Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that can enter the human body through the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and other pathways. More and more studies have found that exposure to TCS and TCC can affect human health, but currently, review reports on the health effects of human exposure to TCS and TCC are limited. Therefore, this study reviewed population studies on the relationship between TCS and TCC exposure and health effects by searching the PubMed database, summarized the associated health outcomes, and elucidated the biological mechanisms. A total of 56 studies were retrieved, among which cross-sectional studies (25 studies, 44.64%) and cohort studies (25 studies, 44.64%) accounted for a relatively large proportion, while case-control studies (6 studies, 10.72%) were relatively few. Studies on TCS exposure (48 studies, 85.71%) were far more prevalent than those on TCC exposure (2 studies, 3.57%). The remaining 6 studies involved both TCS and TCC exposure. The research results revealed that TCS exposure was associated with male and female abnormal reproductive functions, fetal growth restriction, abnormal behavior development in children, obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and immune-related diseases. Although the results of different studies show significant differences, they have indicated that exposure to TCS is a potential risk factor for these health problems. Due to the limited number of studies, the evidence for the relationship between TCC exposure and most of the aforementioned health effects is insufficient. Population studies and in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that exposure to TCS and TCC can interfere with the microbial homeostasis, the endocrine system, oxidative stress and immune function of the body, which are potential mechanisms causing adverse health effects. In the future, large-scale prospective cohort studies, as well as in vivo and in vitro studies, are still needed to further clarify the associations between TCS and TCC exposure and health effects, and to deeply explore its mechanism of action. These efforts will provide references for clarifying the human health hazards of TCS and TCC exposure and formulating targeted prevention and control strategies.

Objective To investigate the role of caproic acid in the formation of calcium oxalate(CaOx)kidney stones. Methods A CaOx kidney stone rat model was established using ethylene glycol and ammol/lonium chloride, and histological staining was employed to verify the model construction. Gut contents from the rats were collected, and targeted metabolomics was used to measure the levels of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs).Sodium hexanoate solutions at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mmol/L, along with oxalate solutions at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mmol/L, were administered to human renal tubule epithelial(HK-2)cells to determine the optimal concentration of oxalate for inhibiting HK-2 cell growth. The cells were treated with these oxalate concentrations combined with varying sodium hexanoate levels for 24 hours. The cell viability was detected with CCK-8 assay, and the optimal concentration of sodium hexanoate was screened for reactive oxygen species(ROS)staining. Results After modeling, the body weight of the CaOx stone rats significantly decreased, while the kidney mass increased. TUNEL staining revealed a higher number of apoptotic cells in the kidneys of the CaOx stone rats compared to the controls. Von Kossa and Alizarin Red staining demonstrated significant calcium salt deposition, and Masson staining indicated pronounced renal fibrosis in the CaOx stone rats. Targeted metabolomics revealed four significant differential SCFAs between the controls and CaOx stone rats, with notably reduced level of caproic acid(VIP=1.367, FC=0.119)in the CaOx stone rats. CCK-8 assay showed that the optimal inhibitory concentration of oxalate in HK-2 cells was 1.0 mmol/L, sodium hexanoate of 1.0 mmol/L was the most effective to alleviate oxalate-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury. ROS staining revealed that sodium hexanoate could reduce the ROS level in the HK-2 cells. Conclusion Caproic acid can inhibit the damage to renal tubular epithelial cells caused by CaOx and reduce the intracellular ROS level, thereby inhibiting the formation of CaOx stones. This study may provide a new direction for the treatment of CaOx stones.

This report presented the first imported case of alveolar echinococcosis in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province. The patient was a local resident who had worked in Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2019 to 2023, an area co-endemic for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. He presented with hepatic discomfort in June 2023. Imaging examinations revealed an 8 cm × 6 cm mass in the left liver lobe, and serological testing showed positive IgG antibodies against Echinococcus. Post-surgical pathology confirmed the diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis. Given that Tianzhu County has historically been endemic only for cystic echinococcosis and has not reported local cases of alveolar echinococcosis, this case was identified as an imported case based on epidemiological history. The case underwent left lateral hepatic lobectomy and no recurrence was seen at 2-year follow-up post-surgery. It is recommended to enhance the identification of different types of echinococcosis among clinicians, improve health education among migrant laborers, reinforce active screening among returning labors, and advance a One Health concept-based, cross-regional “human-animal-environment” joint prevention and control mechanism to prevent the risk of imported echinococcosis.

Purpose To investigate the value of intratumoral and different ranges of peritumoral radiomics features of the primary lesion of breast cancer based on ultrasound images in predicting axillary lymph node metastasis(ALNM),and to explore the best peritumoral range.Materials and Methods A total of 312 cases confirmed by pathology in breast cancer patients with preoperative ultrasound images from June 2022 to February 2024 in Binzhou Medical University Hospital were retrospectively enrolled,and were randomly divided into training set and testing set according to the 7∶3 proportion.The tumor border of the ultrasound images was manually delineated as the intratumoral region of interest,and the peritumoral region of interest was obtained by conformal automatically extended different range(1,2,3,4 and 5 mm).The radiomics features were screened.Based on the selected optimal radiomics features,random forest classifier was used to construct three types of radiomics models(intratumoral model,5 peritumoral models,and 5 intratumoral+peritumoral models).The performance and clinical practicability of the models was assessed the area under the curve(AUC)and decision curve analysis.Results The AUCs of the intratumoral+peritumoral radiomics models for predicting ALNM in the training set and test set were 0.807-0.873,0.728-0.780,respectively,which were superior to those of the single intratumoral radiomics models(0.822,0.758)and peritumoral radiomics models(0.722-0.768,0.650-0.710).The intratumoral+peritumoral 3 mm radiomics model showed the best predictive performance,with AUC of 0.873 in the training set and 0.780 in the test set,respectively,and the decision curve showed that the model had a good clinical net benefit.Conclusion The combined intratumoral and peritumoral radiomics features of the primary lesion of breast cancer based on ultrasound images can effectively predict ALNM,and 3 mm peritumoral may be the best peritumoral range for predicting ALNM.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the characteristics of global surgical site infection(SSI)outbreaks and provide references for targeted prevention and control measures.METHODS SSI outbreak events from Jan.1,1990 to Dec.31,2023 were searched from Wanfang Med,CNKI,VIP and PubMed.Data on department distribution dur-ing the outbreak,duration,investigation methods,main causes,transmission modes,pathogen composition and outbreak outcomes were summarized for analysis.RESULTS A total of 111 SSI outbreaks in 20 countries were identi-fied,involving 1 382 patients and 24 deaths.The source of the outbreak was identified in 78 cases,mainly involving med-ical personnel in 27 cases(34.62％),hospital equipment in 19 cases(24.36％),environmental factors in 11 cases(14.10％),workflow factors in 10 cases(12.82％),hospital water factors in 7 cases(8.97％)and disinfectant fac-tors in 4 cases(5.13％).The duration of SSI outbreaks abroad was 5.00(1.50,12.00)months,longer than that in China[1.00(1.00,2.00)month](P＜0.05).In China,the outbreaks mainly occurred in neurosurgery,cardiac surger-y,orthopedics,obstetrics and general surgery,while at abroad,they mainly occurred in cardiac surgery,orthopedics,and involved multiple surgical departments.Environmental hygiene methods were adopted in up to 90.63％of cases in China.Compared with China,analytical epidemiological methods and molecular epidemiological methods were more com-monly used abroad.Targeted measures and strengthened basic measures were implemented for different outbreak sources to terminate the SSI outbreaks.Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(34 times)was a widely used molecular typing method in outbreak investigations.CONCLUSIONS Based on the analysis of SSI outbreak characteristics and risk factors,it is neces-sary to strengthen medical personnel training and monitoring of special pathogens.At the same time,the epidemiologi-cal investigation capabilities of infection control professionals should be strengthened.

Objective:To study the effects of aluminum exposure on learning and memory and the expression of nerve growth factor(NGF)in the hippocampus of offspring rats,and to investigate the mechanism by which aluminum impairs learning and memory function.Methods:Forty pregnant Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the Control group(Control),low-dose Al group(Al-L),medium-dose Al group(Al-M)and high-dose Al group(Al-H).The off-spring rats were fed with Al through breast milk from birth to weaning,while the rats in the control group were fed with distilled water.The maternal rats Al-L,Al-M and Al-H groups drank distilled water solution containing 2.0,4.0 and 8.0 g/L AlCl3,respectively.After weaning,the offspring rats in the aluminum exposure group drank distilled water so-lution containing 2.0,4.0 and 8.0 g/L AlCl3 by themselves until the 90th day after birth to establish the offspring rat model of subchronic aluminum exposure.After aluminum exposure,the shuttle box test was used to detect the learning and memory ability of offspring rats,and the body weight of offspring rats and hippocampus were weighed to evaluate the effect of aluminum exposure.The expression of nerve growth factor(NGF)protein in hippocampus of offspring rats was detected by Western blot,and the expression of NGF mRNA in hippocampus of offspring rats was detected by real time RT-PCR.Results:The body weight of offspring rats in Al-H group was significantly lower than that in the other three dose groups.In the shuttle box test,compared with the control group,the active avoidance response and passive avoid-ance response of the offspring rats in the aluminum exposure group showed a downward trend with the increase of alumi-num exposure dose,indicating that the learning and memory ability of the offspring rats in the aluminum exposure group was impaired.Compared with the control group,the NGF protein content and NGF mRNA expression in the hippocam-pus of offspring rats in the aluminum exposure group were significantly decreased.Conclusion:Subchronic aluminum exposure down-regulates the expression of NGF in the hippocampus,which may cause learning and memory impairment in offspring rats.

Chemotherapy is currently the mainstay of systemic management for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but chemoresistance significantly impacts patient outcomes. Our research indicates that Doxorubicin (Dox)-resistant TNBC cells exhibit increased glycolysis and ATP generation compared to their parental cells, with this metabolic shift contributing to chemoresistance. We discovered that ALKBH3, an m¹A demethylase enzyme, is crucial in regulating the enhanced glycolysis in Dox-resistant TNBC cells. Knocking down ALKBH3 reduced ATP generation, glucose consumption, and lactate production, implicating its involvement in mediating glycolysis. Further investigation revealed that aldolase A (ALDOA), a key enzyme in glycolysis, is a downstream target of ALKBH3. ALKBH3 regulates ALDOA mRNA stability through m¹A demethylation at the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR). This methylation negatively affects ALDOA mRNA stability by recruiting the YTHDF2/PAN2-PAN3 complex, leading to mRNA degradation. The ALKBH3/ALDOA axis promotes Dox resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Clinical analysis demonstrated that ALKBH3 and ALDOA are upregulated in breast cancer tissues, and higher expression of these proteins is associated with reduced overall survival in TNBC patients. Our study highlights the role of the ALKBH3/ALDOA axis in contributing to Dox resistance in TNBC cells through regulation of ALDOA mRNA stability and glycolysis.

Objective:To investigate whether circular RNA VMA21(circVMA21)targeting miR-497-5p/mucin1(MUC1)affecting the expressions of inflammatory factors and apoptosis in lung epithelial cells induced by LPS.Methods:A549 lung epithelial cells were divided into Con group(control),LPS group(LPS injury),LPS+pcDNA group,LPS+pcDNA-circVMA21 group,LPS+anti-miR-NC group,LPS+anti-miR-497-5p group,LPS+pcDNA-circVMA21+miR-NC group,LPS+pcDNA-circVMA21+miR-497-5p group.Expressions of circVMA21 and miR-497-5p were measured by qRT-PCR,expressions of inflammatory factors IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α were determined by ELISA,flow cytometry was used to monitor cell apoptosis,and Western blot was employed to assay expres-sions of MUC1,TLR4/NF-κB pathway and apoptosis-related activation-cleaved-caspase3 and cleaved-caspase9 protein.The targeting relationships between circVMA21 and miR-497-5p,miR-497-5p and MUC1 were determined by dual luciferase reporter assay.Results:Compared with Con group,expressions of circVMA21 and MUC1 in lung epithelial cells of LPS group were decreased,while expression levels of miR-497-5p,IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α,apoptosis rate,expressions of apoptotic proteins cleaved-caspase3 and cleaved-caspase9,and TLR4,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 were increased(P<0.05).Compared with LPS+pcDNA group,expressions of circVMA21 and MUC1 in lung epithelial cells of LPS+pcDNA-circVMA21 group were increased,while expression levels of IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α,apoptosis rate,expressions of cleaved-caspase3 and cleaved-caspase9,and TLR4,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 were decreased(P<0.05).circVMA21 was targeted regulating the expression of miR-497-5p.Compared with LPS+anti-miR-NC group,ex-pressions of MUC1 in lung epithelial cells of LPS+anti-miR-497-5p group was increased,while expression levels of IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α,apoptosis rate,protein cleaved-caspase3 and cleaved-caspase9,and TLR4,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 were decreased(P<0.05).miR-497-5p was targeted regulating the expression of MUC1.Compared with LPS+pcDNA-circVMA21+miR-NC group,expression of MUC1 in lung epithelial cells of LPS+pcDNA-circVMA21+miR-497-5p group was decreased,while expression levels of IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α,apoptosis rate,expressions of cleaved-caspase3 and cleaved-caspase9,and TLR4,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 were increased(P<0.05).Conclusion:circVMA21 may promote expression of MUC1 and inhibit activation of TLR-4/NF-κB pathway by down-regu-lating miR-497-5p,thereby reducing expressions of inflammatory factors and apoptosis of lung epithelial cells induced by LPS.

Objective:To gain a understanding of the current situation and influencing factors of poor vision in 6-year-old children in Heilongjiang Province, and to provide a reference basis for formulating effective prevention and control strategies for poor vision.Methods:From August to October 2024, a non probability sampling method was used to select 6-year-old children in Heihe City, Jiamusi City, Hegang City, Suifenhe City, Dongning City, and Dorbod Mongol Autonomous County for vision examination and questionnaire survey. The questionnaire survey included electronic screen usage, close range eye habits, outdoor activities and sleep conditions, vision examination results, interests and dietary habits, and the influencing factors of poor vision were analyzed.Results:A total of 6 342 6-year-old children were surveyed, with a detection rate of 29.234% (1 854/6 342) for poor vision. Five thousand seven hundred and twenty-one valid questionnaires were recovered, with a valid questionnaire rate of 90.208%. Logistic multivariate analysis showed that daily TV viewing time (≥2 h), daily computer usage time (≥1 h), daily use of mobile electronic devices (≥1 h), turning off lights when watching electronic screens after dark, resting frequency when using close range eyes (≥0.5 h rest once), parental myopia, frequent picky eating habits, and a preference for sweet foods (desserts, fruits, ice cream) were independent risk factors for poor vision in 6-year-old children ( P < 0.05). The distance between the eyes and the computer display screen exceeding 66 cm, the distance between the eyes and the TV display screen exceeding 3 m, and the daily outdoor activity time (≥3 h) were independent protective factors ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:The detection rate of poor vision in 6-year-old children in Heilongjiang Province is relatively high, and factors such as electronic screen usage, close range eye habits, outdoor activities, and dietary habits are all influencing factors. In the future, we should raise children's awareness of vision protection and develop scientific and effective prevention and control strategies to reduce the incidence of poor vision in children and adolescents.

The 2025 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Volume Ⅳ has added General Chapter 9211"Guidelines for the Application of Water Activity in Microbial Control of Non-sterile Pharmaceuticals".This guideline is rela-tively new in China's pharmaceutical industry,and it also serves as an important concept and measure to compre-hensively promote microbial process control of pharmaceuticals,conduct microbial quality risk management,and optimize microbial limit setting for non-sterile pharmaceuticals.This article elaborates and interprets the guidelines from four aspects:the background of establishing the guidelines,the necessity and significance of adding the guide-lines,the process of adding the guidelines,and the main framework and key content of the guidelines.It aims to guide enterprises to optimize formulations,formulate personalized microbial control strategies,and realize the trans-formation from terminal quality control to process control,so as to provide important tools and theoretical guidance for microbial quality risk management.