Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is a disease that affects the vision of elderly individuals worldwide.Although current therapeutics have shown effectiveness against AMD,some patients may remain unresponsive and continue to experience disease progression.Therefore,in-depth knowledge of the mechanism underlying AMD pathogenesis is urgently required to identify potential drug targets for AMD treatment.Recently,studies have suggested that dysfunction of mitochondria can lead to the ag-gregation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes(STING)innate immunity pathways,ultimately resulting in sterile inflammation and cell death in various cells,such as cardiomyocytes and macrophages.Therefore,combining strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory mediators may hold great potential in facilitating AMD management.Notably,emerging evidence indicates that natural products targeting mitochondrial quality control(MQC)and the cGAS/STING innate immunity pathways exhibit promise in treating AMD.Here,we summarize phytochemicals that could directly or indirectly influence the MQC and the cGAS/STING innate immunity pathways,as well as their interconnected mediators,which have the potential to mitigate oxidative stress and suppress excessive inflammatory responses,thereby hoping to offer new insights into therapeutic interventions for AMD treatment.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that affects the vision of elderly individuals worldwide. Although current therapeutics have shown effectiveness against AMD, some patients may remain unresponsive and continue to experience disease progression. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of the mechanism underlying AMD pathogenesis is urgently required to identify potential drug targets for AMD treatment. Recently, studies have suggested that dysfunction of mitochondria can lead to the aggregation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) innate immunity pathways, ultimately resulting in sterile inflammation and cell death in various cells, such as cardiomyocytes and macrophages. Therefore, combining strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory mediators may hold great potential in facilitating AMD management. Notably, emerging evidence indicates that natural products targeting mitochondrial quality control (MQC) and the cGAS/STING innate immunity pathways exhibit promise in treating AMD. Here, we summarize phytochemicals that could directly or indirectly influence the MQC and the cGAS/STING innate immunity pathways, as well as their interconnected mediators, which have the potential to mitigate oxidative stress and suppress excessive inflammatory responses, thereby hoping to offer new insights into therapeutic interventions for AMD treatment.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia(MEN) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by hyperplasia or tumor development in two or more endocrine glands. Currently, MEN is classified into four subtypes: MEN1, MEN2, MEN3, and MEN4. Among these, MEN4 is caused by mutations in the CDKN1B gene and presents clinical manifestations similar to MEN1, though the age of onset and disease progression differ. Due to its rarity, this article reviews the pathogenesis and treatment strategies for MEN4, aiming to provide valuable insights for its diagnosis and management.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia(MEN) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by hyperplasia or tumor development in two or more endocrine glands. Currently, MEN is classified into four subtypes: MEN1, MEN2, MEN3, and MEN4. Among these, MEN4 is caused by mutations in the CDKN1B gene and presents clinical manifestations similar to MEN1, though the age of onset and disease progression differ. Due to its rarity, this article reviews the pathogenesis and treatment strategies for MEN4, aiming to provide valuable insights for its diagnosis and management.

Background Heavy metal emissions from mining and smelting areas are a global problem, and health risks associated with heavy metal contamination of soils are of great concern. The long-term mining of the largest realgar mine in Asia has caused severe arsenic and other metal pollution to the surrounding rivers and soils. Objective To understand the levels of metal contamination and health risks in agricultural soils of villages surrounding the largest realgar mine in Asia, and to lay a good foundation for further necessary pollution control actions and decisions. Methods A field survey was conducted to collect soil samples according to the Technical rules for monitoring of environmental quality of farmland soil (NY/T 395-2012), and then inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the contents of 28 heavy metals [cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), beryllium (Be), selenium (Se), cobalt (Co), antimony (Sb), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V), barium (Ba), thallium (Tl), boron (B) , bismuth (Bi), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca), rubidium (Rb), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), kalium (K), and titanium (Ti)]. Geoaccumulation index, single factor pollution index, and Nemerow comprehensive index were used to evaluate the degree and characteristics of single metal pollution and combined pollution in soil, respectively. A health risk assessment model was used to evaluate the risks of metals in soil to human health. Results The results of geoaccumulation index calculation revealed that 22 heavy metals were enriched in the soil, and the indexes of target heavy metals from high to low were Cd > Se > Pb >Hg > As > Co> Ni > Cu > Zn > Bi > Sb > Mo > Be> Cr > Ba >V > Li > Sr> Mn> Rb > Ca> Tl . The single factor pollution indexes of 17 heavy metals from high to low were Be > Cd > B > Mo > V > As > Ni > Cu > Pb > Zn > Co > Se > Tl > Ba > Cr > Hg > Sb. The Nemerow comprehensive index indicated all sampling points were graded as severe pollution. The mean of total non-carcinogenic health risk values and the mean of carcinogenic health risk values for the target heavy metals in the area were higher than the threshold (1) and the maximum acceptable risk (1.0×10^–4), respectively. The total carcinogenic health risks for adults and children reached 1.1×10^–3 and 1.67×10^–3, respectively. The mean non-carcinogenic health risk values of As, Co, Cr, and Pb pollution were greater than 1, and the maximum non-cancer risk value of Sb for children was greater than 1. The mean carcinogenic risk values of Ni, As, and Cu exceeded 1.0×10^–4 for both adults and children, and the maximum carcinogenic risk values of Be and Cr for children were more than 1.0×10^–4. Conclusion The farmland soil around the hugest realgar mine in Asia is contaminated by multiple metals. The study soil is seriously polluted by Cd, Se, Pb, As, Hg, Be, B, Mo, V, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, and Ba. The pollution of Ni, As, Cu, Cr, and Be is considered as carcinogenic hazards to health, while the pollution of As, Co, Cr, Pb, and Sb poses non-carcinogenic health risks. Our study findings show that the soil is polluted by Co and Group 1 carcinogen Be, which could cause health risks; although Cr and Sb have not reached severe pollution levels, there are certain health risks and also need attention.

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) after craniocerebral injury.Methods A single cohort of 791 patients who suffered from craniocerebral injury from January 2008 to January 2010 in the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University were prospectively analyzed.Craniocerebral injury was defined according to definite medical history of craniocerebral injury,the verification of CT and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score.AKI was defined as a relative 50％ increase or an absolute increment of 26.4 μmol/L in Scr within 48 hours and/or urine volume ＜0.5 ml·kg-1·h-1 up to 6 h.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate possible risk factors associated with post-craniocerebral injury AKI.Results Of the 791 patients,the incidence of AKI was 39.4％.In hospital mortality of AKI patients was 27.9％,which was 5.065 times of non-AKI patients (P＜0.01).The incidence of AKI in patients with lower GCS score (≤8 score,heavy group)was 69.7％,which was significantly higher as compared to moderate and mild groups (P＜0.01).Unconditional multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower GCS score (≤ 8 score),hypotension (systolic pressure＜90 mm Hg),elderly and male were the independent predictors of AKI episodes,the corresponding OR values were 2.932,2.176,1.789,1.544 respectively.Conclusions AKI is a common complication after craniocerebral injury.Lower GCS score,hypotension,elderly and male are the independent risk factors of AKI in patients after craniocerebral injury.

Objective To investigate the characteristics and risk factors of anemia in renal transplant recipients over 60 years old.Methods Clinical data of one hundred and sixty-eight renal transplant recipients over 60 years old were retrospectively analyzed.Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of anemia.Results In 168 cases of renal transplant recipients,the incidence of anemia was 45.2％(76/168).Forty cases were normocyte and normochromic,26 cases were microcytic hypochromic,10 cases were hemolytic anemia.In these anemic recipients,51 cases were short of erythropoietin (EPO),25 were EPO resistance.The incidence of malnutrition and cardia-cerebrovascular complication was higher in recipients with anemia than those without anemia (P＜0.01).The incidence of anemia in CsA+Aza+Pred treatment was 57.1％,which was significantly higher as compared to other three treatments (P＜0.01).Unconditional multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that male,creatinine level,acute reject reaction,delayed graft function (DGF) were the independent predictors of anemia,the corresponding OR values were 1.089,5.156,6.345,1.876.Conclusions Anemia is a common and serious complication in renal transplant recipients over 60 years old.Male,creatinine level,acute reject reaction,DGF are the independent risk factors of anemia in renal transplant recipients over 60 years old.