ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Qizhujianwei granules （QZJW） on abnormal proliferation and malignant transformation of gastric mucosal cells in rats with gastric intraepithelial neoplasia （GIN） and to explore the related mechanisms. MethodsA total of 80 SPF male Wistar rats were used. A GIN rat model was established using a four-factor comprehensive method consisting of methylnitronitrosoguanidine （MNNG）， ranitidine， irregular feeding patterns， and sodium salicylate. Except for the normal group， after successful modeling， the rats were randomly divided according to body weight into a model group， a Moluodan group （0.55 g·kg^-1）， and a QZJW group （7.34 g·kg^-1）， with 12 rats in each group. All groups were treated for 8 weeks. The general characteristics of the rats and morphological changes of the gastric mucosa were observed. Histopathological changes of the gastric mucosa were examined by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect serum levels of pepsinogenⅠ （PGⅠ）， pepsinogenⅡ （PGⅡ）， and gastrin （G-17）， as well as the expression level of transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁） in gastric mucosal tissue， and the PGⅠ/PGⅡ ratio was calculated. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was used to detect the localization and expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen （Ki-67） and Vimentin in gastric mucosal tissue. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein expression levels of Wnt family member 3A （Wnt3a）， β-catenin， CyclinD₁， proto-oncogene Cmyc， transforming growth factor-β receptor Ⅰ （TGFβRⅠ）， intracellular signaling transducers Smad2/3， phosphorylated （p）-Smad2/3， twist family transcription factor （Twist1）， and Vimentin in gastric mucosal tissue. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed characteristic changes including dim eyes， pale ears and claws， dark-red tongue， and reduced luster of the tail. The gastric mucosa appeared pale， with surface congestion and erosion. The gastric mucosal glands were disordered， the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio increased， and local tumor cells were observed. Serum PGⅠ and PGⅡ levels and the PGⅠ/PGⅡ ratio were significantly decreased （P<0.01）， while the level of G-17 was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The protein expression levels of Ki-67， Wnt3a， β-catenin， CyclinD₁， Cmyc， TGF-β₁， TGFβRⅠ， Smad2/3， Twist1， and Vimentin in gastric mucosal tissue were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， whereas the ratio of p-Smad2/3 to Smad2/3 was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the general characteristics and gastric mucosal conditions of rats in the Moluodan group and the QZJW group were improved. HE staining showed that QZJW could effectively block the malignant progression of GIN. Serum PGⅠ and PGⅡ levels and the PGⅠ/PGⅡ ratio were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the level of G-17 was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The protein expression levels of Ki-67， Wnt3a， β-catenin， CyclinD₁， Cmyc， TGF-β₁， TGFβRⅠ， Smad2/3， Twist1， and Vimentin in gastric mucosal tissue were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionQZJW have a therapeutic effect on rats with GIN. The mechanism may involve inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to regulate the cell cycle and suppress abnormal cell proliferation. Meanwhile， it may inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition by suppressing the TGF-β₁/Smad/Twist1 signaling pathway， thereby blocking the malignant progression of GIN.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Qizhujianwei granules （QZJW） on abnormal proliferation and malignant transformation of gastric mucosal cells in rats with gastric intraepithelial neoplasia （GIN） and to explore the related mechanisms. MethodsA total of 80 SPF male Wistar rats were used. A GIN rat model was established using a four-factor comprehensive method consisting of methylnitronitrosoguanidine （MNNG）， ranitidine， irregular feeding patterns， and sodium salicylate. Except for the normal group， after successful modeling， the rats were randomly divided according to body weight into a model group， a Moluodan group （0.55 g·kg^-1）， and a QZJW group （7.34 g·kg^-1）， with 12 rats in each group. All groups were treated for 8 weeks. The general characteristics of the rats and morphological changes of the gastric mucosa were observed. Histopathological changes of the gastric mucosa were examined by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect serum levels of pepsinogenⅠ （PGⅠ）， pepsinogenⅡ （PGⅡ）， and gastrin （G-17）， as well as the expression level of transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁） in gastric mucosal tissue， and the PGⅠ/PGⅡ ratio was calculated. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was used to detect the localization and expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen （Ki-67） and Vimentin in gastric mucosal tissue. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein expression levels of Wnt family member 3A （Wnt3a）， β-catenin， CyclinD₁， proto-oncogene Cmyc， transforming growth factor-β receptor Ⅰ （TGFβRⅠ）， intracellular signaling transducers Smad2/3， phosphorylated （p）-Smad2/3， twist family transcription factor （Twist1）， and Vimentin in gastric mucosal tissue. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed characteristic changes including dim eyes， pale ears and claws， dark-red tongue， and reduced luster of the tail. The gastric mucosa appeared pale， with surface congestion and erosion. The gastric mucosal glands were disordered， the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio increased， and local tumor cells were observed. Serum PGⅠ and PGⅡ levels and the PGⅠ/PGⅡ ratio were significantly decreased （P<0.01）， while the level of G-17 was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The protein expression levels of Ki-67， Wnt3a， β-catenin， CyclinD₁， Cmyc， TGF-β₁， TGFβRⅠ， Smad2/3， Twist1， and Vimentin in gastric mucosal tissue were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， whereas the ratio of p-Smad2/3 to Smad2/3 was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the general characteristics and gastric mucosal conditions of rats in the Moluodan group and the QZJW group were improved. HE staining showed that QZJW could effectively block the malignant progression of GIN. Serum PGⅠ and PGⅡ levels and the PGⅠ/PGⅡ ratio were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the level of G-17 was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The protein expression levels of Ki-67， Wnt3a， β-catenin， CyclinD₁， Cmyc， TGF-β₁， TGFβRⅠ， Smad2/3， Twist1， and Vimentin in gastric mucosal tissue were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionQZJW have a therapeutic effect on rats with GIN. The mechanism may involve inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to regulate the cell cycle and suppress abnormal cell proliferation. Meanwhile， it may inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition by suppressing the TGF-β₁/Smad/Twist1 signaling pathway， thereby blocking the malignant progression of GIN.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and intracranial or extracranial atherosclerosis in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).Methods:A total of 407 patients with CSVD admitted to Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between July 2021 and September 2023 were enrolled in the study. Carotid duplex ultrasound was used to measure the internal diameter, intima-media thickness (IMT), vascular wall thickness, plaque property score, stenosis index, and stenosis ratio of the bilateral common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries, external carotid arteries, and vertebral arteries. Magnetic resonance angiography was used to assess the degree of stenosis in intracranial arteries. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on the serum IGF-1 levels (low level group:≤5.21 ng/ml, medium level group:>5.21 ng/ml and ≤10.73 ng/ml, high level group:>10.73 ng/ml and ≤24.26 ng/ml, extremely high level group:>24.26 ng/ml). The IMT of the common carotid artery, carotid plaques, diameters of various cervical vascular lumens, carotid artery diameter stenosis, and intracranial artery stenosis in 4 groups of the patients were compared. The relationship between IGF-1 and intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis was analyzed by univariate Logistic regression analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis.Results:There were inter group differences among the 4 groups in internal carotid artery diameter [low level group 5.45 (0.50) mm vs medium level group 5.32 (0.55) mm vs high level group 5.30 (0.55) mm vs extremely high level group 5.30 (0.50) mm; H=8.210, P=0.042]. The carotid IMT [low level group 0.80 (0.05) mm vs medium level group 0.80 (0.05) mm vs high level group 0.83 (0.03) mm vs extremely high level group 0.83 (0.09) mm; H=8.107, P=0.044], the proportion of carotid artery vascular wall thickening [low level group 52.9%(54/102) vs medium level group 48.0%(49/102) vs high level group 68.3%(69/101) vs extremely high level group 60.8%(62/102); χ2=9.889, P=0.020], the carotid artery plaque property score [low level group 1 (2) vs medium level group 2 (2) vs high level group 2 (2) vs extremely high level group 2 (2); H=8.913, P=0.030] and the proportion of anterior cerebral artery stenosis [low level group 2.9%(3/102) vs medium level group 2.0%(2/102) vs high level group 4.0%(4/101) vs extremely high level group 10.8%(11/102); χ2=10.473, P=0.014] had inter group differences among the 4 groups, and the differences were statistically significant. Univariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that carotid artery vascular wall thickening ( OR=1.197, 95% CI 1.003-1.429, P=0.046), anterior cerebral artery stenosis ( OR=1.814, 95% CI 1.148-2.867, P=0.011), and basilar artery stenosis ( OR=1.530, 95% CI 1.084-2.159, P=0.015) were correlated with IGF-1 levels. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that after adjusting for age, gender, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and C-reactive protein, IGF-1 was positively correlated with the carotid artery vascular wall thickening ( OR=1.311, 95% CI 1.014-1.696, P=0.039); after adjusting for age, IGF-1 was positively correlated with the anterior cerebral artery stenosis ( OR=2.130, 95% CI 1.201-3.776, P=0.010); after adjusting for gender, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and cholesterol levels, IGF-1 was positively correlated with basilar artery stenosis ( OR=1.688, 95% CI 1.063-2.681, P=0.027). Conclusions:There is an association between IGF-1 levels and intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis in patients with CSVD. IGF-1 may play a role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis in CSVD.

Acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fracture (ASOTLF) can lead to chronic low back pain, kyphosis deformity, pulmonary dysfunction, loss of mobility, and even life-threatening complications. Vertebral augmentation is currently the mainstream treatment method for this condition. In 2019, the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Trauma and the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association collaboratively led the development of Clinical guideline for vertebral augmentation for acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures. Six years later, with advances in clinical diagnosis and treatment techniques as well as accumulating evidence in related fields, the 2019 guideline requires updating. To this end, the Spinal Trauma Group of Orthopedic Surgeons Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, the Spinal Health Professional Committee of China Human Health Science and Technology Promotion Association, and the Minimally Invasive Orthopedics Professional Committee of Shaanxi Medical Doctor Association have organized experts in the field to develop the Clinical guideline for vertebral augmentation of acute symptomatic osteoporotic thoracolumbar compression fractures ( version 2025) , based on the latest evidence-based medical researches. This guideline incorporates 3 recommendations retained from the 2019 version with updated strength of evidence, along with 12 new recommendations. It provides recommendations from six aspects of diagnosis, pain management, treatment option selection, prevention of postoperative complications, anti-osteoporosis therapy, and postoperative rehabilitation, aiming to provide a reference for standard treatment of vertebral augmentation for ASOTLF in hospitals at all levels.

Objective:To observe any effect of dynamic instability training on the balance and posture control of persons with chronic ankle instability (CAI).Methods:Thirty persons with CAI were divided at random into a control group and an observation group, each of 15. Both groups received routine rehabilitation interventions (including ankle strength training, kinesio taping, and vibration training), while the observation group additionally underwent 20 minutes of dynamic instability training daily, 5 days a week for 4 consecutive weeks. Before and after the treatment, everyone′s balance was evaluated using the Berg balance scale (BBS) and the star moving balance test (SEBT). Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to collect electromyograms of the affected peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris and medialis femoris muscles of both groups within 100ms before and after landing in the jump-landing test. The intensity of muscle activation was thus analyzed.Results:After the treatment there was significant improvement in the average BBS scores, anterior medial SEBT, medial SEBT and posterior medial SEBT results of both groups. On average, all three SEBT results [(80.27±4.06)cm, (90.27±4.06)cm and (97.73±3.47)cm respectively] were significantly better in the observation group than in the control group. The standardized integrated electromyographs of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris and medialis femoris muscles on the affected sides showed significant improvement compared with before the treatment, but there too the observation group′s results were significantly better than those of the control group.Conclusions:Combining dynamic instability training with conventional rehabilitation can further improve the balance and postural control of persons with chronic ankle instability.

AIM:To investigate the effects of Xiaoyao-Kang'ai-Jieyu formula(XYKAJY)-containing serum on the co-culture of BV2 and HT22 cells from mice with breast cancer-related depression(BCRD).METHODS:The op-timal concentration of XYKAJY-containing serum was determined using mouse HT22 cells.In vitro co-culture model of mouse HT22 and BV2 cells was established through incubation with 4T1 cell supernatant and 200 μmol/L corticosterone.The cells were then divided into control group,model group,blank serum group,positive drug serum group,5%XY-KAJY-containing serum group,10%XYKAJY-containing serum group,15%XYKAJY-containing serum group and 20%XYKAJY-containing serum group.Alterations in HT22 cell viability was detected by CCK8 assay.The concentration level of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-6 and IL-18 in the cell supernatant was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent as-say(ELISA).Flow cytometry was conducted to assess the apoptosis rate of HT22 cells and quantify the expression levels of adhesion molecule CD11b on the surface of BV2 cells.Immunofluorescence was performed to determine the expression of neuron-specific enolase(NSE),synapsin 1(Syn1)and postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD95)in HT22 cells,and that of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)in BV2 cells.RESULTS:Treatment with XYKAJY-containing serum down-regulated CD11b expression level in BV2 cells(P<0.01),and reduced the release of IL-1β,IL-6 and IL-18(P<0.01).Moreover,it significantly improved the viability of HT22 cells(P<0.01),enhanced cell morphology integrity,and reduced the apoptosis rate(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:These findings indicated that XYKAJY-containing serum im-proved the function of mouse HT22 neurons by regulating the polarization phenotype of mouse BV2 cells and alleviating neuroinflammatory-induced toxicity.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and intracranial or extracranial atherosclerosis in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD).Methods:A total of 407 patients with CSVD admitted to Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between July 2021 and September 2023 were enrolled in the study. Carotid duplex ultrasound was used to measure the internal diameter, intima-media thickness (IMT), vascular wall thickness, plaque property score, stenosis index, and stenosis ratio of the bilateral common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries, external carotid arteries, and vertebral arteries. Magnetic resonance angiography was used to assess the degree of stenosis in intracranial arteries. Patients were divided into 4 groups based on the serum IGF-1 levels (low level group:≤5.21 ng/ml, medium level group:>5.21 ng/ml and ≤10.73 ng/ml, high level group:>10.73 ng/ml and ≤24.26 ng/ml, extremely high level group:>24.26 ng/ml). The IMT of the common carotid artery, carotid plaques, diameters of various cervical vascular lumens, carotid artery diameter stenosis, and intracranial artery stenosis in 4 groups of the patients were compared. The relationship between IGF-1 and intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis was analyzed by univariate Logistic regression analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis.Results:There were inter group differences among the 4 groups in internal carotid artery diameter [low level group 5.45 (0.50) mm vs medium level group 5.32 (0.55) mm vs high level group 5.30 (0.55) mm vs extremely high level group 5.30 (0.50) mm; H=8.210, P=0.042]. The carotid IMT [low level group 0.80 (0.05) mm vs medium level group 0.80 (0.05) mm vs high level group 0.83 (0.03) mm vs extremely high level group 0.83 (0.09) mm; H=8.107, P=0.044], the proportion of carotid artery vascular wall thickening [low level group 52.9%(54/102) vs medium level group 48.0%(49/102) vs high level group 68.3%(69/101) vs extremely high level group 60.8%(62/102); χ2=9.889, P=0.020], the carotid artery plaque property score [low level group 1 (2) vs medium level group 2 (2) vs high level group 2 (2) vs extremely high level group 2 (2); H=8.913, P=0.030] and the proportion of anterior cerebral artery stenosis [low level group 2.9%(3/102) vs medium level group 2.0%(2/102) vs high level group 4.0%(4/101) vs extremely high level group 10.8%(11/102); χ2=10.473, P=0.014] had inter group differences among the 4 groups, and the differences were statistically significant. Univariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that carotid artery vascular wall thickening ( OR=1.197, 95% CI 1.003-1.429, P=0.046), anterior cerebral artery stenosis ( OR=1.814, 95% CI 1.148-2.867, P=0.011), and basilar artery stenosis ( OR=1.530, 95% CI 1.084-2.159, P=0.015) were correlated with IGF-1 levels. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that after adjusting for age, gender, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and C-reactive protein, IGF-1 was positively correlated with the carotid artery vascular wall thickening ( OR=1.311, 95% CI 1.014-1.696, P=0.039); after adjusting for age, IGF-1 was positively correlated with the anterior cerebral artery stenosis ( OR=2.130, 95% CI 1.201-3.776, P=0.010); after adjusting for gender, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and cholesterol levels, IGF-1 was positively correlated with basilar artery stenosis ( OR=1.688, 95% CI 1.063-2.681, P=0.027). Conclusions:There is an association between IGF-1 levels and intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis in patients with CSVD. IGF-1 may play a role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis in CSVD.

OBJECTIVE To retrospectively analyze the drug resistance characteristics of the patients with multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs)infections who were hospitalized from 2022 to 2023 and observe the effect of multi-disciplinary teamwork(MDT)mode so as to provide scientific bases for prevention and control of MDROs infec-tions and hospital-associated infections.METHODS A total of 639 patients with MDROs infection who were hospi-talized in Jianyang People's Hospital from Jan.2022 to Dec.2023 were recruited as the research subjects.The clinical data were collected from the patients,the drug resistance characteristics of bacteria were analyzed.The effects of MDT and pharmacological supervision on treatment of the patients with MDROs infection were observed and compared.RESULTS The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)(359 strains,56.18％)was dominant among the pathogens isolated from the 639 patients with MDROs infections,followed by the carbapen-em-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)(96 strains,15.02％)and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter bau-mannii(82 strains,12.83％).Of the patients with MDROs infection,150(23.47％)were from critical care medicine department,94(14.71％)from pediatrics department,and 82(12.83％)from general surgery de-partment.The result of drug susceptibility test showed that the S.aureus strains were susceptible to linezolid,daptomycin,vancomycin and tigecycline;most of the gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to carbapenems,while the A.baumannii strains were highly resistant to the commonly used antibiotics.The total isolation rate of MDROs and the case-time infection rate of MDROs infections were 14.32％and 0.05％,respectively,after MDT and pharmacological supervision were carried out,lower than those before carried out;the effective treatment rate of the patients with MDROs was 76.47％after MDT and pharmacological supervision were carried out,higher than that before they were carried out,and there were significant differences(all P＜0.05).CONCLUSION MDT and pharmacological supervision may improve the curative effect of the patients with MDROs infection and reduce the isolation rate of MDROs as well as the incidence of hospital-associated infections.

OBJECTIVE To retrospectively analyze the drug resistance characteristics of the patients with multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs)infections who were hospitalized from 2022 to 2023 and observe the effect of multi-disciplinary teamwork(MDT)mode so as to provide scientific bases for prevention and control of MDROs infec-tions and hospital-associated infections.METHODS A total of 639 patients with MDROs infection who were hospi-talized in Jianyang People's Hospital from Jan.2022 to Dec.2023 were recruited as the research subjects.The clinical data were collected from the patients,the drug resistance characteristics of bacteria were analyzed.The effects of MDT and pharmacological supervision on treatment of the patients with MDROs infection were observed and compared.RESULTS The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)(359 strains,56.18％)was dominant among the pathogens isolated from the 639 patients with MDROs infections,followed by the carbapen-em-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)(96 strains,15.02％)and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter bau-mannii(82 strains,12.83％).Of the patients with MDROs infection,150(23.47％)were from critical care medicine department,94(14.71％)from pediatrics department,and 82(12.83％)from general surgery de-partment.The result of drug susceptibility test showed that the S.aureus strains were susceptible to linezolid,daptomycin,vancomycin and tigecycline;most of the gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to carbapenems,while the A.baumannii strains were highly resistant to the commonly used antibiotics.The total isolation rate of MDROs and the case-time infection rate of MDROs infections were 14.32％and 0.05％,respectively,after MDT and pharmacological supervision were carried out,lower than those before carried out;the effective treatment rate of the patients with MDROs was 76.47％after MDT and pharmacological supervision were carried out,higher than that before they were carried out,and there were significant differences(all P＜0.05).CONCLUSION MDT and pharmacological supervision may improve the curative effect of the patients with MDROs infection and reduce the isolation rate of MDROs as well as the incidence of hospital-associated infections.

AIM:To investigate the effects of Xiaoyao-Kang'ai-Jieyu formula(XYKAJY)-containing serum on the co-culture of BV2 and HT22 cells from mice with breast cancer-related depression(BCRD).METHODS:The op-timal concentration of XYKAJY-containing serum was determined using mouse HT22 cells.In vitro co-culture model of mouse HT22 and BV2 cells was established through incubation with 4T1 cell supernatant and 200 μmol/L corticosterone.The cells were then divided into control group,model group,blank serum group,positive drug serum group,5%XY-KAJY-containing serum group,10%XYKAJY-containing serum group,15%XYKAJY-containing serum group and 20%XYKAJY-containing serum group.Alterations in HT22 cell viability was detected by CCK8 assay.The concentration level of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),IL-6 and IL-18 in the cell supernatant was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent as-say(ELISA).Flow cytometry was conducted to assess the apoptosis rate of HT22 cells and quantify the expression levels of adhesion molecule CD11b on the surface of BV2 cells.Immunofluorescence was performed to determine the expression of neuron-specific enolase(NSE),synapsin 1(Syn1)and postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD95)in HT22 cells,and that of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)in BV2 cells.RESULTS:Treatment with XYKAJY-containing serum down-regulated CD11b expression level in BV2 cells(P<0.01),and reduced the release of IL-1β,IL-6 and IL-18(P<0.01).Moreover,it significantly improved the viability of HT22 cells(P<0.01),enhanced cell morphology integrity,and reduced the apoptosis rate(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:These findings indicated that XYKAJY-containing serum im-proved the function of mouse HT22 neurons by regulating the polarization phenotype of mouse BV2 cells and alleviating neuroinflammatory-induced toxicity.