duration, annual mean air temperature, annual mean wind speed, ≥ 0 ℃ annual accumulated temperature, ≥ 10 ℃ annual accumulated temperature, aridity and index of moisture), eight geographical variables (normalized difference vegetation index, landform type, land use type, altitude, soil type, soil textureclay content, soil texture-sand content and soil texture-silt content) and two population and economic variables (gross domestic product and population). Variables were screened with Pearson correlation test and variance inflation factor (VIF) test. The RF and MaxEnt models and the ensemble model were created using the biomod2 package of the software R 4.2.1, and the potential distribution of O. hupensis snails after 2016 was predicted in Yunnan Province. The predictive effects of models were evaluated through cross-validation and independent tests, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), true skill statistics (TSS) and Kappa statistics were used for model evaluation. In addition, the importance of environmental variables was analyzed, the contribution of environmental variables output by the models with AUC values of > 0.950 and TSS values of > 0.850 were selected for normalization processing, and the importance percentage of environmental variables was obtained to analyze the importance of environmental variables. Results Data of 148 O. hupensis snail distribution sites and 15 environmental variables were included in training sets of RF and MaxEnt models, and both RF and MaxEnt models had high predictive performance, with both mean AUC values of > 0.900 and all mean TSS values and Kappa values of > 0.800, and significant differences in the AUC (t = 19.862, P < 0.05), TSS (t = 10.140, P < 0.05) and Kappa values (t = 10.237, P < 0.05) between two models. The AUC, TSS and Kappa values of the ensemble model were 0.996, 0.954 and 0.920, respectively. Independent data verification showed that the AUC, TSS and Kappa values of the RF model and the ensemble model were all 1, which still showed high performance in unknown data modeling, and the MaxEnt model showed poor performance, with TSS and Kappa values of 0 for 24%(24/100) of the modeling results. The modeling results of 79 RF models, 38 MaxEnt models and their ensemble models with AUC values of > 0.950 and TSS values of > 0.850 were included in the evaluation of importance of environmental variables. The importance of annual sunshine duration (SSD) was 32.989%, 37.847% and 46.315% in the RF model, the MaxEnt model and their ensemble model, while the importance of annual mean relative humidity (RHU) was 30.947%, 15.921% and 28.121%, respectively. Important environment variables were concentrated in modeling results of the RF model, dispersed in modeling results of the MaxEnt model, and most concentrated in modeling results of the ensemble model. The potential distribution of O. hupensis snails after 2016 was predicted to be relatively concentrated in Yunnan Province by the RF model and relatively large by the MaxEnt model, and the distribution of O. hupensis snails predicted by the ensemble model was mostly the joint distribution of O. hupensis snails predicted by RF and MaxEnt models. Conclusions Both RF and MaxEnt models are effective to predict the potential distribution of O. hupensis snails in Yunnan Province, which facilitates targeted O. hupensis snail control.

AIM To establish a UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous content determination of liquiritin apioside,alibiflorin,swertiamarin,methyl gallate,benzoylpaeoniflorin,sweroside,6′-O-β-D-glucosylgentiopicroside,isoliquiritigenin,loganic acid,liquiritigenin,gallic acid,paeoniflorin,oxypaeoniflorin,gentiopicroside,glycyrrhizic acid,isoliquiritoside and liquiritin in Yangxue Ruanjian Capsules.METHODS The analysis was performed on a 40℃thermostatic Waters BEH C18column(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate(containing 0.1%formic acid)-acetonitrile flowing at 0.3 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and electron spray ionization source was adopted in negative ion scanning with multiple reaction monitoring mode.RESULTS Seventeen constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(r>0.999 6),whose average recoveries were 91.33%-104.03%with the RSDs of 1.58%-3.50%.CONCLUSION This rapid,accurate and stable method can be used for the quality control of Yangxue Ruanjian Capsules.

Schistosomiasis was once hyper-endemic in Yunnan Province. Following concerted efforts for over 70 years, remarkable achievements have been made for schistosomiasis control in the province. In 2004, the Mid- and Long-term Plan for Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control in Yunnan Province was initiated in Yunnan Province, and the target for transmission control of schistosomiasis was achieved in the province in 2009. Following the subsequent implementation of the Outline for Key Projects in Integrated Schistosomiasis Control Program (2009—2015) and the 13th Five - year Plan for Schistosomiasis Control in Yunnan Province, no acute schistosomiasis had been identified in Yunnan Province for successive 12 years, and no local Schistosoma japonicum infections had been detected in humans, animals or Oncomelania hupensis snails for successive 6 years in the province by the end of 2020. The transmission of schistosomiasis was interrupted in Yunnan Province in 2020. This review summarizes the history of schistosomiasis, changes in schistosomiasis prevalence and progress of schistosomiasis control in Yunnan Province, and proposes the future priorities for schistosomiasis control in the province.

Objective To explore the mediating effect of sleep duration on the relationship between qi stagnation constitution and anxiety/depression in junior high school students.Methods From March 20 to March 31,2020,a total of 10,325 students from 6 junior high schools in Henan,Liaoning,Shaanxi,Shandong,and Fujian provinces were sampled by cluster sampling.Firstly,the general conditions(age,gender,grade,hometown,whether they are an only child)and sleep duration were collected,and their qi stagnation constitution,depression and anxiety status were evaluated by using the Qi Stagnation Subscale in the"TCM Constitution Classification and Judgment Scale",the Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-9)and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder(GAD-7).Secondly,Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between qi stagnation constitution,sleep duration,and anxiety/depression.Then,linear regression analysis and mediating effect test were used to explore the relationship between qi stagnation constitution and anxiety/depression in junior high school students,and the mediating effect of sleep duration was analyzed,and the results were verified.Results(ⅰ)The detection rate of anxiety in non-only children was higher than that of only children(x2=11.198,P=0.001);The detection rate of anxiety(x2=106.967,P＜0.001)or depression(x2=84.692,P＜0.001)was higher among senior students than those in lower grades,while those of girls with anxiety(x2=100.441,P＜0.001)or depression(x2=71.418,P＜0.001)were higher than those of boys.The detection rates of anxiety(x2=1 092.298,P＜0.001)and depression(x2=866.740,P＜0.001)in qi stagnation constitution students were higher than those of non-qi stagnation constitution students,and the detection rates of anxiety(x2=1 076.716,P＜0.001)and depression(x2=1 099.725,P＜0.001)in students whose sleep duration less than 8 h were higher than those of whose sleep duration more than 8 h,and the shorter the sleep duration,the higher the detection rate.(ⅱ)Qi stagnation constitution positively predicted anxiety/depression(β=0.679,P＜0.001;β=0.718,P＜0.001),and sleep duration had a negative predictive effect on anxiety/depression(β=-0.403,P＜0.001;β=-0.439,P＜0.001).(ⅲ)Sleep duration played a partial mediating role in the relationship between qi stagnation constitution and anxiety/depression in junior high school students,and the mediating effect accounted for 13.40％and 13.79％of the total effect,respectively.Conclusion Although qi stagnation constitution mainly affects anxiety/depression through direct effect,it can still be partially indirectly realized through the mediating variable of sleep duration,that is,the shorter the sleep duration,the higher the risk of anxiety/depression in junior high school students.Therefore,the mental health problems of junior high school students can be prevented and improved by regulating qi stagnation constitution and ensuring adequate sleep duration.

Objective To study the distribution,drug resistance,and biofilm characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(CRAB)isolated from hospitalized children,providing a reference for the prevention and treatment of CRAB infections in hospitalized children.Methods Forty-eight CRAB strains isolated from January 2019 to December 2022 were classified into epidemic and sporadic strains using repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based polymerase chain reaction.The drug resistance,biofilm phenotypes,and gene carriage of these two types of strains were compared.Results Both the 22 epidemic strains and the 26 sporadic strains were producers of Class D carbapenemases or extended-spectrum β-lactamases with downregulated outer membrane porins,harboring the VIM,OXA-23,and OXA-51 genes.The biofilm formation capability of the sporadic strains was stronger than that of the epidemic strains(P＜0.05).Genes related to biofilm formation,including Bap,bfs,OmpA,CsuE,and intI1,were detected in both epidemic and sporadic strains,with a higher detection rate of the intI1 gene in epidemic strains(P＜0.05).Conclusions CRAB strains are colonized in the hospital,with sporadic strains having a stronger ability to form biofilms,suggesting the potential for forming new clonal transmissions in the hospital.Continuous monitoring of the epidemic trends of CRAB and early warning of the distribution of epidemic strains are necessary to reduce the risk of CRAB infections in hospitalized children.[Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,2024,26(4):358-364]

Objective:To explore the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of emerging snail-infested sites in different environmental types in Yunnan Province.Methods:The data of snail-infested sites in Yunnan Province from 1950 to 2014 (from Yunnan Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention), were collected and sorted out, a spatial and temporal database on the distribution of emerging snail-infested sites were established, and the changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of emerging snail-infested sites in different environments types (ditches, tangerines, paddy fields, dry land, beaches and other environments) were studied by using spatial autocorrelation analysis and scanning statistics analysis.Results:From 1950 to 2014, the annual number of emerging snail-infested sites in Yunnan Province reached a peak (1 730) in 1955 and then showed a fluctuating downward trend. From 1993 to 2014, the number of emerging snail-infested sites remained below 100, and increased to 160 and 131, respectively, in 2004 and 2013. The longest mean duration of 43.85 years was recorded for the beaches environment for emerging snail-infested sites, followed by the paddy fields environment with a mean duration of 37.01 years, and the shortest mean duration of 20.44 years for the tangerines environment. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there was a positive spatial correlation between the duration of emerging snail-infested sites of different environmental types (global Moran's I ranged from 0.43 to 0.64, P < 0.05). Scanning statistics analysis showed that emerging snail-infested sites of different environmental types had spatial and temporal aggregation ( P < 0.001), with 3- 6 clusters of statistically significant aggregation detected respectively. Conclusion:The emerging snail-infested sites in different environments types in Yunnan Province have spatial and temporal aggregation, and it is necessary to strengthen monitoring and prevention and control of the aggregation areas of different environment types to prevent further spread of the snail.