Dry eye(DE)is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder arising from numerous pathologies. The pathogenesis of DE includes immune inflammation, oxidative stress, changes in tear film composition, corneal nerve abnormalities, and meibomian gland dysfunction. Among them, the immune inflammatory response is the most crucial in the pathogenesis of DE, which is regulated by both innate and acquired immune responses on the ocular surface. Multiple environmental stresses trigger the ocular surface innate immune response leading to corneal epithelial cell damage and inflammation and activate acquired immunity to participate in the ocular surface immune inflammatory response. Currently, multiple immune cells and inflammatory factors have been shown to be involved in the occurrence and development of DE. This article reviewed the immune progress and focused on the initiation and maintenance of acquired immunity in DE. Through the analysis of the latest viewpoints and research hot spots, we systematically introduced the immunomodulating mechanism underlying the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of DE and provided references for the prevention and treatment of DE.

Objective:Clarify the correlation between the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy,changes in physical&mental health status,and health inequalities among the older adults,as well as exploring whether this correlation differs between urban and rural areas so as to determine the role played by the total cost of healthcare.Methods:Based on CFPS 2018 and 2020,DID and PSM-DID were used to verify the impact of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy on physical&mental health status and health inequalities of the elderly in urban and rural China.Three-step method and Sobel test were used to verify the mediating effect of total medical costs.Results:The pilot effect of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy was first realized among the urban elderly population,promoting their physical and mental health through the intermediary mechanism of reducing the total medical costs,but for the time being did not show a significant correlation with health inequalities within this group.Among the rural elderly population,none of the three dependent variables was significant(P＞0.1).Conclusion:The underlying logic of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy is right,but its future reform should focus on the rural elderly group,and consider the fairness of the effect within the group and between urban and rural areas,so as to improve the health level of the whole society in the longer term.

Objective:Clarify the correlation between the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy,changes in physical&mental health status,and health inequalities among the older adults,as well as exploring whether this correlation differs between urban and rural areas so as to determine the role played by the total cost of healthcare.Methods:Based on CFPS 2018 and 2020,DID and PSM-DID were used to verify the impact of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy on physical&mental health status and health inequalities of the elderly in urban and rural China.Three-step method and Sobel test were used to verify the mediating effect of total medical costs.Results:The pilot effect of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy was first realized among the urban elderly population,promoting their physical and mental health through the intermediary mechanism of reducing the total medical costs,but for the time being did not show a significant correlation with health inequalities within this group.Among the rural elderly population,none of the three dependent variables was significant(P＞0.1).Conclusion:The underlying logic of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy is right,but its future reform should focus on the rural elderly group,and consider the fairness of the effect within the group and between urban and rural areas,so as to improve the health level of the whole society in the longer term.

Objective:Clarify the correlation between the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy,changes in physical&mental health status,and health inequalities among the older adults,as well as exploring whether this correlation differs between urban and rural areas so as to determine the role played by the total cost of healthcare.Methods:Based on CFPS 2018 and 2020,DID and PSM-DID were used to verify the impact of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy on physical&mental health status and health inequalities of the elderly in urban and rural China.Three-step method and Sobel test were used to verify the mediating effect of total medical costs.Results:The pilot effect of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy was first realized among the urban elderly population,promoting their physical and mental health through the intermediary mechanism of reducing the total medical costs,but for the time being did not show a significant correlation with health inequalities within this group.Among the rural elderly population,none of the three dependent variables was significant(P＞0.1).Conclusion:The underlying logic of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy is right,but its future reform should focus on the rural elderly group,and consider the fairness of the effect within the group and between urban and rural areas,so as to improve the health level of the whole society in the longer term.

Objective:Clarify the correlation between the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy,changes in physical&mental health status,and health inequalities among the older adults,as well as exploring whether this correlation differs between urban and rural areas so as to determine the role played by the total cost of healthcare.Methods:Based on CFPS 2018 and 2020,DID and PSM-DID were used to verify the impact of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy on physical&mental health status and health inequalities of the elderly in urban and rural China.Three-step method and Sobel test were used to verify the mediating effect of total medical costs.Results:The pilot effect of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy was first realized among the urban elderly population,promoting their physical and mental health through the intermediary mechanism of reducing the total medical costs,but for the time being did not show a significant correlation with health inequalities within this group.Among the rural elderly population,none of the three dependent variables was significant(P＞0.1).Conclusion:The underlying logic of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy is right,but its future reform should focus on the rural elderly group,and consider the fairness of the effect within the group and between urban and rural areas,so as to improve the health level of the whole society in the longer term.

Objective:Clarify the correlation between the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy,changes in physical&mental health status,and health inequalities among the older adults,as well as exploring whether this correlation differs between urban and rural areas so as to determine the role played by the total cost of healthcare.Methods:Based on CFPS 2018 and 2020,DID and PSM-DID were used to verify the impact of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy on physical&mental health status and health inequalities of the elderly in urban and rural China.Three-step method and Sobel test were used to verify the mediating effect of total medical costs.Results:The pilot effect of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy was first realized among the urban elderly population,promoting their physical and mental health through the intermediary mechanism of reducing the total medical costs,but for the time being did not show a significant correlation with health inequalities within this group.Among the rural elderly population,none of the three dependent variables was significant(P＞0.1).Conclusion:The underlying logic of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy is right,but its future reform should focus on the rural elderly group,and consider the fairness of the effect within the group and between urban and rural areas,so as to improve the health level of the whole society in the longer term.

Objective:Clarify the correlation between the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy,changes in physical&mental health status,and health inequalities among the older adults,as well as exploring whether this correlation differs between urban and rural areas so as to determine the role played by the total cost of healthcare.Methods:Based on CFPS 2018 and 2020,DID and PSM-DID were used to verify the impact of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy on physical&mental health status and health inequalities of the elderly in urban and rural China.Three-step method and Sobel test were used to verify the mediating effect of total medical costs.Results:The pilot effect of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy was first realized among the urban elderly population,promoting their physical and mental health through the intermediary mechanism of reducing the total medical costs,but for the time being did not show a significant correlation with health inequalities within this group.Among the rural elderly population,none of the three dependent variables was significant(P＞0.1).Conclusion:The underlying logic of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy is right,but its future reform should focus on the rural elderly group,and consider the fairness of the effect within the group and between urban and rural areas,so as to improve the health level of the whole society in the longer term.

Objective:Clarify the correlation between the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy,changes in physical&mental health status,and health inequalities among the older adults,as well as exploring whether this correlation differs between urban and rural areas so as to determine the role played by the total cost of healthcare.Methods:Based on CFPS 2018 and 2020,DID and PSM-DID were used to verify the impact of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy on physical&mental health status and health inequalities of the elderly in urban and rural China.Three-step method and Sobel test were used to verify the mediating effect of total medical costs.Results:The pilot effect of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy was first realized among the urban elderly population,promoting their physical and mental health through the intermediary mechanism of reducing the total medical costs,but for the time being did not show a significant correlation with health inequalities within this group.Among the rural elderly population,none of the three dependent variables was significant(P＞0.1).Conclusion:The underlying logic of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy is right,but its future reform should focus on the rural elderly group,and consider the fairness of the effect within the group and between urban and rural areas,so as to improve the health level of the whole society in the longer term.

Objective:Clarify the correlation between the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy,changes in physical&mental health status,and health inequalities among the older adults,as well as exploring whether this correlation differs between urban and rural areas so as to determine the role played by the total cost of healthcare.Methods:Based on CFPS 2018 and 2020,DID and PSM-DID were used to verify the impact of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy on physical&mental health status and health inequalities of the elderly in urban and rural China.Three-step method and Sobel test were used to verify the mediating effect of total medical costs.Results:The pilot effect of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy was first realized among the urban elderly population,promoting their physical and mental health through the intermediary mechanism of reducing the total medical costs,but for the time being did not show a significant correlation with health inequalities within this group.Among the rural elderly population,none of the three dependent variables was significant(P＞0.1).Conclusion:The underlying logic of the Centralized Drug Volume-based Purchasing Policy is right,but its future reform should focus on the rural elderly group,and consider the fairness of the effect within the group and between urban and rural areas,so as to improve the health level of the whole society in the longer term.

Objective To obtain the medical exposure frequency data of residents through a questionnaire survey on mobile phone networks in the community, and to analyze the main influencing factors. Methods A snowball sampling method was used to expand the sampling from medical staff in a county hospital to the community. The questionnaire included personal information such as occupation category, type of medical insurance, and education level as well as basic radiation-related knowledge and medical exposure type and frequency of respondents received in 2021. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of medical exposure. Results A total of 223 respondents were investigated, and 12.56% of them received radiological diagnosis and radiotherapy in 2021. The proportion of males receiving medical exposure was significantly higher than that of females (19.64% vs 10.18%). The likelihood of the person receiving medical exposure increased considerably with age, with the proportion of residents receiving medical exposure at 20, 30, 40, and 50 years of age being 6.25%, 7.95%, 19.23%, and 33.33%, respectively. Of persons who received medical exposure, 57.14% underwent CT scans. Persons participating in the new rural cooperative medical system were likely less to receive radiological diagnosis and radiotherapy than urban workers and residents (OR = 0.55, CI:0.13-2.23, P > 0.05). Conclusion Questionnaire survey in the community can obtain more information about the medical exposure of residents, and age and type of medical insurance are important factors affecting the frequency of medical exposure.