To thoroughly implement the strategic deployment outlined in the Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Inheritance and Innovative Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine regarding research on dominant diseases of traditional Chinese medicine and to uphold the development philosophy of equal emphasis on traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine，the China Association of Chinese Medicine has fully played a leading academic role by systematically organizing and conducting a series of academic youth salons on clinical dominant diseases of traditional Chinese medicine. On September 13，2024，the 36^th Youth Salon on Clinical Dominant Diseases was successfully held in Nanjing，focusing on the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine and the integrative traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction （ED）. The conference brought together leading experts from traditional Chinese medicine，western medicine，and interdisciplinary fields，facilitating in-depth multidisciplinary discussions that led to key consensus on optimizing traditional Chinese medicine treatment protocols for ED，researching and developing new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine，and advancing interdisciplinary development in traditional Chinese medicine. This salon systematically sorted out the clinical strengths and distinctive features of traditional Chinese medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of ED. Based on current research foundations and clinical needs，it identified key directions for future scientific layout and scientific research tackling： （1） Standardization of syndrome differentiation system of traditional Chinese medicine for ED. （2） Optimization and standardization of intervention methods of integrated traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. （3） High-quality clinical research guided by evidence-based medicine. （4） In-depth analysis of the pharmacological mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of ED. （5） Clinical translation and application promotion of new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine. （6） Interdisciplinary integration and innovation in traditional Chinese medicine. For each research direction，key focus areas，expected objectives，and clinical value were further refined，along with the establishment of a scientifically sound priority funding level evaluation system. Therefore，building on the series of salons on the ED-focused dominant diseases of traditional Chinese medicine，this paper provides standardized guidance for clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine in ED management，effectively contributing to the high-quality development of traditional Chinese medicine. It serves as a valuable reference for national scientific and technological strategic layout， research and development decision-making in new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine，research topic planning，and clinical guideline formulation.

Objective To analyze the mortality characteristics and impact on life expectancy of the major malignant tumors among Juxian residents in 2023.Methods Collect the full cause of death registration data and population data for resi-dents of Juxian in 2023.The mortality,cause eliminated life expectancy,PYLL and other indicators of major malignant tumors were calculated.Results In 2023,the death rate of malignant tumors among registered residence residents in Juxian County ranked second in the total causes of death,with a crude mortality rate of 159.80/100 000 and a standardized mortality rate of 133.75/100 000.The mortality rate of malignant tumors in men was higher than that in women.The mortality rate of malignant tumors increases with age(P＜0.001).The top 5 deaths from malignant tumors are lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,colorectal cancer,and esophageal cancer.The life expectancy of residents in Juxian County in 2023 is 80.61 years,with an in-crease of 3.71 years after malignant tumor removal;The top 5 malignant tumors with increased life expectancy after removing ma-jor malignant tumors are lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,colorectal cancer,and esophageal cancer.The potential life loss rate caused by malignant tumors is 22.38 ‰,with an average potential life loss of 15.38 years.Among the main malignant tumors,lung cancer,liver cancer,stomach cancer,colorectal cancer,and leukemia have a higher potential life loss rate,with leukemia having the highest average potential life loss.Conclusion Lung cancer,digestive system cancer,leukemia and breast cancer in women have a greater impact on life expectancy.Targeted measures should be taken to prevent and control lung cancer,liver cancer and other cancers with high life loss rates.

BACKGROUND:Copper is an essential trace element and plays a key role in series of physiological activities in the body.Metabolic disturbance of copper is closely associated with multiple diseases.Copper metabolism is mainly involved in the absorption,transport,storage and excretion of copper ions,and all the above processes regulate copper homeostasis in the body.In recent years,many studies have confirmed that copper homeostasis disorder severely affects the metabolic activities of the body and cause diseases in various systems.Besides,the role of copper in oral diseases has been of great interest.OBJECTIVE:To explore the role of copper in occurrence,development,and treatment of oral diseases,and provide a comprehensive overview of research advances in this field.METHODS:The first author searched relevant studies on copper in oral diseases using a computer in PubMed,Web of Science,and CNKI.The key words were"Cu,copper,copper metabolism,oral diseases,oral squamous cell carcinoma,periodontitis,oral submucous fibrosis,oral lichen planus,recurrent oral ulceration,pultitis"in English and Chinese.After screening,78 articles were included for further review and analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma have elevated concentrations of copper in serum and saliva,and elevated copper promotes cancer progression through oxidative stress and promoting angiogenesis.Excessive elevation or reduction of copper concentration in tumor cells can inhibit the growth of tumor cells.The combination of copper and anticancer drugs can significantly improve the efficacy of drugs.(2)The concentration of copper in the serum of patients with periodontitis is increased,and excessive copper can aggravate periodontitis through promoting oxidative stress.Combination of copper and drugs can promote periodontal bone regeneration and periodontal tissue healing.(3)The level of copper is positively correlated with degree of oral mucosa fibrosis.Copper that enters the oral mucosa promotes fibrosis of oral mucosa by enhancing activity of lysyloxidase to increase production of collagen.(4)Copper levels are elevated in patients with oral lichen planus,and elevated copper may promote the progression of oral lichen planus by modulating immune cell function.(5)In patients with recurrent oral ulcers,serum copper level is significantly increased,and utilization of copper becomes disordered,which could decrease copper-containing enzyme activity,thus affecting the healing of ulcers.Copper is closely associated with multiple oral diseases and therapies targeting at copper could obviously enhance the therapeutic effect of drugs.But further studies are still needed to uncover its mechanisms to lay foundation for the better treatment of oral diseases.

Objective To explore the quantitative relationship between coefficient of variation(CV)and biologically equivalent dose(BED)in the stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT)plans for liver cancer.Methods For 38 clinical liver cancer SBRT plans,the standard deviation of target dose was firstly calculated.Under the condition that the coefficient of variation(CV=σ/(D),where σ represents the standard deviation of the dose and (D)represents the mean dose)equaled 0.055,which was consistent with the mathematical approximation of CV?1,BED was expanded using a Taylor expansion around (D),and the first two terms were taken to derive the functional relationship between BED and CV,as well as BED value.Then,assuming that the dose follows a Gaussian distribution with a variance of σ2 centered at (D),BED value and the functional relationship between BED and CV were derived.Finally,BED value was calculated using the dose-volume histogram,and the BED values obtained from the 3 methods were compared.Results For the two approximate methods,the percentage change in BED for non-uniform dose distributions was as follows:when the SBRT plan had a CV of 0.02,the BED was decreased by approximately 2％using the Taylor expansion and by approximately 2％using the Gaussian distribution.The fitted relationship between CV and BED percentage change showed a BED percentage change of 7.1％.When the SBRT plan had a CV of 0.035,the BED was decreased by 6.1％using the Taylor expansion and by 6.6％using the Gaussian distribution.The fitted relationship between CV and BED percentage change showed a BED percentage change of 20％for a CV of 0.035 99.When the SBRT plan had a CV of 0.09,the BED for a non-uniform dose distribution was decreased by 29％using both the Taylor expansion and the Gaussian distribution as compared with a uniform dose distribution.The fitted relationship between CV and BED percentage change showed a BED decrease of 64.59％for a CV of 0.09.For a conventional 2 Gy×35 fraction plan,a CV of 0.09 resulted in a BED decrease of 14.93％.Conclusion Liver cancer SBRT plans are affected by CV.Even small degrees of non-uniformity can lead to significant reductions in BED and equivalent uniform dose.This reduction increases with higher single-fraction doses when the CV is small.The BED changes caused by the CV in SBRT plans are greater than those in conventional 2 Gy radiotherapy.When the CV is small,the percentage decrease in BED can be predicted using a fitted equation,but the error increases significantly when the CV is large.

To analyze the ethnic differences in the genotype distribution of thalassemia between the Han and Li ethnic groups in the Qiongnan region (southern Hainan). A cross-sectional study employing a stratified multistage sampling method was conducted from January 2019 to December 2023. A total of 4 493 high-risk individuals (2 734 Han and 1 759 Li) from southern Hainan (including Sanya, Ledong, Baoting, Lingshui, and other counties) underwent thalassemia genetic testing. The genotype distribution was statistically analyzed. Inter-group comparisons were performed using χ2 test or Fisher′s exact test. The results showed an overall thalassemia positivity rate of 66.70% (2 997/4 493), with carrier, intermediate and major thalassemia rates of 62.01% (2 786/4 493), 3.98% (179/4 493) and 0.71% (32/4 493), respectively. The positivity rates for thalassemia were 87.83% (1 545/1 759) in the Li ethnic group and 53.11% (1 452/2 734) in the Han ethnic group. Among them, the Li ethnic group exhibited significantly higher positivity rates for α-thalassemia (71.12% vs. 40.64%, χ2=398.90, P<0.001) and α/β-compound thalassemia (13.36% vs. 3.33%, χ2=160.06, P<0.001) compared to the Han ethnic group, whereas the Han ethnic group had a higher β-thalassemia rate (9.14% vs. 3.35%, χ2=56.03, P<0.001). Both ethnic groups shared common α-thalassemia alleles (-α 3.7 and -α 4.2), but the -- SEA allele proportion was significantly higher in Han (21.33% vs. 4.34%, χ2=231.45, P<0.001). Six rare -α 21.9 mutations (0.26%) were exclusively identified in the Li ethnic group, whereas none were found in Han. For β-thalassemia, the β CD41-42 allele was predominant in Li (96.60% vs. 71.01%, χ2=77.24, P<0.001), whereas other alleles (β IVS-II-654, β CD71-72, β CD17, and β -28) were more prevalent in Han (11.01%, 6.96%, 4.64%, and 3.19% vs. 1.54%, 0.00%, 0.31%, and 0.62%, respectively),all P<0.05. In conclusion, distinct ethnic disparities in thalassemia genotype distribution are observed in southern Hainan. The Li ethnic group is predominantly characterized by α-thalassemia and α/β-compound genotypes with a predominant β CD41-42 mutation. In contrast, the Han ethnic group displays higher -- SEA proportion and heterogeneous β-thalassemia genotypes.

Objective To explore the changing trend in the disease burden of gout in China from 1990 to 2021, and analyze the incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by age and gender, with comparisons to global patterns, and to predict the disease burden of gout in China in 2030. Methods Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database were used to analyze changes in gout burden. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Comparative analyses were conducted on data from China and the world, and an ARIMA model was used to project China's gout burden in 2030. Results From 1990 to 2021, China's age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) rose from 122.52 to 151.61/100,000, exceeding the global rise from 93.09 to 109.07/100,000. The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) in China increased from 640.67/100,000 to 810.35/100,000, compared to a global rise from 536.54/100,000 to 653.81/100,000. The age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) in China increased from 20.2/100,000 to 25.43/100,000, surpassing the global increase from 16.67/100,000 to 20.21/100,000. AAPCs for ASIR, ASPR, and ASDR in China were 0.70%, 0.77%, and 0.75%, respectively, all higher than global rates. Middle-aged and elderly men faced the highest burden. It was predicted that there will be a decline in China's ASIR and ASPR by 2030, while ASDR will remain stable. Conclusion The disease burden of gout in China has increased significantly, outpacing global trends. Targeted interventions for hyperuricemia, particularly in elderly men, are crucial to reduce the future disease burden.

Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that plays an important role in various physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, its role in lung diseases has gradually attracted attention. Studies have found that GPNMB is abnormally expressed in lung diseases and is involved in regulating pathological processes such as inflammatory responses, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis. This article systematically reviews the research progress of GPNMB in common lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer, and explores its potential as a therapeutic target, providing new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases in the future.

To analyze the ethnic differences in the genotype distribution of thalassemia between the Han and Li ethnic groups in the Qiongnan region (southern Hainan). A cross-sectional study employing a stratified multistage sampling method was conducted from January 2019 to December 2023. A total of 4 493 high-risk individuals (2 734 Han and 1 759 Li) from southern Hainan (including Sanya, Ledong, Baoting, Lingshui, and other counties) underwent thalassemia genetic testing. The genotype distribution was statistically analyzed. Inter-group comparisons were performed using χ2 test or Fisher′s exact test. The results showed an overall thalassemia positivity rate of 66.70% (2 997/4 493), with carrier, intermediate and major thalassemia rates of 62.01% (2 786/4 493), 3.98% (179/4 493) and 0.71% (32/4 493), respectively. The positivity rates for thalassemia were 87.83% (1 545/1 759) in the Li ethnic group and 53.11% (1 452/2 734) in the Han ethnic group. Among them, the Li ethnic group exhibited significantly higher positivity rates for α-thalassemia (71.12% vs. 40.64%, χ2=398.90, P<0.001) and α/β-compound thalassemia (13.36% vs. 3.33%, χ2=160.06, P<0.001) compared to the Han ethnic group, whereas the Han ethnic group had a higher β-thalassemia rate (9.14% vs. 3.35%, χ2=56.03, P<0.001). Both ethnic groups shared common α-thalassemia alleles (-α 3.7 and -α 4.2), but the -- SEA allele proportion was significantly higher in Han (21.33% vs. 4.34%, χ2=231.45, P<0.001). Six rare -α 21.9 mutations (0.26%) were exclusively identified in the Li ethnic group, whereas none were found in Han. For β-thalassemia, the β CD41-42 allele was predominant in Li (96.60% vs. 71.01%, χ2=77.24, P<0.001), whereas other alleles (β IVS-II-654, β CD71-72, β CD17, and β -28) were more prevalent in Han (11.01%, 6.96%, 4.64%, and 3.19% vs. 1.54%, 0.00%, 0.31%, and 0.62%, respectively),all P<0.05. In conclusion, distinct ethnic disparities in thalassemia genotype distribution are observed in southern Hainan. The Li ethnic group is predominantly characterized by α-thalassemia and α/β-compound genotypes with a predominant β CD41-42 mutation. In contrast, the Han ethnic group displays higher -- SEA proportion and heterogeneous β-thalassemia genotypes.

Objective To analyze the mortality characteristics and impact on life expectancy of the major malignant tumors among Juxian residents in 2023.Methods Collect the full cause of death registration data and population data for resi-dents of Juxian in 2023.The mortality,cause eliminated life expectancy,PYLL and other indicators of major malignant tumors were calculated.Results In 2023,the death rate of malignant tumors among registered residence residents in Juxian County ranked second in the total causes of death,with a crude mortality rate of 159.80/100 000 and a standardized mortality rate of 133.75/100 000.The mortality rate of malignant tumors in men was higher than that in women.The mortality rate of malignant tumors increases with age(P＜0.001).The top 5 deaths from malignant tumors are lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,colorectal cancer,and esophageal cancer.The life expectancy of residents in Juxian County in 2023 is 80.61 years,with an in-crease of 3.71 years after malignant tumor removal;The top 5 malignant tumors with increased life expectancy after removing ma-jor malignant tumors are lung cancer,gastric cancer,liver cancer,colorectal cancer,and esophageal cancer.The potential life loss rate caused by malignant tumors is 22.38 ‰,with an average potential life loss of 15.38 years.Among the main malignant tumors,lung cancer,liver cancer,stomach cancer,colorectal cancer,and leukemia have a higher potential life loss rate,with leukemia having the highest average potential life loss.Conclusion Lung cancer,digestive system cancer,leukemia and breast cancer in women have a greater impact on life expectancy.Targeted measures should be taken to prevent and control lung cancer,liver cancer and other cancers with high life loss rates.

Objective To explore the quantitative relationship between coefficient of variation(CV)and biologically equivalent dose(BED)in the stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT)plans for liver cancer.Methods For 38 clinical liver cancer SBRT plans,the standard deviation of target dose was firstly calculated.Under the condition that the coefficient of variation(CV=σ/(D),where σ represents the standard deviation of the dose and (D)represents the mean dose)equaled 0.055,which was consistent with the mathematical approximation of CV?1,BED was expanded using a Taylor expansion around (D),and the first two terms were taken to derive the functional relationship between BED and CV,as well as BED value.Then,assuming that the dose follows a Gaussian distribution with a variance of σ2 centered at (D),BED value and the functional relationship between BED and CV were derived.Finally,BED value was calculated using the dose-volume histogram,and the BED values obtained from the 3 methods were compared.Results For the two approximate methods,the percentage change in BED for non-uniform dose distributions was as follows:when the SBRT plan had a CV of 0.02,the BED was decreased by approximately 2％using the Taylor expansion and by approximately 2％using the Gaussian distribution.The fitted relationship between CV and BED percentage change showed a BED percentage change of 7.1％.When the SBRT plan had a CV of 0.035,the BED was decreased by 6.1％using the Taylor expansion and by 6.6％using the Gaussian distribution.The fitted relationship between CV and BED percentage change showed a BED percentage change of 20％for a CV of 0.035 99.When the SBRT plan had a CV of 0.09,the BED for a non-uniform dose distribution was decreased by 29％using both the Taylor expansion and the Gaussian distribution as compared with a uniform dose distribution.The fitted relationship between CV and BED percentage change showed a BED decrease of 64.59％for a CV of 0.09.For a conventional 2 Gy×35 fraction plan,a CV of 0.09 resulted in a BED decrease of 14.93％.Conclusion Liver cancer SBRT plans are affected by CV.Even small degrees of non-uniformity can lead to significant reductions in BED and equivalent uniform dose.This reduction increases with higher single-fraction doses when the CV is small.The BED changes caused by the CV in SBRT plans are greater than those in conventional 2 Gy radiotherapy.When the CV is small,the percentage decrease in BED can be predicted using a fitted equation,but the error increases significantly when the CV is large.