Purpose: To investigate effects of client violence and supervision on burnout of mental health professionals working in communities. Methods: This was a descriptive study. Data from 170 participants were collected through a self-reported online survey using a convenience sampling method. The survey was conducted from November 2023 to March 2024. Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that client violence (β=.22, p=.006) was a predictor of burnout, whereas supervision had no significant effect. Conclusion Findings of this study revealed that factors exacerbating burnout, such as client violence, significantly affected the burnout of community mental health professionals. In contrast, factors mitigating burnout, such as supervision, did not have a significant impact. Accordingly, strategies aimed at mitigating and eliminating factors that contribute to increased burnout must be prioritized to alleviate burnout among professionals working in community mental health facilities.

Purpose: To investigate effects of client violence and supervision on burnout of mental health professionals working in communities. Methods: This was a descriptive study. Data from 170 participants were collected through a self-reported online survey using a convenience sampling method. The survey was conducted from November 2023 to March 2024. Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that client violence (β=.22, p=.006) was a predictor of burnout, whereas supervision had no significant effect. Conclusion Findings of this study revealed that factors exacerbating burnout, such as client violence, significantly affected the burnout of community mental health professionals. In contrast, factors mitigating burnout, such as supervision, did not have a significant impact. Accordingly, strategies aimed at mitigating and eliminating factors that contribute to increased burnout must be prioritized to alleviate burnout among professionals working in community mental health facilities.

Purpose: To investigate effects of client violence and supervision on burnout of mental health professionals working in communities. Methods: This was a descriptive study. Data from 170 participants were collected through a self-reported online survey using a convenience sampling method. The survey was conducted from November 2023 to March 2024. Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that client violence (β=.22, p=.006) was a predictor of burnout, whereas supervision had no significant effect. Conclusion Findings of this study revealed that factors exacerbating burnout, such as client violence, significantly affected the burnout of community mental health professionals. In contrast, factors mitigating burnout, such as supervision, did not have a significant impact. Accordingly, strategies aimed at mitigating and eliminating factors that contribute to increased burnout must be prioritized to alleviate burnout among professionals working in community mental health facilities.

Purpose: To investigate effects of client violence and supervision on burnout of mental health professionals working in communities. Methods: This was a descriptive study. Data from 170 participants were collected through a self-reported online survey using a convenience sampling method. The survey was conducted from November 2023 to March 2024. Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that client violence (β=.22, p=.006) was a predictor of burnout, whereas supervision had no significant effect. Conclusion Findings of this study revealed that factors exacerbating burnout, such as client violence, significantly affected the burnout of community mental health professionals. In contrast, factors mitigating burnout, such as supervision, did not have a significant impact. Accordingly, strategies aimed at mitigating and eliminating factors that contribute to increased burnout must be prioritized to alleviate burnout among professionals working in community mental health facilities.

27-Hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol), a prominent cholesterol metabolite present in the bloodstream and peripheral tissues, is a kind of immune oxysterol that elicits immune response. Recent research indicates the involvement of 27OHChol in metabolic inflammation (meta-inflammation) characterized by chronic responses associated with metabolic irregularities. 27OHChol activates monocytic cells such that they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and increase the expression of cell surface molecules such as pattern-recognition receptors that play key roles in immune cell-cell communication and sensing metabolism-associated danger signals. Levels of 27OHChol increase when cholesterol metabolism is disrupted, and the resulting inflammatory responses can contribute to the development and complications of metabolic syndrome, including obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases. Since 27OHChol can induce chronic immune response by activating monocyte-macrophage lineage cells that play a crucial role in meta-inflammation, it is essential to understand the 27OHChol-induced inflammatory responses to unravel the roles and mechanisms of action of this cholesterol metabolite in chronic metabolic disorders.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a transporter that plays an excretory role in epithelial cells. It is encoded by ABCB1, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene can affect systemic drug exposure. Dapagliflozin and sitagliptin, used in type 2 diabetes treatment, are P-gp substrates. Here, we aimed to investigate whether ABCB1 polymorphisms affect dapagliflozin and sitagliptin pharmacokinetics (PK) in healthy Korean subjects.The study population consisted of 100 healthy Korean subjects (94 men and 6 women) who participated in four different clinical trials and received dapagliflozin and sitagliptin doses of 10 and 100 mg, respectively. We determined ABCB1 genotypes for the C3435T, C1236T, and G2677T/A SNPs. The relationship between the genotypes and dapagliflozin PKs was examined.Dapagliflozin and sitagliptin PK parameters were not statistically significantly affected by ABCB1 SNP genotypes. However, homozygous 3435TT subjects showed higher dapagliflozin PK parameters than CT and CC subjects. In subjects with the 3435TT and those with 3435CC and 3435CT genotypes, mean Cmax, AUCinf, and AUC0-1 values of dapagliflozin were 223.06 ng/mL and 194.81 ng /mL (p = 0.2767), 673.58 ng*h/mL and 573.96 ng*h/mL (p = 0.0492), and 128.53 ng*h/mL and 104.61 ng*h/mL (p = 0.2678), respectively.In summary, dapagliflozin and sitagliptin PK parameters were not significantly different between individuals with C1236T and C2677T/A ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms. Dapagliflozin exhibited higher systemic exposure in 3435TT subjects than in CC/CT subjects.

Background: Although numerous studies have indicated that lower levels of physical activity correlate with a higher risk of depression, an association between the type of physical activity and depression has not been identified in Korea. This study aimed to examine whether the type and intensity of physical activity are associated with depression in Korean adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 11,679 individuals were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analyses to identify any association between the type of physical activity and depressive disorders in the sample subjects. Results: Measured weekly in units of energy expenditure, known as metabolic equivalents (METs), the amount of work-related physical activity was higher in individuals with depression according to the Patient Health Questionnaire- 9 than the participants without depression (386.7 vs. 206.7 MET-min/wk, P=0.01). Those diagnosed with depression tended to engage in less recreational activity per week (143.7 vs. 316.3 MET-min/wk, P<0.001) than those without depression. After controlling for covariates, the risk of depression among all participants was 1.012 times higher with a 100-unit increase in total work-related activity measured in METs (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.006–1.017; P<0.001) and 0.962 times lower with a 100-unit increase in total leisure activity measured in METs (95% CI, 0.937–0.987; P=0.003). Conclusion Different types of physical activity were shown to be differently associated with depressive disorders in Korean adults. This study might guide in reducing work-related physical activity and increasing leisure activity to prevent the occurrence of depression.

Objective: To systematically translate the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) into a Korean version of the FMA (K-FMA). Methods: We translated the original FMA into the Korean version with three translators and a translation committee, which included physiatrists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Based on a test-retest method, each of 31 patients with stroke was assessed by two evaluators twice, once on recruitment, and again after a week. Analysis of intra- and inter-rater reliabilities was performed using the intra-class correlation coefficient, whereas validity was analysed using Pearson correlation test along with the Motricity Index (MI), Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Results: The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were significant for the total score, and good to excellent reliability was noted in all domains except for the joint range of motion of the lower extremity domain of the K-FMA. The MI and MAS scores were significantly correlated with all domains, all with p<0.01. The results for the MI ranged from r=0.639 to r=0.891 and those for the MAS from r=0.339 to r=0.555. However, the BBS was not significantly correlated with any domain, as the K-FMA lacks balance evaluation items. Conclusion The K-FMA was found to have high reliability and validity. Additionally, the newly developed manual for the K-FMA may help minimise errors that can occur during evaluation and improve the reliability of motor function evaluation.

Objective: To systematically translate the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) into a Korean version of the FMA (K-FMA). Methods: We translated the original FMA into the Korean version with three translators and a translation committee, which included physiatrists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Based on a test-retest method, each of 31 patients with stroke was assessed by two evaluators twice, once on recruitment, and again after a week. Analysis of intra- and inter-rater reliabilities was performed using the intra-class correlation coefficient, whereas validity was analysed using Pearson correlation test along with the Motricity Index (MI), Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Results: The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were significant for the total score, and good to excellent reliability was noted in all domains except for the joint range of motion of the lower extremity domain of the K-FMA. The MI and MAS scores were significantly correlated with all domains, all with p<0.01. The results for the MI ranged from r=0.639 to r=0.891 and those for the MAS from r=0.339 to r=0.555. However, the BBS was not significantly correlated with any domain, as the K-FMA lacks balance evaluation items. Conclusion The K-FMA was found to have high reliability and validity. Additionally, the newly developed manual for the K-FMA may help minimise errors that can occur during evaluation and improve the reliability of motor function evaluation.