ObjectiveThis paper aims to systematically summarize the construction methods and characteristics of Alzheimer's disease （AD） animal models， providing a reference for improving AD animal models. MethodsLiterature related to AD animal models published between January 2022 and April 2025 was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， China Biomedical Literature Database （CBM）， Wanfang Data， and VIP Database. Information such as experimental animal species， month of age， sex， modeling methods， and period， as well as evaluation indicators， was collated， extracted， and imported into Microsoft Excel 2024 to establish the database. In addition， various modeling methods and detection means were summarized and compared. ResultsA total of 400 articles were included. Among the AD animal models， amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 （APP/PS1） mice were used most frequently， with a predominance of male animals. Typically， 3-4-month-old rats or 5-6-month-old mice were selected. The main modeling methods included natural aging， accelerated aging， surgical intervention， drug induction， and transgenic technology. The modeling period was mainly concentrated in a single day or 6-8 weeks. Detection indicators of the models focused on physiological， behavioral， pathological-morphological， and biochemical phenotypes. ConclusionThe construction methods of AD animal models are relatively mature， with multifactorial interventions effectively simulating human pathology， though certain limitations remain. By systematically reviewing and analyzing recent experimental literature of AD animal models， this study aims to provide theoretical support and a reference for further improving the construction of the AD animal model.

Background Shift work is increasingly common in modern industries as economic globalization continues to advance, and has been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective To investigate the independent and interactive effects of shift work types and physical labor intensity on the risk of T2DM within an occupational cohort of petroleum workers, aiming to provide a scientific basis for reducing the risk of T2DM among workers engaged in shift work and physical labor. Methods This cohort study enrolled petroleum workers who underwent occupational health examinations at Karamay Central Hospital in Xinjiang from 2013 to 2015. Using stratified sampling, employees aged 20–60 years who had been actively employed and had been working in their current positions for at least one year were selected. A total of 3720 participants completed the baseline questionnaire survey and health examination, and follow-up was conducted in 2023. T2DM was diagnosed according to the 2020 Chinese Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Shift work type was categorized into fixed day shift, two-shift rotation, three-team two-shift rotation, four-team three-shift rotation, and other shift schedules. Physical labor intensity was classified as light, moderate, heavy, and extremely heavy according to the Classification of Physical Labor Intensity for Petroleum Field Operations (SY/T 6358—2008). Poisson regression models were used to estimate the associations of shift work type, physical labor intensity, and their joint exposure categories with T2DM risk after adjustment for potential confounders. Results A total of 3473 participants completed follow-up. Poisson regression analysis showed that shift work type was associated with T2DM risk. After adjustment for confounders, compared with fixed day shift workers, those engaged in two-shift rotation, three-team two-shift rotation, four-team three-shift rotation, and other shift schedules had higher risks of T2DM, with RRs of 2.17 (95%CI: 1.44, 3.27), 1.86 (95%CI: 1.16, 2.97), 1.85 (95%CI: 1.17, 2.93), and 2.15 (95%CI: 1.20, 3.88), respectively. T2DM risk also differed across physical labor intensity groups, with the extremely heavy group showing the highest risk (RR=2.26, 95%CI: 1.44, 3.56), followed by the heavy group (RR=1.91, 95%CI: 1.29, 2.82). Compared with workers exposed to fixed day shift + light intensity, increased T2DM risks were observed in those exposed to fixed day shift + heavy intensity (RR=2.38, 95%CI: 1.16, 4.72) or extremely heavy intensity (RR=2.64, 95%CI: 1.13, 5.82); two-shift rotation + light (RR=2.71, 95%CI: 1.11, 6.14), moderate (RR=3.38, 95%CI: 1.43, 7.34), heavy (RR=3.61, 95%CI: 1.52, 7.84), or extremely heavy intensity (RR=4.93, 95%CI: 1.87, 11.12); three-shift two-team rotation + light (RR=2.75, 95%CI: 1.14, 6.19), moderate (RR=3.08, 95%CI: 1.14, 7.51), or heavy/extremely heavy intensity (RR=4.06, 95%CI: 1.77, 8.50); four-shift three-team rotation + heavy/extremely heavy intensity (RR=3.89, 95%CI: 1.78, 7.84); and other shift types + heavy/extremely heavy intensity (RR=4.57, 95%CI: 1.55, 11.30). Conclusion This study demonstrates that various types of shift work significantly increase the risk of T2DM, and that concurrent exposure to high physical labor intensity exacerbates this risk. Regular blood glucose monitoring and targeted health interventions are recommended for workers exposed to rotating shift schedules and high physical work intensity.

Inflammatory breast cancer(IBC)is a rare but highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by rapid clinical progression and poor prognosis.Although it accounts for only 2%-4%of all breast cancer cases,it is responsible for 8%-10%of breast cancer-related mortality.The etiology of IBC is multifactorial,involving genetic,hormonal,environmental,and socioeconomic factors.Pathologically,IBC is marked by the presence of dermal lymphatic tumor emboli,and molecular subtypes are predominantly HER2-positive and triple-negative,indicating high tumor invasiveness.Diagnosis relies on characteristic clinical manifestations and histopathological confirmation,while imaging techniques such as MRI and PET/CT play important roles in evaluating disease extent and metastasis.Given that IBC is often diagnosed at a locally advanced or metastatic stage,there is currently no specific treatment protocol.Instead,management generally follows the treatment paradigm of non-IBC,emphasizing systemic therapy within a multidisciplinary framework.HER2-positive IBC benefits from chemotherapy combined with dual-targeted anti-HER2 therapy;triple-negative IBC may respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors;and CDK4/6 inhibitors show potential efficacy in hormone receptor-positive subtypes.Despite advancements,the prognosis remains poor,with a high risk of early recurrence and distant metastasis.Prognostic factors include lymph node involvement,molecular subtype,and response to neoadjuvant therapy.As research into the tumor microenvironment and molecular mechanisms deepens,targeted and individualized therapies hold promise for improving outcomes.This review summarizes the epidemiology,pathology,diagnostic criteria,treatment strategies,and prognostic factors of IBC,aiming to inform clinical practice and future research.

China emerges as a major country in nuclear energy development and the application of nuclear and radiologic technology. The diagnosis and treatment of acute radiation syndrom (ARS) caused by external irradiation represent a core function in the country′s medical rescue of nuclear and radiological emergencies. Clinically, ARS manifests hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and central nervous system syndromes, with specific clinical manifestations, signs, severity, and prognosis strongly correlated with radiation dose. China has established a number of national and provincial centers for treating radiation-induced damage. Nevertheless, most medical staff have limited experience in ARS treatment. This consensus presents a summary of recent experience in treating ARS of China. In combination with recommendations from international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), this consensus proposes key evidence of critical clinical issues of ARS, covering all links in the rescue of external irradiation-induced ARS. Initially, clinical diagnosis, syndromes, and severe degrees should be determined based on clinical symptoms and dose estimates. It is necessary to normalize clinical treatment measures for hematopoietic recovery, gastrointestinal injury treatment, infection control, symptomatic treatment, and multi-organ function preservation. To this end, this consensus offers cautions. This consensus provides principles of treatment with traditional Chinese medicine, psychological intervention, and follow-up. Additionally, it highlights multidisciplinary collaboration. It is recommended that this consensus be applied in relevant treatment centers.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-fatigue effect of chicory polysaccharide(CP)on mice exposed to simulated hypobaric hypoxia.METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the control group,model group,model+CP 150,300 and 600 mg·kg-1 groups.The control and model groups were given normal saline,while the CP groups were given drugs of different doses.After a 14 d pre-administration period,all the mice except the control group were exposed to a simulated alti-tude of 7 000 m in a hypobaric and hypoxic animal experimental chamber.After 7 d,a treadmill fatigue test was conducted to assess exercise endurance.The body weight and organ indexes were evaluated.The pathological changes in organs and tissues were observed via HE staining.The levels of fatigue-related and oxidative stress-related indicators were measured.The expression levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase(p-AMPK),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha(PGC-1α),and cytochrome c oxidase Ⅳ(COXⅣ)were determined using Western blotting anal-ysis.RESULTS Compared with model group,exercise endurance was significantly enhanced,body weight and organ indexes improved,and pathological damage to the lung,liver and skeletal muscle mitigated in the model+CP 600 mg·kg-1 group.Compared with model group,the model+CP 600 mg·kg-1 group had the contents of serum lactate and blood urea nitrogen reduced,but the contents of glycogen and the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)in the liver and skeletal muscle were increased.The malondialdehyde content was lowered,but the expressions of p-AMPK,PGC-1α,and COXⅣ in skeletal muscle were significantly increased.CONCLUSION CP can alleviate altitude-induced fatigue by reducing the metabolite accumulation,increasing glycogen storage,and lowering oxidative stress levels.The underlying mechanism may involve the activation of the AMPK/PGC-1αsignaling pathway.

Objective:To observe the effectiveness of combining mirror therapy with pneumatic flexible glove training in treating hand dysfunction after a stroke. Its effect on cerebral cortex activation was documented using near-infrared functional imaging of the brain.Methods:A total of 84 stroke survivors with hand dysfunction were randomly divided into a Mirror Group, a Glove Group and a Combined Group, each of 28. In addition to standard rehabilitation training, the Glove Group received 20 minutes of training with a pneumatic soft glove, 5 days per week for 6 consecutive weeks. The Mirror Group received mirror therapy (MT). The Combined Group was given both simultaneously. Before and after the treatment, everyone′s upper limb functioning was evaluated (using the Fugl-Meyer Upper Limb Assessment (FMA-U)), along with their hand motor skills (using the Arm Action Test (ARAT)) and their ability in daily living activities (using the Barthel Index (BI)). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was employed to measure any changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HBO) concentration at 730nm and 850nm wavelengths.Results:The FMA-U, ATAT and BI scores in both the proximal and distal regions of all three groups showed significant improvement after the treatments compared to pre-treatment levels. The combined group demonstrated significantly better distal FMA-U and ARAT scores after the treatment (12.25±8.80 and 20.93±15.68 respectively), outperforming both the glove and mirror groups. The infrared spectroscopy revealed that bilateral SM1 activation, affected-side somatosensory association cortex (SAC) and supplementary motor cortex excitability in both the mirror and combined groups were significantly better than among the glove group after the experiment.Conclusions:Combined with pneumatic flexible glove training, mirror therapy can not only significantly improve the hand function of stroke survivors, but also activate the relevant brain regions of both hemispheres through bilateral motor patterns combined with multisensory stimulation, promoting the balance between hemispheres.

Turning to critical illness is a common stage of various diseases and injuries before death. Patients usually have complex health conditions, while the treatment process involves a wide range of content, along with high requirements for doctor′s professionalism and multi-specialty teamwork, as well as a great demand for time-sensitive treatments. However, this is not matched with critical care professionals and the current state of medical care in China. Telemedicine, which shortens the distance of medical professionals and the gap of disease diagnosis and treatments in various regions through electronic information, can effectively solve the current problem. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a standardized, high-quality visualization telemedicine round system .Therefore, experts have been organized to search domestic and foreign literature on telemedicine round for critically ill patients and to form this consensus based on clinical experiences so as to further improve the level of critical care treatments in regions.

Objective:To observe the effectiveness of combining mirror therapy with pneumatic flexible glove training in treating hand dysfunction after a stroke. Its effect on cerebral cortex activation was documented using near-infrared functional imaging of the brain.Methods:A total of 84 stroke survivors with hand dysfunction were randomly divided into a Mirror Group, a Glove Group and a Combined Group, each of 28. In addition to standard rehabilitation training, the Glove Group received 20 minutes of training with a pneumatic soft glove, 5 days per week for 6 consecutive weeks. The Mirror Group received mirror therapy (MT). The Combined Group was given both simultaneously. Before and after the treatment, everyone′s upper limb functioning was evaluated (using the Fugl-Meyer Upper Limb Assessment (FMA-U)), along with their hand motor skills (using the Arm Action Test (ARAT)) and their ability in daily living activities (using the Barthel Index (BI)). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was employed to measure any changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HBO) concentration at 730nm and 850nm wavelengths.Results:The FMA-U, ATAT and BI scores in both the proximal and distal regions of all three groups showed significant improvement after the treatments compared to pre-treatment levels. The combined group demonstrated significantly better distal FMA-U and ARAT scores after the treatment (12.25±8.80 and 20.93±15.68 respectively), outperforming both the glove and mirror groups. The infrared spectroscopy revealed that bilateral SM1 activation, affected-side somatosensory association cortex (SAC) and supplementary motor cortex excitability in both the mirror and combined groups were significantly better than among the glove group after the experiment.Conclusions:Combined with pneumatic flexible glove training, mirror therapy can not only significantly improve the hand function of stroke survivors, but also activate the relevant brain regions of both hemispheres through bilateral motor patterns combined with multisensory stimulation, promoting the balance between hemispheres.

China emerges as a major country in nuclear energy development and the application of nuclear and radiologic technology. The diagnosis and treatment of acute radiation syndrom (ARS) caused by external irradiation represent a core function in the country′s medical rescue of nuclear and radiological emergencies. Clinically, ARS manifests hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and central nervous system syndromes, with specific clinical manifestations, signs, severity, and prognosis strongly correlated with radiation dose. China has established a number of national and provincial centers for treating radiation-induced damage. Nevertheless, most medical staff have limited experience in ARS treatment. This consensus presents a summary of recent experience in treating ARS of China. In combination with recommendations from international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), this consensus proposes key evidence of critical clinical issues of ARS, covering all links in the rescue of external irradiation-induced ARS. Initially, clinical diagnosis, syndromes, and severe degrees should be determined based on clinical symptoms and dose estimates. It is necessary to normalize clinical treatment measures for hematopoietic recovery, gastrointestinal injury treatment, infection control, symptomatic treatment, and multi-organ function preservation. To this end, this consensus offers cautions. This consensus provides principles of treatment with traditional Chinese medicine, psychological intervention, and follow-up. Additionally, it highlights multidisciplinary collaboration. It is recommended that this consensus be applied in relevant treatment centers.

Turning to critical illness is a common stage of various diseases and injuries before death. Patients usually have complex health conditions, while the treatment process involves a wide range of content, along with high requirements for doctor′s professionalism and multi-specialty teamwork, as well as a great demand for time-sensitive treatments. However, this is not matched with critical care professionals and the current state of medical care in China. Telemedicine, which shortens the distance of medical professionals and the gap of disease diagnosis and treatments in various regions through electronic information, can effectively solve the current problem. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a standardized, high-quality visualization telemedicine round system .Therefore, experts have been organized to search domestic and foreign literature on telemedicine round for critically ill patients and to form this consensus based on clinical experiences so as to further improve the level of critical care treatments in regions.