Central venous pressure(CVP)is a commonly used hemodynamic index in clinical practice,and the accuracy of its measurement results is influenced by the measurement technical specifications.Based on research evidence and clinical practice,this article interprets the main content of the group standard of CVP measurement technology,and proposes suggestions for its use.It aims to guide clinical nursing staff to correctly understand the principles and methods of CVP measurement,and promote the standardization of nursing practice and the accuracy of measurement results.

Dysfunction of the diaphragm is a common problem in mechanically ventilated patients and is closely related to various adverse outcomes.This review summarizes the evaluation methods of diaphragm function,the association between diaphragm dysfunction and adverse clinical outcomes in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients,and the protective effect of diaphragm function on adverse outcomes related to mechanical ventilation.The aim is to provide references for medical staff to optimize evaluation techniques,develop personalized nursing plans,and improve patients' quality of life and health outcomes.

Central venous pressure(CVP)is a commonly used hemodynamic index in clinical practice,and the accuracy of its measurement results is influenced by the measurement technical specifications.Based on research evidence and clinical practice,this article interprets the main content of the group standard of CVP measurement technology,and proposes suggestions for its use.It aims to guide clinical nursing staff to correctly understand the principles and methods of CVP measurement,and promote the standardization of nursing practice and the accuracy of measurement results.

Dysfunction of the diaphragm is a common problem in mechanically ventilated patients and is closely related to various adverse outcomes.This review summarizes the evaluation methods of diaphragm function,the association between diaphragm dysfunction and adverse clinical outcomes in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients,and the protective effect of diaphragm function on adverse outcomes related to mechanical ventilation.The aim is to provide references for medical staff to optimize evaluation techniques,develop personalized nursing plans,and improve patients' quality of life and health outcomes.

Ulcerative colitis （UC） is a chronic， non-specific inflammatory bowel disease. The pathogenesis of this disease is complex and is attributed to multiple factors. Intestinal mucosal barrier damage is the basic pathological change of UC， and intestinal flora disorder is one of the important characteristics of UC. Intestinal flora plays a key role in the pathological process of UC by regulating intestinal mucosal immunity and inflammatory response to repair the damaged intestinal mucosal barrier. At present， western medicine has the advantages of rapid action onset and significant short-term efficacy， but the curative effect of long-term use is not good， accompanied by many adverse reactions， causing great physical and mental pain to patients. Therefore， it is urgent to explore new treatment methods with definite long-term efficacy and mild adverse reactions. A large number of studies have shown that Chinese medicine can regulate intestinal flora through multiple targets in an all-around way， restore the homeostasis of the flora， and repair the damaged intestinal mucosal barrier， thereby inhibiting the progression of UC. Numerous studies have shown that the active components， monomers， and compounds of Chinese medicine can effectively antagonize UC by regulating the intestinal flora to improve the intestinal mucosal immunity， reduce the inflammatory response of the intestinal mucosa， and restore the normal physiological function of the intestinal mucosal barrier， providing a new strategy for UC prevention and treatment. Although there are some studies of the regulation of intestinal flora by Chinese medicine to prevent and treat UC， those studies have the shortcomings of systematic and comprehensive inadequacy. Therefore， based on the research status of UC， intestinal flora， and Chinese medicine treatment， this study reviewed the relationship between intestinal flora and UC and clarified the key role of intestinal flora in the occurrence and development of UC. At the same time， this paper comprehensively summarized the Chinese medicine that targeted the regulation of intestinal flora for the treatment of UC in the past five years to provide new strategies and ideas for UC treatment.

Ulcerative colitis （UC） is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with complex etiology. The pathogenesis of this disease， due to a combination of factors， is complex and has not yet been elucidated. Among them， intestinal mucosal barrier damage is the basic pathological change of UC. As a non-destructive response of cells， autophagy regulates intestinal mucosal immunity， inflammation， oxidative stress， and bacterial homeostasis through degradation and reabsorption to actively repair damaged intestinal mucosal barrier， exerting a key role in the occurrence and development of UC. The disease is mainly treated clinically with aminosalicylic acid preparations， glucocorticoids， and immunosuppressants. Western medicine treatment of the disease has a fast onset of effect， and the short-term efficacy is definite， but the long-term application is easy to be accompanied by more adverse reactions. Moreover， some drugs are expensive， bringing great physical and mental pain and economic burden to patients. Therefore， it is urgent to explore new therapies with stable efficacy and mild adverse effects. In recent years， a large number of studies have shown that Chinese medicine can regulate autophagy of the intestinal mucosa with multiple targets and effects and repair the intestinal mucosal barrier function， thereby inhibiting the development of UC. Many experiments have shown that the active ingredient or monomers and compound formulas of Chinese medicine can improve the immunity of the intestinal mucosa， inflammation， oxidative stress， and flora by regulating the level of autophagy to maintain the normal function of the intestinal mucosal barrier to effectively intervene in UC， providing a new measure for the prevention and treatment of UC. However， there is a lack of systematic review of Chinese medicine in regulating the level of autophagy in the intestinal mucosa for the prevention and treatment of UC. Therefore， based on the current research on UC， autophagy process， and Chinese medicine treatment， this article reviewed the relationship of autophagy and its key target proteins with UC to clarify the key role of autophagy in UC production and systematically summarized Chinese medicines targeting the regulation of autophagy to treat UC in recent years to provide new ideas for the treatment and drug development of UC.

Objective To explore the mechanism of immediate effect regulated by acupuncture on acupoints in patients with migraine without aura(MwoA)during the interictal period.Methods A total of 28 MwoA patients were enrolled and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI)were performed at baseline and after acupuncture for 30 minutes.Paired t test was used to compare the differences of regional homogeneity(ReHo)and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity(VMHC)between two groups.Additionally,the correlation between the changes of rs-fMRI indexes and clinical scores was analyzed.Results In MwoA patients after acupuncture for 30 minutes,the mean regional homogeneity(mReHo)was decreased in the right lingual gyrus and right cere-bellum and was increased in the right middle frontal gyrus,while the z transformation voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity(zVMHC)was significantly decreased in the bilateral cuneus compared with baseline.There was no significant correlation between imaging data and clinical scales.Conclusion Patients with MwoA after acupuncture for 30 minutes show abnormal ReHo and VMHC in multiple brain regions,which suggest that the mechanism of immediate effect may act through regulating pain-related brain regions.

Objective The risk evaluation indicators for the occurrence of diaphragm dysfunction in ICU patients was constructed to provide a reference for the establishment of the disease risk evaluation tools for diaphragm dysfunction.Methods The literature related to diaphragm dysfunction from CNKI,Wanfang Data,PubMed,Embase and Web of Science from the establishment of databases to November 11 th,2022 was systematically searched.After the first draft was determined through the literature review method,the first draft of the indicators was revised by brainstorming,with the opinions of 10 medical and nursing experts from May to June 2023.From June to July 2023,the content and weight of risk evaluation indicators of diaphragmatic dysfunction in ICU patients were determined through expert letter inquiry and hierarchical analysis.Results 35 experts completed the first round of letter inquiry,and 34 experts completed the second round of letter inquiry.The recovery rates of the valid questionnaires in the 2 rounds of expert correspondence were 92.1％and 97.1％,respectively,and the expert authority coefficients were 0.884 and 0.904,respectively,and the Kendall harmony coefficients of all indicators were 0.356～0.570 and 0.369～0.604,respectively(all P＜0.001).The final constructed risk evaluation indicators of diaphragm dysfunction in ICU patients includes 7 first-level indicators,34 secondary indicators and 34 tertiary indicators.Conclusion The risk evaluation index of diaphragm dysfunction in ICU patients constructed in this study is comprehensive,specific,scientific and applicable,which can guide medical staff to conduct early risk evaluation of diaphragm function in ICU patients,and provide references for the establishment of disease risk assessment tools for diaphragm function.

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome （IBS-D） is a chronic intestinal disease characterized by abdominal pain and increased water content in stool. The pathological mechanism of this disease is complex and attributed to many factors， where the impairment of intestinal mucosal barrier is pivotal in the pathogenesis of IBS-D. The intercellular tight junction （TJ）in intestinal mucosa is mainly composed of Occludin，Claudins， and zonula occludens （ZOs），which is an important component of mechanical barrier and can significantly affect mucosal function. Since modern medicine holds that the pathogenesis of this disease is not fully revealed，symptomatic treatment is the first choice in clinical practice even though the outcomes are not satisfactory. According to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM），the epithelial barrier function in intestinal mucosa corresponds to the TCM theory of "the spleen acts as the guard". Many studies have reported that the active components of Chinese medicine and compound prescriptions can restore the intestinal epithelial barrier function of IBS-D rats by regulating TJ protein，reduce its permeability， and inhibit intestinal water and electrolyte exudation，thereby improving symptoms. This study reviewed the relationship of IBS-D with TJ and its key target proteins to clarify the key role of TJ in the pathophysiology of IBS-D and summarized the TCM treatment of IBS-D through the target regulation of TJ， with the purpose to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of IBS-D and further drug development.

Ulcerative colitis （UC） is a clinical chronic intestinal disease， and the damage of the intestinal epithelial mucus barrier is an important pathological mechanism of UC. Mucin 2 （MUC2） is a major component of the intestinal mucus barrier， and goblet cells are the “main force” of MUC2 secretion， maintaining and renewing the intestinal mucus layer to ensure its integrity. Therefore， repairing the intestinal mucus barrier by promoting the synthesis of MUC2 by goblet cells is an important strategy for the treatment of UC. Traditional Chinese medicine scholars believe that there is an inherent layer of “lipid membrane” or “fat paste” in the intestine， and pathological factors such as moisture and heat lead to the thinning of this structure， which is the fundamental pathogenesis of “diarrhea” and “intestinal dysentery”. It coincides with the damage of intestinal mucus barrier leading to UC in modern medicine. Based on this， this paper summarized the mechanism of Chinese herbal compounds or Chinese herbal active components in regulating intestinal mucus barrier to interfere with UC. It was found that Chinese herbal compounds such as Huanglian jiedu decoction， Shaoyao decoction and Compound Kusen decoction， as well as Chinese herbal active ingredients such as volatile oil of Atractylodes lancea， paeoniflorin and papaya triterpenes could promote the synthesis and secretion function of goblet cells， and achieve the purpose of “thickening intestine”， thus relieving UC symptoms.