Objective To explore the status quo of domestic long-term care nursing team construction policy in January 2008—June 2024,analyze the favored direction and structure proportion of existing policy tools,so as to provide references for the follow-up policy and system optimization.Methods Based on McDonnell & Elmore policy tools and construction elements to two-dimensional analysis framework,the coding policy arrangement and quantitative analysis were conducted on the related policies of long-term care nursing team construction.Results Finally,63 policy documents were included,and the 355 pieces of policy were analyzed.In the policy instrument dimension,the proportions of mandate tools,incentive tools,capacity building tools,authority reorganization tools,and counseling tools were 48.45％,11.55％,5.35％,11.27％,and 23.38％,respectively.Team-building dimension in the post management,education training,rights management,post employment,professional development,respectively accounted for 27.04％,22.25％,11.27％,10.70％and 28.73％.Conclusion At present,there is uneven application of the policy tools related to nursing team building in the context of long-term care in China,and most of the entries are for goal planning.It is recommended that the ratio of the various policy tools should be optimised continuously,so as to ensure that the details of the policies are effectively implemented.The construction of the long-term care nursing team system needs to be improved,and the protection of the rights of nursing staff needs to be strengthened;specific,feasible,special and targeted strategies should be formulated.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have indicated that cathepsin K can intervene with the occurrence and development of osteoporosis by regulating bone mineral density in middle-aged and older adults. However,whether there is a causal relationship between the cathepsin family and bone mineral density in other populations remains unknown. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the causal relationship between cathepsin and bone mineral density.METHODS:Genetic loci associated with eight cathepins were extracted from the IEU Open GWAS database as instrumental variables,and bone mineral density values in five age groups acted as an outcome. The causal relationship between cathepin and bone mineral density was assessed by two-way Mendelian randomization analysis. Heterogeneity of the genetic instrumental variables was assessed using Cochran's Q test,pleiotropy was assessed using the MR-Egger intercept test,and the sensitivity of single nucleotide polymorphisms used as instrumental variables to the causal effect of exposure and outcome was assessed using the leave-one-out method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The results of the inverse variance weighting method with positive Mendelian randomization showed that cathepin H was negatively associated with bone mineral density in people aged 45-60 years[odds ratio (95％ confidence interval)=0.965(0.94-0.99),P=0.04];cathepin Z was negatively associated with bone mineral density in people aged 30-45 year[odds ratio (95％ confidence interval)=1.06 (1.00-1.11),P=0.03]. The results of sensitivity analysis showed a stable causal relationship,and MR-Egger intercept analysis did not detect potential horizontal pleiotropy. The inverse Mendelian randomization results showed that bone mineral density had no significant inverse effect on cathepin. The above results confirm that cathepin can affect bone mineral density in some age groups,which may increase the risk of osteoporosis and should be given more attention.

The occurrence and development of a variety of retinal diseases are related to inflammatory responses,and various inflammatory cells play an important role in retinal damage,which can lead to vision impairment,vision loss,and blindness.Microglia are resident immune cells in the retina,distributed in the inner layer of the retina.They mainly maintain the normal homeostasis of the retina,regulate the apoptosis of neurons,and play an immune surveillance role in the retina.Under inflammatory stimulation,microglia in the retina are activated,secrete a variety of inflammatory factors,engulf neurons and photoreceptors,and destroy the blood-retinal barrier,aggravating retinal damage.This article reviews the physiological function of microglia and the changes in microglia under the inflammatory effects of various retinal diseases.It also discusses how to inhibit microglia from damaging the retina and promote microglia to control retinal inflammation,thereby providing a basis for the clinical treatment of various retinal diseases.

As a complex autoimmune disease， rheumatoid arthritis （RA） involves immune microenvironment dysregulation resulting from excessive activation of pyroptosis， which is a crucial factor in disease progression. Based on the theory of ying-wei in traditional Chinese medicine， "ying decline and wei attack" is considered the fundamental pathogenesis of RA. Pyroptosis serves as a microscopic manifestation of this concept， suggesting a potential correlation between "ying decline and wei attack" and pyroptosis nd immune microenvironment dysregulation in RA. Accordingly， treatment principles based on this theory are proposed： in the early stage of the disease， boosting wei to consolidate the exterior， and regulating ying to dispel pathogens； in the middle and late stages， harmonizing ying to remove stagnation， and nourishing its transformational source.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of electroacupuncture-mediated PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK 1)/Parkin signal pathway activation in treating functional dyspepsia model rats.Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into the blank control(n=8)and the modeling groups(n=28)using the random number table method.The functional dyspepsia model was established using the compound etiology modeling method.After successful modeling,24 rats were divided into the model,electroacupuncture,and mosapride groups using the random number table method,with eight rats per group.The blank group was not intervened.The electroacupuncture,mosapride,and model groups were bound for 30 min,and only the electroacupuncture group was administered"Neiguan"(PC 6)and"Gongsun"(SP 4)while bound.The electroacupuncture and model groups were administered the same amount of normal saline,and the mosapride group was given mosapride citrate solution(1.35 mg/kg).The above intervention method were performed once a day for 7 consecutive days to observe the general condition of rats.Gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion experiments were used to observe gastric emptying rate and small intestine propulsion rate in each group of rats.The interstitial cells of the Cajal(ICC)ultrastructure of gastric antrum were observed under a transmission electron microscope.The protein and mRNA expressions of C-kit proto-oncogene protein(C-kit),microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)Ⅱ/Ⅰ,ubiquitin-binding protein p62(p62),Bcl-2 interacting protein 1(Beclin1),PINK1,and Parkin were detected using Western blotting and real-time fluorescence PCR.Results Compared with the blank group,the rats in the model group exhibited lethargy,dull and dry fur,sluggish responses,and substantial decreases in food intake and body weight.Their feces alternated between dry and loose consistency.Furthermore,the gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion rates were reduced(P<0.01).The ultrastructural morphology of ICC and their mitochondria in the gastric antrum tissue showed apparent damage.The protein and mRNA expressions of C-kit and p62 were decreased(P<0.01),whereas those of PINK1,Parkin,Beclin1,and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ were increased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the rats in the electroacupuncture and mosapride groups showed notable improvements in their mental state,with neat fur,enhanced activity and responsiveness,gradual increases in food intake and body weight,and well-formed feces.Additionally,the gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion rates increased(P<0.01).The ultrastructural morphology of ICC and their mitochondria in the gastric antrum tissue were notably improved.The protein and mRNA expressions of C-kit and p62 were increased(P<0.01),whereas those of PINK1,Parkin,Beclin1,and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰwere decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion Electroacupuncture improves the gastrointestinal motility of functional dyspepsia rats,and its mechanism may be related to upregulating C-kit and p62 expression,downregulating PINK1,Parkin,Beclin1,and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ expression,inhibiting abnormal PINK1/Parkin signal pathway activation,and blocking the excessive mitophagy of ICC.

The occurrence and development of a variety of retinal diseases are related to inflammatory responses,and various inflammatory cells play an important role in retinal damage,which can lead to vision impairment,vision loss,and blindness.Microglia are resident immune cells in the retina,distributed in the inner layer of the retina.They mainly maintain the normal homeostasis of the retina,regulate the apoptosis of neurons,and play an immune surveillance role in the retina.Under inflammatory stimulation,microglia in the retina are activated,secrete a variety of inflammatory factors,engulf neurons and photoreceptors,and destroy the blood-retinal barrier,aggravating retinal damage.This article reviews the physiological function of microglia and the changes in microglia under the inflammatory effects of various retinal diseases.It also discusses how to inhibit microglia from damaging the retina and promote microglia to control retinal inflammation,thereby providing a basis for the clinical treatment of various retinal diseases.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of electroacupuncture-mediated PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK 1)/Parkin signal pathway activation in treating functional dyspepsia model rats.Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly divided into the blank control(n=8)and the modeling groups(n=28)using the random number table method.The functional dyspepsia model was established using the compound etiology modeling method.After successful modeling,24 rats were divided into the model,electroacupuncture,and mosapride groups using the random number table method,with eight rats per group.The blank group was not intervened.The electroacupuncture,mosapride,and model groups were bound for 30 min,and only the electroacupuncture group was administered"Neiguan"(PC 6)and"Gongsun"(SP 4)while bound.The electroacupuncture and model groups were administered the same amount of normal saline,and the mosapride group was given mosapride citrate solution(1.35 mg/kg).The above intervention method were performed once a day for 7 consecutive days to observe the general condition of rats.Gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion experiments were used to observe gastric emptying rate and small intestine propulsion rate in each group of rats.The interstitial cells of the Cajal(ICC)ultrastructure of gastric antrum were observed under a transmission electron microscope.The protein and mRNA expressions of C-kit proto-oncogene protein(C-kit),microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)Ⅱ/Ⅰ,ubiquitin-binding protein p62(p62),Bcl-2 interacting protein 1(Beclin1),PINK1,and Parkin were detected using Western blotting and real-time fluorescence PCR.Results Compared with the blank group,the rats in the model group exhibited lethargy,dull and dry fur,sluggish responses,and substantial decreases in food intake and body weight.Their feces alternated between dry and loose consistency.Furthermore,the gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion rates were reduced(P<0.01).The ultrastructural morphology of ICC and their mitochondria in the gastric antrum tissue showed apparent damage.The protein and mRNA expressions of C-kit and p62 were decreased(P<0.01),whereas those of PINK1,Parkin,Beclin1,and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ were increased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the rats in the electroacupuncture and mosapride groups showed notable improvements in their mental state,with neat fur,enhanced activity and responsiveness,gradual increases in food intake and body weight,and well-formed feces.Additionally,the gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion rates increased(P<0.01).The ultrastructural morphology of ICC and their mitochondria in the gastric antrum tissue were notably improved.The protein and mRNA expressions of C-kit and p62 were increased(P<0.01),whereas those of PINK1,Parkin,Beclin1,and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰwere decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion Electroacupuncture improves the gastrointestinal motility of functional dyspepsia rats,and its mechanism may be related to upregulating C-kit and p62 expression,downregulating PINK1,Parkin,Beclin1,and LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ expression,inhibiting abnormal PINK1/Parkin signal pathway activation,and blocking the excessive mitophagy of ICC.

The etiology of tumors is complex and influenced by multiple factors, including the host and environmental conditions. Allergy is primarily driven by the immune response of helper T cell 2 (Th2). Research has shown that the Th2 immune response is closely related to tumors, which is specifically manifested through Th2 antibodies, allergy-related effector cells and mediators within the tumors, as well as tumor immune-related functions. This internal interaction mechanism will increase the complexity and challenges associated with the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors and allergy. The formation of allergic constitution is shaped by both congenital and acquired factors, and its physical state is closely linked to the occurrence and progression of allergic diseases. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the relationship between tumors and allergic reactions from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitution theory. Based on the four basic principles of the TCM constitution, including endowment inheritance theory, environment constraint theory, body-spirit composition theory, and life process theory, this exploration will focus on four aspects: genetic factors and internal disease causes, inflammatory environments and functional regulation, psychological disorders and emotional pathogenesis, as well as age structure and disease risk. Furthermore, from the perspective of constitution-disease relation of chronic disease prevention, this paper will discuss the significant importance of adjusting allergic constitution to improve both subjective symptoms and objective indicators of allergic reactions in tumor patients.

Background The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is a vast area with a wide array of ecological environments, resulting in considerable regional variations in air pollution characteristics. Current research is limited by a scarcity of systematic, region-wide studies and risk assessments. Objective To assess the health risks associated with inhalation exposure to nine heavy metal and metalloid elements in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) for the population of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Methods From the 10th to the 16th of each month throughout 2023, atmospheric PM_2.5 samples were collected at designated monitoring sites in 12 leagues (cities) across the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to analyze the characteristics and trends in concentration. The health risk assessment model developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency was employed to evaluate both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with the heavy metal elements beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), hydrargyrum (Hg), plumbum (Pb), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) and the metalloid elements stibium (Sb) and arsenic (As). Results In 2023, a total of 1206 valid PM_2.5 samples were analyzed from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The annual average PM_2.5 concentrations in Inner Mongolia, as well as in the cities of Ordos, Wuhai, and the Alxa League, all exceeded the national limit of 35 μg·m⁻³. The PM_2.5 concentrations across the leagues (cities) exhibited a clear seasonal variation, peaking in winter, followed by spring, and reaching a minimum in summer and autumn. The median PM_2.5 concentration in Ordos throughout the year was higher than that in the other leagues (cities) of the region. Concerning health risks, the non-carcinogenic risks associated with the 9 elements detected in each league (city) were all below 1, indicating acceptable levels. However, the non-carcinogenic risk values for Mn, Cr, and As were relatively high; specifically, Ordos City displayed the highest non-carcinogenic risk values for Mn (7.74×10⁻¹) and Cr (2.97×10⁻²), while Chifeng City recorded the highest value for As (2.34×10⁻³). The carcinogenic risk values for As, Cd, Cr, and Ni fell within the range of 1×10⁻⁹ to 1×10⁻⁵, representing an acceptable level. The health risks varied with age, and the elderly residents faced the highest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. Conclusion While the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from heavy metals and metalloids within atmospheric PM_2.5 in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are generally within acceptable limits, the potential risks that Mn, As, and Cr pose to the health of elderly people warrants particular attention, and Ordos and Chifeng cities exhibit notably higher health risks among other areas. It is recommended that regular, long-term monitoring be conducted, taking into account the specific conditions at monitoring sites across each league (city), and that targeted air quality management strategies be implemented to protect public health.

Based on the concept of"two-stage,four-phase,and three-phase treatments"of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET)assisted the whole-course management of TCM by national TCM master You Zhaoling,this article analyzed the treatment strategy assisted by acupuncture in five aspects:principle,method,prescription,acupoint,and technique.Principle:syndrome differentiation and treatment follow different cases;method establish guiding methods based on principles,while following stage diagnoses and treatments;prescription:determine the prescriptions based on therapeutic principles within the context of overall regulation;acupoint:precise acupoint taking and rational acupoint matching;technique:the primary method is acupuncture,supported by various therapeutic modalities,providing a comprehensive framework and evidence-based support for the clinical application of acupuncture and moxibustion in IVF-ET.