Sangjuyin， as a pungent and cooling agent with precise therapeutic effect， is a classic pungent formula for cooling relief of the epidermis， which is highly respected by medical practitioners. This formula is from the Wenbing Tiaobian written by WU Jutong in the Qing dynasty， on the basis of which subsequent medical practitioners have made additions and subtractions to apply it. The authors used the bibliometric method to systematically organize the medical books from the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China and modern literature to analyze the composition， concoction， decoction， efficacy， and previous and modern application of Sangjuyin. After examination， the drug base of this formula is basically clear. Armeniacae Semen Amarum is the dried mature seeds of Armeniaca vulgaris， family Rosaceae. Forsythiae Fructus is the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa， family Mulleinaceae. Menthae Haplocalycis Herba is the dried above-ground part of Mentha haplocalyx， family Labiatae. Mori Folium is the dried leaves of Morus alba， family Moraceae. Chrysanthemi Flos is the dried head of Chrysanthemum morifolium， family Asteraceae. Platycodonis Radix is the dried root of Eryngium grandiflorum， family Eryngium. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis of the Leguminosae family， and Phragmitis Rhizoma is the fresh or dried rhizome of Phragmites communis of the Gramineae family. It is recommended that the eight drugs be used in raw form as medicine. The dosage and method of decoction were converted into a modern single dosage of 7.46 g Armeniacae Semen Amarum， 5.60 g Forsythiae Fructus， 2.98 g Menthae Haplocalycis Herba， 9.33 g Mori Folium， 3.73 g Chrysanthemi Flos， 7.46 g Platycodonis Radix， 2.98 g Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， and 11.19 g Phragmitis Rhizoma， with 400 mL water added， and the solution was boiled to obtain 200 mL， taken twice a day. Sangjuyin has the efficacy of dispersing wind and clearing heat， promoting lung and relieving cough， and it is used for treating the initial onset of wind-warmth and the evidence of evil spirits in the lungs and collaterals. Modern research has shown that Sangjuyin is often used in the treatment of cough， pneumonia， rhinitis， and other respiratory diseases， and the results of this study provide a reference for the later development of Sangjuyin.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between empathy and meaning in life among medical students,and explore the mediating role of altruistic behavior.Methods:A total of 581 medical students were recrui-ted.They were assessed with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index-C(IRI-C),Altruistic Behavior Questionnaire of College Students(ABQ-CS),and Quadripartite Existential Meaning Scale(QEMS).The bootstrap method was used to test the hypothesized mediating effect.Results:The scores of IRI-C were positively correlated with the scores of ABQ-CS and QEMS(r=0.45,0.21,Ps＜0.001).The scores of ABQ-CS were positively correlated with the QEMS scores(r=0.46,P＜0.001).Altruism was a complete mediator between empathy and meaning in life,the indirect effect was 0.20(95％CI:0.15-0.26).Conclusion:This study reveals the underlying connections a-mong altruistic behavior,empathy,and meaning in life among medical students,suggesting that interventions targe-ting empathy and altruistic behavior may enhance their meaning in life.

Objective To explore the role of secreted phosphoprotein 1(SPP1)and myeloid differentiation primary response 88(MYD88)in morphine-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.Methods A morphine addiction model was established in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.Twelve SD rats were randomly assigned to the normal saline(NS)group or the morphine-dependent(DAM)group.Histopathological analysis was employed to observe and compare myocardial tissue morphology between the two groups.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL)staining was performed to assess the number of apoptotic cells in each group.The expression levels of SPP1 and MYD88 were evaluated using immunohistochemistry.Quantitative real-time poly merase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of SPP1,MYD88,Bax,Bcl2,Caspase-3,and Caspase-9.Simultaneously,Western blot analysis was used to detected the expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-9 proteins.In vitro,SPP1 expression was knocked down in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes(NRCMs),and cells were divided into three groups:control(CON),morphine treated(DA),and shSPP1#3+DA.Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay,and apoptosis rates were determined by flow cytometry.Results HE and TUNEL staining of myocardial tissues from morphine-addicted SD rats revealed that,compared with the NS group,myofibrils in the DAM group exhibited partial disruption and a significant increase in apoptotic cells(P<0.05).Western blot and RT-qPCR analyses demonstrated that,relative to the NS group,the mRNA and protein levels of SPP1,MYD88,Bax,Caspase-3,and Caspase-9 were significantly upregulated in the DAM group(P<0.05),whereas Bcl2 expression was significantly downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels(P<0.05),and the protein expression levels of Cleaved Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-9 were also increased.with all differences being statistically significant.In NRCMs following morphine intervention,cell viability in the DA group was markedly reduced compared to the CON group(P<0.05),accompanied by a signifi-cant increase in apoptosis rate(P<0.05).Consistently,Western blot and RT-qPCR results showed elevated mRNA and protein expression of SPP1,MYD88,Bax,Caspase-3,and Caspase-9 in the DA group(P<0.05),along with decreased Bcl2 expression(P<0.05).The protein expression levels of Cleaved Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-9 were elevated simultaneously.In contrast,the shSPP1#3+DA group exhibited opposing trends compared to the DA group,with statistically sig nificant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion SPP1 and MYD88 play critical roles in mediating morphine-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis,and silencing SPP1 has been shown to significantly reduce the extent of cardiomyocyte apoptosis following morphine exposure.

Objective:To correlate serum bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels with joint function and systemic inflammatory response in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) complicated by cartilage injury.Methods:This study is a retrospective analysis. It selected 258 patients with knee osteoarthritis who were treated at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023. All patients underwent arthroscopic examination. Based on the presence of cartilage injury, 118 patients with cartilage injury were included in the Group A, while 140 patients without cartilage injury were included in the Group B. Joint function (WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, Lysholm Knee Function Score), serum levels of BMP-2 and COMP, and systemic inflammatory responses [levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] were compared between the two groups. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of serum BMP-2 and COMP levels for KOA complicated by cartilage injury. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between the aforementioned serum markers and the patients' WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, Lysholm Knee Function Score, as well as serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.Results:Group A had significantly lower serum BMP-2 levels and Lysholm Knee Function Scores compared with Group B [(9.18 ± 1.65) ng/L vs. (11.43 ± 2.51) ng/L, t = 8.34, P < 0.001; (80.06 ± 8.34) vs. (86.94 ± 7.21), t = 7.11, P < 0.001]. Group A exhibited higher serum levels of COMP, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as a higher WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, with all differences being statistically significant [(6.88 ± 2.34) μg/L vs. (5.04 ± 1.01) μg/L, t = -8.34, P < 0.001; (43.18 ± 7.81) ng/L vs. (35.96 ± 5.02) ng/L, t = -8.96, P < 0.001; (34.03 ± 6.68) ng/L vs. (28.75 ± 5.61) ng/L, t = -6.90, P < 0.001; (13.17 ± 1.89) ng/L vs. (11.24 ± 1.01) ng/L, t = -10.44, P < 0.001; (137.18 ± 18.95) vs. (121.14 ± 13.58), t = -7.90, P < 0.001]. ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve values for serum BMP-2 and COMP levels in diagnosing KOA complicated by cartilage injury were 0.773 and 0.811, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between serum BMP-2 levels and the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, as well as serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α ( r = -0.52, -0.42, -0.40, -0.57, all P < 0.05). Additionally, serum BMP-2 levels showed a positive correlation with the Lysholm Knee Function Score ( r = 0.51, P < 0.05). Serum COMP levels and the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index were positively correlated with serum IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels ( r = 0.48, 0.45, 0.37, 0.54, all P < 0.05) and were negatively correlated with the Lysholm Knee Function Score ( r = -0.51, P < 0.05). Conclusions:Serum BMP-2 and COMP levels have certain diagnostic value in patients with KOA complicated by cartilage injury. Moreover, these indicators are correlated with joint function and systemic inflammatory responses. Therefore, they hold promise as potential indicators for assessing disease progression in patients with KOA.

Objective:To analyze the effectiveness of different localization methods in colostomy localization among rectal cancer patients with colostomy.Methods:A total of 158 rectal cancer patients who underwent laparoscopic Dixon operation combined with temporary ileostomy from January 2020 to December 2022 at the Peking University Third Hospital were retrospectively selected for the study. Patients were divided into a traditional localization group ( n=86) and a modified localization group ( n=72) based on preoperative colostomy localization methods. The preoperative colostomy localization adoption rate and the incidence of peristoma fecal dermatitis were compared between the two groups. Results:The preoperative colostomy localization adoption rate in modified localization group was higher than that in traditional localization group, and the incidence of peristoma fecal dermatitis was lower than that in traditional localization group, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The modified rectangular area localization method is accurate for colostomy localization and reduces the risk of colostomy complications in postoperative patients.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between empathy and meaning in life among medical students,and explore the mediating role of altruistic behavior.Methods:A total of 581 medical students were recrui-ted.They were assessed with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index-C(IRI-C),Altruistic Behavior Questionnaire of College Students(ABQ-CS),and Quadripartite Existential Meaning Scale(QEMS).The bootstrap method was used to test the hypothesized mediating effect.Results:The scores of IRI-C were positively correlated with the scores of ABQ-CS and QEMS(r=0.45,0.21,Ps＜0.001).The scores of ABQ-CS were positively correlated with the QEMS scores(r=0.46,P＜0.001).Altruism was a complete mediator between empathy and meaning in life,the indirect effect was 0.20(95％CI:0.15-0.26).Conclusion:This study reveals the underlying connections a-mong altruistic behavior,empathy,and meaning in life among medical students,suggesting that interventions targe-ting empathy and altruistic behavior may enhance their meaning in life.

Objective To explore the role of secreted phosphoprotein 1(SPP1)and myeloid differentiation primary response 88(MYD88)in morphine-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.Methods A morphine addiction model was established in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.Twelve SD rats were randomly assigned to the normal saline(NS)group or the morphine-dependent(DAM)group.Histopathological analysis was employed to observe and compare myocardial tissue morphology between the two groups.Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL)staining was performed to assess the number of apoptotic cells in each group.The expression levels of SPP1 and MYD88 were evaluated using immunohistochemistry.Quantitative real-time poly merase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of SPP1,MYD88,Bax,Bcl2,Caspase-3,and Caspase-9.Simultaneously,Western blot analysis was used to detected the expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-9 proteins.In vitro,SPP1 expression was knocked down in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes(NRCMs),and cells were divided into three groups:control(CON),morphine treated(DA),and shSPP1#3+DA.Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay,and apoptosis rates were determined by flow cytometry.Results HE and TUNEL staining of myocardial tissues from morphine-addicted SD rats revealed that,compared with the NS group,myofibrils in the DAM group exhibited partial disruption and a significant increase in apoptotic cells(P<0.05).Western blot and RT-qPCR analyses demonstrated that,relative to the NS group,the mRNA and protein levels of SPP1,MYD88,Bax,Caspase-3,and Caspase-9 were significantly upregulated in the DAM group(P<0.05),whereas Bcl2 expression was significantly downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels(P<0.05),and the protein expression levels of Cleaved Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-9 were also increased.with all differences being statistically significant.In NRCMs following morphine intervention,cell viability in the DA group was markedly reduced compared to the CON group(P<0.05),accompanied by a signifi-cant increase in apoptosis rate(P<0.05).Consistently,Western blot and RT-qPCR results showed elevated mRNA and protein expression of SPP1,MYD88,Bax,Caspase-3,and Caspase-9 in the DA group(P<0.05),along with decreased Bcl2 expression(P<0.05).The protein expression levels of Cleaved Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-9 were elevated simultaneously.In contrast,the shSPP1#3+DA group exhibited opposing trends compared to the DA group,with statistically sig nificant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion SPP1 and MYD88 play critical roles in mediating morphine-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis,and silencing SPP1 has been shown to significantly reduce the extent of cardiomyocyte apoptosis following morphine exposure.

Objective:To correlate serum bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels with joint function and systemic inflammatory response in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) complicated by cartilage injury.Methods:This study is a retrospective analysis. It selected 258 patients with knee osteoarthritis who were treated at Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023. All patients underwent arthroscopic examination. Based on the presence of cartilage injury, 118 patients with cartilage injury were included in the Group A, while 140 patients without cartilage injury were included in the Group B. Joint function (WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, Lysholm Knee Function Score), serum levels of BMP-2 and COMP, and systemic inflammatory responses [levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] were compared between the two groups. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of serum BMP-2 and COMP levels for KOA complicated by cartilage injury. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between the aforementioned serum markers and the patients' WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, Lysholm Knee Function Score, as well as serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.Results:Group A had significantly lower serum BMP-2 levels and Lysholm Knee Function Scores compared with Group B [(9.18 ± 1.65) ng/L vs. (11.43 ± 2.51) ng/L, t = 8.34, P < 0.001; (80.06 ± 8.34) vs. (86.94 ± 7.21), t = 7.11, P < 0.001]. Group A exhibited higher serum levels of COMP, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as a higher WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, with all differences being statistically significant [(6.88 ± 2.34) μg/L vs. (5.04 ± 1.01) μg/L, t = -8.34, P < 0.001; (43.18 ± 7.81) ng/L vs. (35.96 ± 5.02) ng/L, t = -8.96, P < 0.001; (34.03 ± 6.68) ng/L vs. (28.75 ± 5.61) ng/L, t = -6.90, P < 0.001; (13.17 ± 1.89) ng/L vs. (11.24 ± 1.01) ng/L, t = -10.44, P < 0.001; (137.18 ± 18.95) vs. (121.14 ± 13.58), t = -7.90, P < 0.001]. ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve values for serum BMP-2 and COMP levels in diagnosing KOA complicated by cartilage injury were 0.773 and 0.811, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between serum BMP-2 levels and the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, as well as serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α ( r = -0.52, -0.42, -0.40, -0.57, all P < 0.05). Additionally, serum BMP-2 levels showed a positive correlation with the Lysholm Knee Function Score ( r = 0.51, P < 0.05). Serum COMP levels and the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index were positively correlated with serum IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels ( r = 0.48, 0.45, 0.37, 0.54, all P < 0.05) and were negatively correlated with the Lysholm Knee Function Score ( r = -0.51, P < 0.05). Conclusions:Serum BMP-2 and COMP levels have certain diagnostic value in patients with KOA complicated by cartilage injury. Moreover, these indicators are correlated with joint function and systemic inflammatory responses. Therefore, they hold promise as potential indicators for assessing disease progression in patients with KOA.

Objective:To analyze the effectiveness of different localization methods in colostomy localization among rectal cancer patients with colostomy.Methods:A total of 158 rectal cancer patients who underwent laparoscopic Dixon operation combined with temporary ileostomy from January 2020 to December 2022 at the Peking University Third Hospital were retrospectively selected for the study. Patients were divided into a traditional localization group ( n=86) and a modified localization group ( n=72) based on preoperative colostomy localization methods. The preoperative colostomy localization adoption rate and the incidence of peristoma fecal dermatitis were compared between the two groups. Results:The preoperative colostomy localization adoption rate in modified localization group was higher than that in traditional localization group, and the incidence of peristoma fecal dermatitis was lower than that in traditional localization group, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The modified rectangular area localization method is accurate for colostomy localization and reduces the risk of colostomy complications in postoperative patients.

Cough variant asthma （CVA） is a chronic respiratory disease with cough as its main symptom. The occurrence of CVA is closely related to non-specific airway inflammation， and its pathogenesis involves environmental， genetic， immune， and other factors. In recent years， the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the treatment of CVA have attracted the attention of experts and scholars in China and abroad， especially its prominent role in regulating immune balance， relieving cough symptoms in CVA patients， and reducing recurrence. T Helper cells 1 （Th1）， T helper cells 2 （Th2）， T helper cells 17 （Th17）， and regulatory T cells （Treg） are derived from CD4⁺ T cells. Immune imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg is a new hotspot in the pathogenesis of CVA and a potential key target in the treatment of CVA by TCM. Th cell subsets are in dynamic balance under physiological conditions， maintaining respiratory immune homeostasis in which pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines are balanced. Immature helper T cells （Th0） can be differentiated into Th1， Th2， Th17， Treg， and other cell subsets due to cytokine types in the microenvironment in the stage of CVA maturation. The proliferation of Th2 cells leads to eosinophilic airway inflammation. Excessive differentiation of Th17 cells induces neutrophil airway inflammation. Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg cells are mutually restricted in number and function， and the immune imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg is easy to aggravate the generation of inflammatory response. Restoring immune balance is particularly important for the airway anti-inflammatory therapy of CVA. In this paper， the imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg and the pathogenesis of CVA were systematically expounded. Meanwhile， the latest research on the regulation of immune imbalance by TCM compound， single TCM， and its effective ingredients in the treatment of CVA was reviewed. It provides ideas and references for revealing the scientific connotation of TCM regulating immune balance therapy of CVA， as well as the development of clinical treatment and basic research of CVA.