BACKGROUND:The mesenchymal stem cell secretome contains bioactive substances,cytokines,and growth factors.Three-dimensional cell culture can regulate the secretion of these components,potentially enhancing the ability to promote injury repair.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the repair effect of three-dimensional cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome on skin injuries in mice.METHODS:Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in conventional two-dimensional culture dishes and 96-well U-bottom cell culture plates,from which their secretory components were subsequently collected.The expression of skin damage repair related secretory factors in umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells was analyzed using RT-qPCR.The protein expression level of skin damage repair related factors in umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome to repair vascular injuries was evaluated using an immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration model.A mouse skin injury model was established,and the human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome was injected subcutaneously.Repair effects on skin injury were assessed through wound healing rates and histopathological analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)After three days of cultivation,human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells cultured in two dimensions exhibited a fibroblast-like,swirling growth pattern,whereas three-dimensional culture led to the formation of uniform microspheres.(2)Compared with two-dimensional culture,three-dimensional culture significantly increased the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor β and basic fibroblast growth factor in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.(3)Compared with two-dimensional culture,three-dimensional cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome significantly enhanced the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor,interleukin-10,and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome.(4)Compared with two-dimensional culture,three-dimensional cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome significantly promoted the migration of immortalized human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.(5)Compared with the untreated control group and the two-dimensional cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome,the three-dimensional cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome can significantly accelerate the skin wound healing rate and wound skin structure remodeling in mice.These results indicate that three-dimensional culture can enhance the expression of paracrine factors of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,and their secretome can significantly promote the repair of mouse skin damage.

BACKGROUND:The mesenchymal stem cell secretome contains bioactive substances,cytokines,and growth factors.Three-dimensional cell culture can regulate the secretion of these components,potentially enhancing the ability to promote injury repair.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the repair effect of three-dimensional cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome on skin injuries in mice.METHODS:Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in conventional two-dimensional culture dishes and 96-well U-bottom cell culture plates,from which their secretory components were subsequently collected.The expression of skin damage repair related secretory factors in umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells was analyzed using RT-qPCR.The protein expression level of skin damage repair related factors in umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome to repair vascular injuries was evaluated using an immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration model.A mouse skin injury model was established,and the human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome was injected subcutaneously.Repair effects on skin injury were assessed through wound healing rates and histopathological analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)After three days of cultivation,human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells cultured in two dimensions exhibited a fibroblast-like,swirling growth pattern,whereas three-dimensional culture led to the formation of uniform microspheres.(2)Compared with two-dimensional culture,three-dimensional culture significantly increased the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor β and basic fibroblast growth factor in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.(3)Compared with two-dimensional culture,three-dimensional cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome significantly enhanced the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor,interleukin-10,and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome.(4)Compared with two-dimensional culture,three-dimensional cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome significantly promoted the migration of immortalized human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.(5)Compared with the untreated control group and the two-dimensional cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome,the three-dimensional cultured human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome can significantly accelerate the skin wound healing rate and wound skin structure remodeling in mice.These results indicate that three-dimensional culture can enhance the expression of paracrine factors of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,and their secretome can significantly promote the repair of mouse skin damage.

Objective:To investigate the CT image characteristics of anterior ethmoidal artery（AEA） through CT scan and its significance in nasal endoscopic surgery. Methods:A retrospective study of 82 patients（164 sides） with chronic sinusitis was conducted. All patients underwent CT scan and the images were reconstructed. The AEA classification was used and calculate the rate of AEA suspension. The AEA was classified, and the suspension rate of the AEA was calculated. The height of the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate （LLCP） was measured, and Keros classification was performed. The relationship between Keros classification and AEA suspension was analyzed. The supraorbital ethmoidal cell （SOEC） was identified, and its relationship with AEA suspension was analyzed. Results:Type Ⅰ AEA accounted for 42.07%（69/164）. Type Ⅱ AEA accounted for 22.56%（37/164）. Type Ⅲ AEA accounted for 35.37%（58/164）. The suspension rate was 35.37%. The average height of the LLCP was （3.7±1.8） mm. In the Keros classification, type Ⅰaccounted for 53.05%（87/164）, Type Ⅱaccounted for 37.80%（62/164）. Type Ⅲ accounted for 9.15%（15/164）. The results of the Spearman analysis showed that there was a moderate positive correlation between the Keros classification and the suspension of the AEA（r=0.526, P<0.01）. Among 164 sides, SOEC was present in 15 sides. The suspension rate of AEA in the group with SOEC was significantly higher than that in the group without SOEC（P<0.01）. Conclusion:Sinus CT and multiplanar reconstruction can clarify the image characteristics of AEA and its relationship with surrounding structures. When the level of Keros classification is higher or SOEC is present, the suspension rate of AEA increases significantly. It is of great significance to clarify the characteristics of AEA before surgery in order to avoid injury during surgery.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Endoscopy ; Ethmoid Sinus/diagnostic imaging* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Arteries/diagnostic imaging* ; Sinusitis/diagnostic imaging* ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Aged

Cerebral edema is characterized by fluid accumulation, and the glymphatic system (GS) plays a pivotal role in regulating fluid transport. Using the Tenecteplase system, magnesium salt of salvianolic acid B/ginsenoside Rg1 (SalB/Rg1) was injected intravenously into mice 4.5 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion and once every 24 h for the following 72 h. GS function was assessed by Evans blue imaging, near-infrared fluorescence region II (NIR-II) imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SalB/Rg1 had significant effects on reducing the infarct volume and hemorrhagic transformation score, improving neurobehavioral function, and protecting tissue structure, especially inhibiting cerebral edema. Meanwhile, the influx/efflux drainage of GS was enhanced by SalB/Rg1 according to NIR-II imaging and MRI. SalB/Rg1 inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity, reduced cleaved β-dystroglycan (β-DG), and stabilized aquaporin-4 (AQP4) polarity, which was verified by colocalization with CD31. Our findings indicated that SalB/Rg1 treatment enhances GS function and attenuates cerebral edema, accompanying the regulation of the MMP9/β-DG/AQP4 pathway.
Animals ; Ginsenosides/administration & dosage* ; Brain Edema/etiology* ; Male ; Benzofurans/administration & dosage* ; Glymphatic System/diagnostic imaging* ; Mice ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy* ; Aquaporin 4/metabolism* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism* ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology* ; Depsides

Liver cancer has high prevalence and mortality rates around the world， and its development and progression are closely associated with the interaction between the tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated macrophages （TAMs）. TAMs play a significant role in immune suppression， immune escape， cell proliferation， invasion， metastasis， and drug resistance in liver cancer. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with its unique therapeutic concepts and methods， has shown great potential in regulating TAMs and improving the prognosis of liver cancer. This article reviews the role and molecular mechanisms of TCM in regulating TAMs for the treatment of liver cancer， discusses the key role of TAMs in the progression of liver cancer， and analyzes the impact of Chinese medicinal components on the recruitment， polarization， and activity of TAMs and the expression of related factors based on TCM theory. Studies have shown that TCM can regulate the polarization state of TAMs， promote the formation of M1-type antitumor macrophages， and inhibit the activity of M2-type tumor macrophages， thereby playing a role in inhibiting the proliferation of liver cancer cells， promoting apoptosis， inhibiting angiogenesis， and enhancing immune response. In addition， this article also summarizes the molecular targets and mechanisms of action of TCM monomers， compound prescriptions， and novel preparations in the treatment of liver cancer， such as inhibiting the secretion of cytokines by TAMs， regulating signaling pathways， and affecting metabolic pathways， in order to provide a scientific basis for the application of TCM in liver cancer treatment and offer new ideas for immunotherapy for liver cancer.

Hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） is a common primary malignant tumor. In recent years， the role of ubiquitin-specific proteases （USPs） in HCC has attracted widespread attention. USPs are a class of key deubiquitinating enzymes that affect a variety of biological processes by regulating the ubiquitination status of proteins. Studies have shown that USPs participate in the regulation of cell proliferation， apoptosis， migration， and invasion by deubiquitinating various tumor-related proteins. In addition， the abnormal expression of USPs is closely associated with the prognosis of HCC patients and may thus be used as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This article reviews the research advances in USPs in HCC and explores their key roles in the development， progression， and metastasis of HCC. A deep understanding of the mechanism of action of USPs in HCC not only helps to reveal the pathogenesis of HCC， but also provides a scientific basis for developing new diagnostic tools and treatment strategies. Future research should further explore the regulatory effect of USPs in HCC， in order to provide more effective means for the clinical treatment of HCC.

The etiology of tumors is complex and influenced by multiple factors, including the host and environmental conditions. Allergy is primarily driven by the immune response of helper T cell 2 (Th2). Research has shown that the Th2 immune response is closely related to tumors, which is specifically manifested through Th2 antibodies, allergy-related effector cells and mediators within the tumors, as well as tumor immune-related functions. This internal interaction mechanism will increase the complexity and challenges associated with the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors and allergy. The formation of allergic constitution is shaped by both congenital and acquired factors, and its physical state is closely linked to the occurrence and progression of allergic diseases. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the relationship between tumors and allergic reactions from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitution theory. Based on the four basic principles of the TCM constitution, including endowment inheritance theory, environment constraint theory, body-spirit composition theory, and life process theory, this exploration will focus on four aspects: genetic factors and internal disease causes, inflammatory environments and functional regulation, psychological disorders and emotional pathogenesis, as well as age structure and disease risk. Furthermore, from the perspective of constitution-disease relation of chronic disease prevention, this paper will discuss the significant importance of adjusting allergic constitution to improve both subjective symptoms and objective indicators of allergic reactions in tumor patients.

As a complex autoimmune disease， rheumatoid arthritis （RA） involves immune microenvironment dysregulation resulting from excessive activation of pyroptosis， which is a crucial factor in disease progression. Based on the theory of ying-wei in traditional Chinese medicine， "ying decline and wei attack" is considered the fundamental pathogenesis of RA. Pyroptosis serves as a microscopic manifestation of this concept， suggesting a potential correlation between "ying decline and wei attack" and pyroptosis nd immune microenvironment dysregulation in RA. Accordingly， treatment principles based on this theory are proposed： in the early stage of the disease， boosting wei to consolidate the exterior， and regulating ying to dispel pathogens； in the middle and late stages， harmonizing ying to remove stagnation， and nourishing its transformational source.

BACKGROUND:Static stretching effectively improves joint motion amplitude,dynamic stretching effectively improves muscle strength and athletic performance through the post-activation strengthening effect of the muscles.OBJECTIVE:To explore the immediate effects of different stretching methods on knee joint muscle strength and vertical jump performance,and provide theoretical support for seeking the best stretching plan,improving sports performance,and preventing training injuries.METHODS:Thirty healthy college students were randomly recruited.The Biodex isokinetic muscle strength system,Qualisys infrared motion capture system,and AMTI three-dimensional force measurement platform were used to collect knee joint muscle strength and vertical jump data after static quadriceps/hamstring stretching,dynamic quadriceps/hamstring stretching,dynamic quadriceps/static hamstring stretching,and static quadriceps/dynamic hamstring stretching.The peak torque,average power,vertical jump height,peak vertical ground reaction force,and joint motion amplitude of the knee joint were used to evaluate the muscle strength and vertical jump performance of the knee joint.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the static quadriceps/hamstring stretching,dynamic quadriceps/hamstring stretching significantly increased knee joint peak torque,average power,and vertical jump height(P<0.05);dynamic quadriceps/static hamstring stretching and static quadriceps/dynamic hamstring stretching significantly increased knee extension and flexion peak torque and average power(P<0.05).Compared with static quadriceps/hamstring stretching,second peak vertical ground reaction force significantly decreased after static quadriceps/dynamic hamstring stretching(P<0.05);lower limb joint motion amplitude significantly increased after dynamic quadriceps/hamstring stretching(P<0.05).These findings indicate that immediate agonists/antagonistic muscle dynamic stretching and agonists dynamic stretching/antagonistic muscle static stretching significantly improve knee joint muscle strength,vertical jump performance,and joint motion amplitude.A larger joint motion amplitude is beneficial for improving athletic performance and better absorbing ground impact during landing.At the same time,agonists muscle dynamic stretching/antagonistic muscle static stretching is better than agonists/antagonistic muscle dynamic stretching to improve knee joint muscle strength,and agonists muscle static stretching/antagonistic muscle dynamic stretching is beneficial for improving the energy absorption capacity during vertical jumping and reducing the risk of injury during landing.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have indicated that cathepsin K can intervene with the occurrence and development of osteoporosis by regulating bone mineral density in middle-aged and older adults. However,whether there is a causal relationship between the cathepsin family and bone mineral density in other populations remains unknown. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the causal relationship between cathepsin and bone mineral density.METHODS:Genetic loci associated with eight cathepins were extracted from the IEU Open GWAS database as instrumental variables,and bone mineral density values in five age groups acted as an outcome. The causal relationship between cathepin and bone mineral density was assessed by two-way Mendelian randomization analysis. Heterogeneity of the genetic instrumental variables was assessed using Cochran's Q test,pleiotropy was assessed using the MR-Egger intercept test,and the sensitivity of single nucleotide polymorphisms used as instrumental variables to the causal effect of exposure and outcome was assessed using the leave-one-out method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The results of the inverse variance weighting method with positive Mendelian randomization showed that cathepin H was negatively associated with bone mineral density in people aged 45-60 years[odds ratio (95％ confidence interval)=0.965(0.94-0.99),P=0.04];cathepin Z was negatively associated with bone mineral density in people aged 30-45 year[odds ratio (95％ confidence interval)=1.06 (1.00-1.11),P=0.03]. The results of sensitivity analysis showed a stable causal relationship,and MR-Egger intercept analysis did not detect potential horizontal pleiotropy. The inverse Mendelian randomization results showed that bone mineral density had no significant inverse effect on cathepin. The above results confirm that cathepin can affect bone mineral density in some age groups,which may increase the risk of osteoporosis and should be given more attention.