Abstract Airborne microorganisms, especially pathogenic microorganisms, are easily transmitted through dust and droplets, leading to various infectious diseases. The study summarizes the status of airborne microbial pollution, potential exposure levels, particle size, and species distribution of microorganisms, discusses the impact of airborne microorganisms on human health, and analyzes specific factors affecting campus air microorganisms from four aspects:climate, anthropogenic factors, time, and space, to provide a scientific basis for formulating effective improvement measures, improving air quality and safeguarding the health of teachers and students.

OBJECTIVE To study the intervention effects of Wenshen Tongluo Zhitong Recipe(WTZR)on macrophage senes-cence and senile osteoporosis.METHODS The senescent macrophage model was established using hydrogen peroxide(H2 O2)and subsequently divided into four groups:control,model,low-dose drug-treated serum,and high-dose drug-treated serum.β-galactosidase staining,Western blot and qPCR were employed to evaluate the mRNA expression of senescence markers p21 and p53.ROS staining and JC-1 staining were applied to assess mitochondrial function in macrophages.The mRNA levels of Interleukin(IL)-6,IL-10,CD206,and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)were determined by qPCR analysis.Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate argi-nase(ARG1)and iNOS protein expressions for assessing the impact of drug-containing serum on macrophage polarization.qPCR analy-sis was conducted to measure osteocalcin(OCN),collagen type Ⅰ alpha 1(Col1a1),runt-related transcription factor 2(Runx2)mRNA levels as osteoblast-related markers;ALP staining along with alizarin red staining were performed to evaluate the effect of macrophage conditioned medium treated with drug-containing serum on bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell(BMSC)osteogenic differentiation.C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated into four groups:control group,model group,WTZR low-dose group,and WTZR high-dose group.The senile osteoporosis(SOP)mouse model was established by D-galactose.Micro-CT scanning analyzed fe-mur microstructure while HE staining detected pathological changes in femur bone tissue samples collected from each experimental con-dition.Furthermore,Western blot was used to detect the senescence-related molecules p21 and p53 and the osteogenesis-related mark-ers OCN and Runx2,qPCR analysis measured tibial expression levels of senescence-related molecules(p21,p53)as well as macro-phage polarisation-related molecules(IL-6,iNOS,CD206,and IL-10)to assess the effect of this compound on a mouse model simula-ting SOP.RESULTS Following intervention with serum containing WTZR,there was a significant decrease in the number of senes-cent positive cells compared to the model group.Additionally,there was a notable decrease in p21 and p53 mRNA and proteins expres-sion(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.001).Furthermore,drug-containing WTZR effectively inhibited ROS production induced by H2 O2 and mitigated mitochondrial membrane potential reduction in macrophages(P＜0.05,P＜0.001).Treatment with drug-containing WTZR re-sulted in down-regulated mRNA expression of M1-related gene iNOS(P＜0.05)while up-regulating mRNA expression of M2-related genes CD163 and CD206(P＜0.05).The drug-containing WTZR significantly reduced fluorescence intensity for iNOS(P＜0.01)while increasing ARG1(P＜0.05)fluorescence intensity.Moreover,conditioned medium from macrophages treated with drug-containing ser-um increased ALP positive cell count(P＜0.01,P＜0.001),alizarin red positive area(P＜0.05),as well as Col1a1,Runx2 and OCN mRNA expression levels(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The Tb.N,BMD,and BV/TV were significantly higher in the WTZR group compared to the model group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.001);meanwhile,Tb.Sp was notably lower than that observed in the model group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);bone trabeculae were significantly improved,increased in number and widened.Additionally,the compound could significantly inhibit the D-galactose induced up-regulation of tibial senescence-related genes and proteins p21 and p53(P＜0.05,P＜0.001,P＜0.0001),promote the expression of osteogenesis-related markers OCN and Runx2 protein(P＜0.01,P＜0.0001),promote the down-regulation of M1 related genes IL-6 and iNOS(P＜0.05),and promote the expression of M2 related genes IL-10 and CD206(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION Wenshen Tongluo Zhitong Recipe may play an anti-osteoporosis effect by inhibiting macrophage senescence and promoting the osteogenic differentiation of BMSC.

Objective:To investigate the expression pattern,clinical significance,and the regulatory role of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1(OAS1)in the proliferation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)cells.Methods:Public databases such as Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)and The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)were used to analyze the expression of OAS1 in pancreatic cancer tissues.Immunohistochemical staining was applied to validate the expression level of OAS1 in PDAC tissue microarrays,and the association between OAS1 expression level and the prognosis of patients was analyzed.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was performed to examine the expression level of OAS1 mRNA in different PDAC cell lines.CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay was used to assess the effect of OAS1 on the proliferation of PDAC cells after OAS1 silencing in Patu-8988 and PDC0034 cells by siRNA treatment.Further,Gene Set enrichment analysis(GSEA)was performed to screen for possible molecular mechanism of the regulatory role of OAS1 in PDAC.Cell viability and cholesterol level was analyzed after treatment with mTOR signaling activator MHY1485 in OAS1-silenced Patu-8988 and PDC0034 cells in order to verify the underlying mechanism of the regulatory role of OAS1 in PDAC cell proliferation.Results:Database analysis showed significant upregulation of OAS1 expression in pancreatic cancer tissues(P<0.05).Immunohistochemical staining results from PDAC tissue microarray showed that OAS1 expression was significantly upregulated in PDAC tissues compared with the paired paracancerous tissues,and high OAS1 expression was associated with poor prognosis(P<0.05).Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blotting analysis show that OAS1 expression was higher in PDAC cells lines compared with normal ductal cells of the pancreas.The proliferative activity of PDAC cells decreased significantly after OAS1 silencing in Patu-8988 and PDC0034 cells(P<0.001).GSEA results indicated that OAS1 may affect PDAC cell proliferation through mTOR signaling pathway and cholesterol metabolism associated pathway.The mTOR signaling pathway may be inhibited and the total cellular cholesterol decreased after OAS1 silencing.Treatment with mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)activator MHY1485 partially reversed the inhibitory effect of OAS1 silencing on the proliferation and cholesterol metabolism of PDAC cells.Conclusion:OAS1 expression is upregulated in PDAC tumor tissues and cells and is associated with poor prognosis.OAS1 may promote the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells by enhancing cholesterol metabolism through activation of the mTOR signaling pathway.

Objectives:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic surgery(PTES)combined with mini-incision oblique lumbar interbody fusion(OLIF)and screw-rod fixation un-der local anesthesia for the treatment of single-segment lumbar instability,and to compare it with minimally invasive surgery-transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(MIS-TLIF).Methods:A total of 68 patients with sin-gle-segment lumbar instability and neurological symptoms who were treated in the Department of Orthopedics at Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University,between June 2017 and April 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Of the patients,33 underwent PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation(PTES+OLIF,Group A,20 males and 13 females;age 59.4±8.0 years;L3/4 4 cases,L4/5 29 cases),while the other 35 under-went MIS-TLIF(Group B,22 males and 13 females;age 61.2±7.5 years;L3/4 4 cases,L4/5 31 cases).There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age,sex ratio,or level of involvement.The operative time,blood loss,incision length,fluoroscopy times,and length of hospital stay were compared be-tween the two groups.Visual analog scale(VAS)scores for back pain and leg pain were recorded and com-pared at preoperation,immediate postoperation,1 month,2 months,3 months,6 months,1 year,and 2 year time points.The Oswestry disability index(ODI),intervertebral space height(ISH),lumbar lordosis(LL),surgical segment lordosis angle(SLA),intraoperative and postoperative complications,and fusion grade according to the Bridwell classification were also compared and evaluated at preoperation,immediate postoperation,and postop-erative 2 years.Results:Both groups of patients successfully completed the surgeries without intraoperative complications.The operative time was 49.5±7.6min for PTES under local anesthesia,and 75.3±13.1min for O-LIF under general anesthesia in group A,while it was 103.9±17.6min for MIS-TLIF under general anesthesia in group B.The intraoperative blood loss was 30mL(range 15-110mL)in group A and 80mL(range 50-310mL)in group B.The incision length was 8.0±1.2mm for PTES,and 39.0±3.3mm for OLIF in group A;The inci-sion length was 41.5±2.8mm for MIS-TLIF in group B.The number of fluoroscopy was 6(range 5-8)for PTES and 7(range 5-10)for OLIF in group A,and 7(range 6-11)in group B.The length of hospital stay was 4d(range 3-5d)in group A and 7d(range 6-10d)in group B.Both groups were followed up for 2 years.Compared with preoperative levels,the VAS scores for back and leg pain,and ODI were significantly de-creased at all postoperative time points(P＜0.05)in both groups.The immediate postoperative VAS score for back pain in group A was significantly lower than that in group B(P＜0.000).However,at subsequent time points,no significant differences in VAS scores for back and leg pain,or ODI were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).The ISH and SLA at immediate postoperation in group A were significantly higher than those in group B(P=0.018,P=0.002).At 2 years'follow-up,the ISH in group A remained significantly higher than that in group B(P=0.004).There was no significant difference in LL between the two groups at all postopera-tive time points(P＞0.05).25 cases(75.8％)in group A achieved grade I fusion,and 8 cases(24.2％)achieved grade n fusion;In group B,21 cases(60.0％)achieved grade Ⅰ fusion,and 14 cases(40.0％)achieved grade n fusion.There was no significant difference in the fusion grade between the two groups(P=0.126).One pa-tient in group A developed hip flexion pain and weakness,which resolved at 3d after operation.Two cases of dural tear with cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in group B,without neurological symptoms,and resolved after drainage tube removal at 7d postoperatively.No incision infections,permanent nerve damage,major vas-cular injury,implant loosening,or subsidence were observed.The postoperative complication rate was not sig-nificantly different between the two groups(2.8％vs 5.7％,P=0.590).Conclusions:Compared with MIS-TLIF for the treatment of single-segment lumbar instability,PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation offers smaller trauma,less blood loss,shorter general anesthesia duration,faster relief of back pain,and better recovery of ISH and SLA.PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation is an excellent choice for treating patients with lumbar instability who need direct decompression.

Objective:To investigate the expression pattern,clinical significance,and the regulatory role of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1(OAS1)in the proliferation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)cells.Methods:Public databases such as Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)and The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)were used to analyze the expression of OAS1 in pancreatic cancer tissues.Immunohistochemical staining was applied to validate the expression level of OAS1 in PDAC tissue microarrays,and the association between OAS1 expression level and the prognosis of patients was analyzed.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was performed to examine the expression level of OAS1 mRNA in different PDAC cell lines.CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay was used to assess the effect of OAS1 on the proliferation of PDAC cells after OAS1 silencing in Patu-8988 and PDC0034 cells by siRNA treatment.Further,Gene Set enrichment analysis(GSEA)was performed to screen for possible molecular mechanism of the regulatory role of OAS1 in PDAC.Cell viability and cholesterol level was analyzed after treatment with mTOR signaling activator MHY1485 in OAS1-silenced Patu-8988 and PDC0034 cells in order to verify the underlying mechanism of the regulatory role of OAS1 in PDAC cell proliferation.Results:Database analysis showed significant upregulation of OAS1 expression in pancreatic cancer tissues(P<0.05).Immunohistochemical staining results from PDAC tissue microarray showed that OAS1 expression was significantly upregulated in PDAC tissues compared with the paired paracancerous tissues,and high OAS1 expression was associated with poor prognosis(P<0.05).Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blotting analysis show that OAS1 expression was higher in PDAC cells lines compared with normal ductal cells of the pancreas.The proliferative activity of PDAC cells decreased significantly after OAS1 silencing in Patu-8988 and PDC0034 cells(P<0.001).GSEA results indicated that OAS1 may affect PDAC cell proliferation through mTOR signaling pathway and cholesterol metabolism associated pathway.The mTOR signaling pathway may be inhibited and the total cellular cholesterol decreased after OAS1 silencing.Treatment with mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)activator MHY1485 partially reversed the inhibitory effect of OAS1 silencing on the proliferation and cholesterol metabolism of PDAC cells.Conclusion:OAS1 expression is upregulated in PDAC tumor tissues and cells and is associated with poor prognosis.OAS1 may promote the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells by enhancing cholesterol metabolism through activation of the mTOR signaling pathway.

Objectives:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic surgery(PTES)combined with mini-incision oblique lumbar interbody fusion(OLIF)and screw-rod fixation un-der local anesthesia for the treatment of single-segment lumbar instability,and to compare it with minimally invasive surgery-transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion(MIS-TLIF).Methods:A total of 68 patients with sin-gle-segment lumbar instability and neurological symptoms who were treated in the Department of Orthopedics at Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University,between June 2017 and April 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Of the patients,33 underwent PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation(PTES+OLIF,Group A,20 males and 13 females;age 59.4±8.0 years;L3/4 4 cases,L4/5 29 cases),while the other 35 under-went MIS-TLIF(Group B,22 males and 13 females;age 61.2±7.5 years;L3/4 4 cases,L4/5 31 cases).There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age,sex ratio,or level of involvement.The operative time,blood loss,incision length,fluoroscopy times,and length of hospital stay were compared be-tween the two groups.Visual analog scale(VAS)scores for back pain and leg pain were recorded and com-pared at preoperation,immediate postoperation,1 month,2 months,3 months,6 months,1 year,and 2 year time points.The Oswestry disability index(ODI),intervertebral space height(ISH),lumbar lordosis(LL),surgical segment lordosis angle(SLA),intraoperative and postoperative complications,and fusion grade according to the Bridwell classification were also compared and evaluated at preoperation,immediate postoperation,and postop-erative 2 years.Results:Both groups of patients successfully completed the surgeries without intraoperative complications.The operative time was 49.5±7.6min for PTES under local anesthesia,and 75.3±13.1min for O-LIF under general anesthesia in group A,while it was 103.9±17.6min for MIS-TLIF under general anesthesia in group B.The intraoperative blood loss was 30mL(range 15-110mL)in group A and 80mL(range 50-310mL)in group B.The incision length was 8.0±1.2mm for PTES,and 39.0±3.3mm for OLIF in group A;The inci-sion length was 41.5±2.8mm for MIS-TLIF in group B.The number of fluoroscopy was 6(range 5-8)for PTES and 7(range 5-10)for OLIF in group A,and 7(range 6-11)in group B.The length of hospital stay was 4d(range 3-5d)in group A and 7d(range 6-10d)in group B.Both groups were followed up for 2 years.Compared with preoperative levels,the VAS scores for back and leg pain,and ODI were significantly de-creased at all postoperative time points(P＜0.05)in both groups.The immediate postoperative VAS score for back pain in group A was significantly lower than that in group B(P＜0.000).However,at subsequent time points,no significant differences in VAS scores for back and leg pain,or ODI were found between the two groups(P＞0.05).The ISH and SLA at immediate postoperation in group A were significantly higher than those in group B(P=0.018,P=0.002).At 2 years'follow-up,the ISH in group A remained significantly higher than that in group B(P=0.004).There was no significant difference in LL between the two groups at all postopera-tive time points(P＞0.05).25 cases(75.8％)in group A achieved grade I fusion,and 8 cases(24.2％)achieved grade n fusion;In group B,21 cases(60.0％)achieved grade Ⅰ fusion,and 14 cases(40.0％)achieved grade n fusion.There was no significant difference in the fusion grade between the two groups(P=0.126).One pa-tient in group A developed hip flexion pain and weakness,which resolved at 3d after operation.Two cases of dural tear with cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in group B,without neurological symptoms,and resolved after drainage tube removal at 7d postoperatively.No incision infections,permanent nerve damage,major vas-cular injury,implant loosening,or subsidence were observed.The postoperative complication rate was not sig-nificantly different between the two groups(2.8％vs 5.7％,P=0.590).Conclusions:Compared with MIS-TLIF for the treatment of single-segment lumbar instability,PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation offers smaller trauma,less blood loss,shorter general anesthesia duration,faster relief of back pain,and better recovery of ISH and SLA.PTES combined with mini-incision OLIF and screw-rod fixation is an excellent choice for treating patients with lumbar instability who need direct decompression.

Objective:To summarize the clinical characteristics and therapeutic efficacy of central nervous system (CNS) aspergillosis.Methods:The clinical manifestations, laboratory examination, neuroimaging features, treatment and prognosis of 37 cases of CNS aspergillosis diagnosed and treated in the First Medical Center of People′s Liberation Army General Hospital from January 2000 to January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the correlation between intracranial lesions and paranasal sinus lesions, they were divided into two groups: rhino-cerebral aspergillosis (RA, n=21) group and cerebral aspergillosis (CA, n=16) group. Results:Only 16.2% (6/37) of CNS aspergillosis patients had a clear background of immunosuppression, but 35.1% (13/37) were complicated with diabetes. The most common clinical manifestations were headache (73.0%, 27/37), cranial nerve involvement (59.5%, 22/37) and fever (37.8%, 14/37). Cerebrospinal fluid characteristics included increased pressure (53.8%, 14/26), increased white blood cell count (46.7%, 14/30), decreased glucose (30.0%, 9/30), increased protein (70.0%, 21/30), and high positive results of the metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of pathogenic microorganism (7/10). Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed that commonly involved sites were sinus, orbital apex, posterior orbit, cavernous sinus (43.2%, 16/37) and cerebral lobes (27.0%, 10/37). Treatment options included antifungal drugs alone (64.9%, 24/37), combination of drugs and surgery (27.0%, 10/37) and surgery alone (8.1%, 3/37). Compared with the CA group, RA group had fewer males [47.6% (10/21) vs 14/16, χ2=6.34, P=0.012] and older age [(54.2±19.4) years vs (38.4±18.4) years, t=2.50, P=0.017], and was more prone to headache [85.7% (18/21) vs 9/16, χ2=4.00, P=0.046) and cranial nerve involvement [81.0% (17/21) vs 5/16, χ 2=9.31, P=0.006]. The misdiagnosis rate of these patients in the early stage was 73.0% (27/37). A total of 29 patients (85.3%, 29/34) were treated with voriconazole successively, and the course of treatment was 3.0 (0.5, 10.4) months. Compared with salvage therapy, the mortality of primary therapy was lower (4/17 vs 9/12, χ2=7.54, P=0.006). All patients were followed up to December 2021, and 17 patients died, with a mortality rate of 45.9% (17/37). Conclusions:CNS aspergillosis may have no definite immunosuppressive background. Some of CNS aspergillosis patients are complicated with diabetes, and the clinical manifestations of the disease lack specificity, with high misdiagnosis rate in the early stage, no inflammatory changes in cerebrospinal fluid, and high positive rate of mNGS for pathogenic microorganism. Early and long-term application of voriconazole can significantly reduce the mortality rate.

Objective:To investigate the effect of methoxyamine combined with target guided fluid in elderly patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.Methods:90 elderly patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy were randomly divided into methoxyamine group and control group, with 45 cases in each group. The patients in both groups were treated with intravenous inhalation combined anesthesia. The stroke volume variation (SVV) was maintained at 7%-10% and the central venous pressure (CVP) was 4-8 cmH 2O. In methoxyamine group, 3 μg/(kg·min) methoxyamine was continuously pumped, while the control group was pumped with the same amount of normal saline at the same speed. The intraoperative infusion volume, urine volume, bleeding volume, blood transfusion cases, intraoperative mean arterial pressure, heart rate, blood gas analysis results, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatinine, urea nitrogen level and postoperative exhaust time were compared between the two groups. Results:Compared with the control group, the patients in methoxyamine group had less infusion volume, urine volume, lower postoperative BNP level and heart rate, shorter postoperative exhaust time (all P<0.05), and higher mean arterial pressure ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood loss, blood transfusion cases, PaO 2, PaCO 2, pH, creatinine and urea nitrogen between the two groups (all P>0.05). In addition, the number of patients in the methoxyamine group who used pressor drugs was less than that in the control group ( P<0.05), and the frequency of bradycardia was more than that in the control group ( P<0.05). The proportion of tachycardia and urapidil was similar in the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions:Methoxyamine combined with target guided fluid therapy can reduce the intraoperative infusion volume of pancreaticoduodenectomy in elderly patients, stabilize circulation, shorten postoperative exhaust time, and contribute to the recovery of gastrointestinal function.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between the changes of fibrinogen and the treatment effect of all-frequency sudden deafness, and to explore the individualized treatment strategy for the use of Batroxobin. Methods: Patients with all-frequency sudden deafness who were admitted to Department of Otorhinolaryngology, People′s Hospital of Peking University, from January 2010 to September 2016 were selected. All patients were given standard treatment and regular use of Batroxobin. Value of fibrinogen on D1 (before treatment) / D3 / D7 (±1) and D14 (±2) were recorded, at the same time, the correlation between the changes of fibrinogen and prognosis of all-frequency sudden deafness by the audiograms of onset and after-treatment of all patients were analyzed. Independent t-test was used to analyze normal distributed measurement data and chi square linear trend test was used to analyze the curative effect of different fibrinogen groups. Results: A total of 148 patients were included, the outcomes were worst when the patient′s fibrinogen was below 2 g/L or above 4 g/L before treatment, ineffective rate were both 50%. The fibrinogen was lowest when the treatment came to the third day. Normally, the patient′s prognosis was best when this value waved between 0.7 and 0.9 g/L, with a total effective rate between 73.9% and 83.3%. The fibrinogen value of the 7th day was a good indicator of the outcome, and Fib7 value was significant lower in patients of effective group than ineffective ones ((1.25±0.37)g/L vs (1.38±0.35) g/L, t=-0.27, P=0.04). Patients found a best recovery when Fib7 was below 1 g/L, and the higher the Fib7 value, the higher the inefficiency (χ²=7.55, P=0.01). Batroxobin showed safety during the treatment and found no complications. Conclusion The change of fibrinogen in the process of all-frequency sudden deafness is closely related to the curative effect.

Objective To study the correlation between pulmonary surfactant protein C exon5 area's gene polymorphism and the premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) among Mongolian and Han ethnic in Inner Mongolia District. Methods Fifty unrelated Mongolian RDS premature infants (28 weeks ≤ gestational age <37 weeks) were recruited as study group (31 male and 19 female), and another 50 unrelated Han ethnic RDS premature infants (28 weeks ≤ gestational age<37 weeks) were enrolled at the same time, as control group (27 male and 23 female).Polymerase chain reaction was used for gene polymorphism analysis and gene detection technology was employed to determine the sequence of SP-C gene exon5 area, respectively. At last, the difference in genotype frequency of SP-C gene exon 5 area C. 715G>A(S186 N) was compared between two groups. Results There were three genotypes could be checked out from SP-C gene exon 5 area C. 715G>A(S 186N)locus; namely GG,AA,AG types, and in study group, genotype frequencies of these three genotypes were 28％, 62％ and 10％, respectively, and G allele frequency was 33％, and A allele frequency was 67％. Genotype frequencies in control group were 78％, 10％ and 12％, respectively, and G allele frequency was 84％, A allele frequency was 16％. The A allele genotype frequency in study group at SP-C exon 5 area C. 715G>A(S186N) significantly higher than that in control group. There was statistically significant difference in alleles variations between two groups (χ2 = 53.300, P＜ 0.05). Conclusions SP-C exon 5 area C. 715G>A(S 186N)locus polymorphism related to Inner Mongolia Mongolian premature RDS. Individuals carrying SP-C exon 5 area C. 715G>A (S186N) A alleles have higher risk of suffering from RDS.