Primary or secondary death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) is a common outcome in various optic neuropathies, often resulting in severe visual damage. The inherent characteristics of RGC include the continuous upregulation of intracellular growth-inhibitory transcription factors and the downregulation of growth-inducing transcription factors during cell differentiation. Additionally, the external inhibitory microenvironment following RGC damage, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, lack of neurotrophic factors, high expression of myelin proteins, and the formation of glial scars, all restrict axonal regeneration. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors lead to the death of damaged RGC and hinder axonal regeneration. Various neuroprotective agents and methods attempt to promote neuroprotection and axonal regeneration from both intrinsic and extrinsic aspects, and well knowledge of these neuroprotective strategies is of significant importance for promoting the neuroprotective experimental research and facilitating its translation into clinical practice.

Standardized specialist training is key to postgraduate medical education. China is introducing the specialist training programs, yet without covering specialist training in obstetrics and gynecology(O&G). Shanghai took the lead in 2003 to pilot O&G specialists training programs within the region. This study introduced the specialist training programs in O&G in the US, and compared them with those in Shanghai, and recommending on launching O&G specialist training nationwide based on China′s specifics.