Objective:To study echinococcosis in the population and canine Echinococcus infection in Yushu City, Qinghai Province, and to explore the current epidemic situation and main transmission species of Echinococcus. Methods:In June 2023, a multi-stage sampling method was used to select 2 villages each in Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Town, Yushu City, Qinghai Province. Each village included at least 100 permanent residents who had lived locally for at least 1 year and were 2 years old or older as the survey subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum antibodies against Echinococcus larvae in the population, and B-mode ultrasound was used for abdominal organ scanning. Meanwhile, on the main roads of Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Town, canine feces were collected in designated areas at intervals. ELISA was used to detect the antigen of canine fecal Echinococcus, and PCR was used to detect the types of parasites ( Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus shiquicus). Results:A total of 511 residents were investigated in Yushu City, and the positive rate of serum Echinococcus larvae antibodies in the population was 26.22% (134/511), and the detection rate of echinococcosis B-mode ultrasound was 1.37% (7/511). Among them, the detection rates of B-mode ultrasound for cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) were 1.17% (6/511) and 0.20% (1/511), respectively. The positive rate of Echinococcus antigen in 543 canine feces detected by ELISA was 12.89% (70/543). PCR was used to test 497 canine feces, and the detection rate of Echinococcus was 3.02% (15/497). Among them, the detection rate of Echinococcus multilocularis was higher than that of Echinococcus granulosus [2.82% (14/497) vs 0.20% (1/497)], and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 11.44, P < 0.001). No Echinococcus shiquicus was detected. Conclusions:The positive rates of Echinococcus larvae antibodies in the population and canine Echinococcus antigen in Yushu City, Qinghai Province are both relatively high. There is a mixed epidemic of CE and AE, with Echinococcus multilocularis being the main species.

Objective:To study echinococcosis in the population and canine Echinococcus infection in Yushu City, Qinghai Province, and to explore the current epidemic situation and main transmission species of Echinococcus. Methods:In June 2023, a multi-stage sampling method was used to select 2 villages each in Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Town, Yushu City, Qinghai Province. Each village included at least 100 permanent residents who had lived locally for at least 1 year and were 2 years old or older as the survey subjects. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum antibodies against Echinococcus larvae in the population, and B-mode ultrasound was used for abdominal organ scanning. Meanwhile, on the main roads of Shanglaxiu Township and Longbao Town, canine feces were collected in designated areas at intervals. ELISA was used to detect the antigen of canine fecal Echinococcus, and PCR was used to detect the types of parasites ( Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus shiquicus). Results:A total of 511 residents were investigated in Yushu City, and the positive rate of serum Echinococcus larvae antibodies in the population was 26.22% (134/511), and the detection rate of echinococcosis B-mode ultrasound was 1.37% (7/511). Among them, the detection rates of B-mode ultrasound for cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) were 1.17% (6/511) and 0.20% (1/511), respectively. The positive rate of Echinococcus antigen in 543 canine feces detected by ELISA was 12.89% (70/543). PCR was used to test 497 canine feces, and the detection rate of Echinococcus was 3.02% (15/497). Among them, the detection rate of Echinococcus multilocularis was higher than that of Echinococcus granulosus [2.82% (14/497) vs 0.20% (1/497)], and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 11.44, P < 0.001). No Echinococcus shiquicus was detected. Conclusions:The positive rates of Echinococcus larvae antibodies in the population and canine Echinococcus antigen in Yushu City, Qinghai Province are both relatively high. There is a mixed epidemic of CE and AE, with Echinococcus multilocularis being the main species.

Objective:To investigate the serum hepcidin level and risk factors associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and foot ulcer in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods:From January 2019 to June 2019, 70 patients with type 2 diabetes in Department of Endocrinology of Xiangya Third Hospital were selected, including 21 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes (DM group), 23 patients with lower extremity vascular disease (PAD group) and 26 patients with foot ulcer (DF group). Serum hepcidin was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The serum levels of hepcidin in different groups were compared, and the correlation between diabetic lower extremity vascular disease and foot ulcer was analyzed.Results:⑴ The hemoglobin, albumin, triglycerides and total cholesterol were significantly lower in DF group compared with PAD and DM groups ( P<0.05), while the DF group patients were with higher white blood cell (WBC) count and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) than patients in PAD and DM groups ( P<0.05). DF group also showed significantly higher WBC, hs-CRP and neutrophil ratio level (NEUT%) than DM group ( P<0.05). The inflammatory indicators of WBC, hs-CRP and NEUT% showed no significant difference between DM group and PAD group ( P>0.05). ⑵ The levels of hepcidin in DF and PAD groups were higher than those in DM group, while that in DF group were higher than those in PAD group ( P<0.05); Hepcidin was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, WBC count, NEUT% and ferritin ( P<0.05), and negatively correlated with hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin, albumin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D ( P<0.05). ⑶ Binary multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that elevated hepcidin level was an independent risk factor for diabetic foot ulcer [ OR=1.755, 95% CI: 1.063-2.897, P=0.028]. Conclusions:The fluctuation of serum hepcidin level in diabetic patients is related to the stimulation of inflammation, the degree of anemia and the nutritional status, which means it might be an early indicator of inflammation in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease. Moreover, the increase of hepcidin is an independent risk factor for diabetic foot ulcers in our study.

Objective:To observe the activation of cerebral regions during swallowing by magnetoencephalography (MEG), and discuss the temporal and spatial characteristics of neural circuit.Methods:Ten healthy subjects were selected, and the magnetic signals of their brains were recorded using 148 channel full head type MEG system in the magnetic shielding room.Data were analyzed using CURRY8 analysis software and the localization algorithm was based on minimum modulus low resolution electromagnetic imaging method (LORETA). Every 300 ms data were set as an independent analysis stage and made the highest position of the cerebral cortex F-distribution values (F-distributed) as the activation area.The activation areas were analyzed during swallowing through time and space location.Results:Paracentral lobule, anterior central gyrus, medulla oblata, posterior central gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, parietal lobules, angular gyrus, corpus callosum, middle frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, orbital gyrus, thalamus, bottom of third ventricle, corona radiata, precuneus, frontal insula, cerebellopontine angle, superior frontal gyrus and basal ganglia area were activated during swallowing, in which the top eight brain regions were paracentral lobule, anterior central gyrus, corpus callosum, posterior central gyrus, superior parietal lobule, middle frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and basal ganglia.When the 10 subjects performed the deglutition, MEG signals of 8 subjects were mainly activated by the left cerebral hemisphere at 0-300 ms, the bilateral cerebral hemisphere or intermediate region at 301-600 ms, and the right cerebral hemisphere at 601-900 ms.MEG signal of 1 subject was activated by the right cerebral hemisphere at 0-300 ms, and the left cerebral hemisphere at 301-600 ms and 601-900 ms.MEG signal of 1 subject was mainly activated by the right cerebral hemisphere at 0-300 ms and 601-900 ms, and in the intermediate region at 301-600 ms.Conclusion:During swallowing the MEG signals appeared left laterality in the early stage and right laterality in the later stage, and showed a close correlation with time.There may be a swallowing neural circuit composed by the central region, corpus callosum, superior parietal lobule, middle frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus and basal ganglia, in which the central region is the core.

OBJECTIVE： To establish the method for content determination of eugenol in Syzygium aromaticum oil dropping pills， and to optimize the preparation technology. METHODS： The content of eugenol in S. aromaticum oil dropping pills was determined by UV spectrophotometry. Based on single factor test， using the percentage of drugs in total amount， liquid temperature， falling distance of condensate， liquid drop distance as factors， taking the roundness， weight and hardness difference and comprehensive score as factors， L9（34） orthogonal design test was adopted to optimize the preparation process. RESULTS： The linear range of eugenol was 15.15-45.45 μg/mL（r＝0.999 6）； RSDs of precision， stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 1％； the recoveries were 97.41％-100.59％（RSD＝1.35％， n＝6）. The optimal preparation technology included that the percentage of drugs in total amount was 5％； liquid temperature was 80 ℃； falling distance of condensate was 13 cm； liquid drop distance was 6 cm. The dropping pills had smooth appearance， good roundness and moderate hardness； the average content of engenol was 4.073％（RSD＝0.35％，n＝6）. CONCLUSIONS： The established method is simple， and can be used for the content determination of eugenol in S. aromaticum oil dropping pills. The optimal preparation technology is stable and feasible.