Experimental teaching is an important component of the course Medical Immunology,which requires the use of experimental animals and the execution of experimental animals by medical students.By applying the carbon dioxide euthanasia system,it can effectively reduce the pain of experimental animals,ensure their welfare,and meet ethical requirements.It can also improve the efficiency of experimental teaching in Medical Immunology,reduce environmental pollution,and promote medical students to estab-lish scientific values and worldviews that pay attention to experimental animals and respect life,which is conducive to becoming future medical service talents.In the experimental teaching of Medical Immunology,the appropriate application of carbon dioxide euthanasia system combined with effective ideological and political construction of the curriculum can further implement the Party's educational policy of cultivating morality and talents,and lay a good foundation for cultivating medical talents with comprehensive knowledge,high skills and excellent quality.

The theory of "holism of five organs" highly encapsulates the understanding of TCM on the integrity, connectivity, and unity of the internal life functions and morphological structures of the human body. Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) frequently overlap, and TCM has significant advantages in their prevention and treatment based on the theory of the holistic view and syndrome differentiation and treatment. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles whose secretory form and biological functions fully reflect the "holism of five organs", and they are of great value in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of overlap of symptoms of FGIDs. This article interpreted the relationship between exosomes and overlap of symptoms of FGIDs with the "holism of five organs", aiming to provide new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of overlap of symptoms of FGIDs, as well as partly explain the scientific connotation of the theory of "holism of five organs".

Under the background of rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI),this paper systematically proposes AI-based education(AIBE).It empowers the teaching process,learning process,research process,and teaching management with AI,and constructs an AI-based educational paradigm,including AI-based teaching(AIBT),AI-based learning(AIBL),AI-based re-search(AIBR),and AI-based management(AIBM).Taking the AI course of immunology teaching as an example,this paper deeply analyzes the practices and explorations of implementing AIBT,AIBL,AIBR and AIBM based on the AI course,so as to accelerate the promotion of the transformation of the fourth generation of medical education.

Objective:To explore the needs and feelings of emergency palliative care from the perspective of medical and nursing staff.Methods:Purposeful sampling was used to recruit 23 emergency medical and nursing staff with experience in end-of-life care from two Class Ⅲ Grade A hospitals in Wenzhou City between September and October 2024. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the respondents. Results were analyzed using NVivo 12 software.Results:Emergency patients at the end of life and their families had immediate needs, including acute symptom control, pain management, and respiratory distress treatment needs, urgent decision support needs, cultural conflict needs, immediate emotional comfort needs and alexithymia. Medical and nursing staff faced numerous obstacles when providing palliative care in emergency settings, such as role conflicts and skill gaps among emergency medical and nursing staff, lack of dedicated palliative care areas and noisy environments that hindered communication due to physical space limitations in the Emergency Department, short decision-making time and difficulties in referral due to limited emergency room time window, the multidisciplinary collaboration in the emergency department lags behind and the response of the specialized team was delayed, and lack of information sharing between emergency departments and wards.Conclusions:Emergency palliative care is characterized by both urgent needs and implementation barriers. It is necessary to optimize the physical space of the Emergency Department, establish a rapid decision mechanism for medical and nursing staff, strengthen multidisciplinary collaboration, and conduct professional training to build a palliative care model suitable for emergency situations.

Objective:To explore the needs and feelings of emergency palliative care from the perspective of medical and nursing staff.Methods:Purposeful sampling was used to recruit 23 emergency medical and nursing staff with experience in end-of-life care from two Class Ⅲ Grade A hospitals in Wenzhou City between September and October 2024. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the respondents. Results were analyzed using NVivo 12 software.Results:Emergency patients at the end of life and their families had immediate needs, including acute symptom control, pain management, and respiratory distress treatment needs, urgent decision support needs, cultural conflict needs, immediate emotional comfort needs and alexithymia. Medical and nursing staff faced numerous obstacles when providing palliative care in emergency settings, such as role conflicts and skill gaps among emergency medical and nursing staff, lack of dedicated palliative care areas and noisy environments that hindered communication due to physical space limitations in the Emergency Department, short decision-making time and difficulties in referral due to limited emergency room time window, the multidisciplinary collaboration in the emergency department lags behind and the response of the specialized team was delayed, and lack of information sharing between emergency departments and wards.Conclusions:Emergency palliative care is characterized by both urgent needs and implementation barriers. It is necessary to optimize the physical space of the Emergency Department, establish a rapid decision mechanism for medical and nursing staff, strengthen multidisciplinary collaboration, and conduct professional training to build a palliative care model suitable for emergency situations.

Experimental teaching is an important component of the course Medical Immunology,which requires the use of experimental animals and the execution of experimental animals by medical students.By applying the carbon dioxide euthanasia system,it can effectively reduce the pain of experimental animals,ensure their welfare,and meet ethical requirements.It can also improve the efficiency of experimental teaching in Medical Immunology,reduce environmental pollution,and promote medical students to estab-lish scientific values and worldviews that pay attention to experimental animals and respect life,which is conducive to becoming future medical service talents.In the experimental teaching of Medical Immunology,the appropriate application of carbon dioxide euthanasia system combined with effective ideological and political construction of the curriculum can further implement the Party's educational policy of cultivating morality and talents,and lay a good foundation for cultivating medical talents with comprehensive knowledge,high skills and excellent quality.

Under the background of rapid development of artificial intelligence(AI),this paper systematically proposes AI-based education(AIBE).It empowers the teaching process,learning process,research process,and teaching management with AI,and constructs an AI-based educational paradigm,including AI-based teaching(AIBT),AI-based learning(AIBL),AI-based re-search(AIBR),and AI-based management(AIBM).Taking the AI course of immunology teaching as an example,this paper deeply analyzes the practices and explorations of implementing AIBT,AIBL,AIBR and AIBM based on the AI course,so as to accelerate the promotion of the transformation of the fourth generation of medical education.

ObjectiveTo investigate the possible mechanism of modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction （葛根芩连汤） in treatment of ulcerative colitis （UC） from the view of intestinal mucosal epithelial barrier damage and epithelial mesenchymal transition. MethodsSixty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into blank group， model group， western medicine control group， and low-， medium-， and high-dose modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction groups， with 10 mice in each group. Except for the blank group， 3% dextran sodium sulfate （DSS） was used to induce colitis model by free drinking for 7 days， and on the first day of modelling， 6， 12， and 24 g/（kg·d） of modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction were given to the low-， medium-， and high-dose groups respectively， 5-aminosalicylic acid （5-ASA） 100 mg/（kg·d） given by gavage to western medicine control group， and 10 ml/kg distilled water were given to blank and model group by gavage， once a day for 7 days. Body mass of mice was recorded and disease activity index （DAI） scores were performed daily. The mice were anesthetized after 24h of the last administration and the colon was taken to observe the length of colon， HE staining was applied to observe the damage of colonic mucosa and score pathological states， Masson staining to detect the deposition of colonic collagen fibers， immunofluorescence to observe the distribution of F-actin in colonic mucosal epithelium， and immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of tight junction protein ZO-1， Occludin， E-cadherin and Vimentin. ResultsCompared with the blank group at the same time， the percentage of body mass of mice in the model group on day 7 of modelling significantly reduced and the DAI score was significantly increased （P＜0.01）； compared with the model group at the same time， the body mass of mice in the western medicine control group and all of modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction groups decreased， and the DAI scores of mice in the western medicine control group and the high-dose modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction group decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； compared with the same time of mice in the low-dos Gegen Qinlian Decoction group， the body mass of mice in the high-dose Gegen Qinlian Decoction group and the western medicine control group significantly elevated （P＜0.05）. Compared with the blank group， the length of the colon of mice in the model group was significantly shortened， the pathological score and the percentage of collagen area were significantly increased， the average fluorescence intensity of F-actin was reduced， the protein levels of ZO-1， Occludin and E-cadherin in the colon tissue decreased， and the protein level of Vimentin elevated （P＜0.01）. Compared with the model group， the length of colon significantly increased， patholo-gical score， collagen area percentage decreased， ZO-1， Occludin， E-cadherin protein levels increased and Vimentin levels decreased in all medicated groups； the average fluorescence intensity of F-actin increased in the western medicine control group and the middle- and high-dose Gegen Qinlian Decoction groups （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the low-dose Gegen Qinlian Decoction group， the proportion of collagen fibre area in the middle-dose Gegen Qinlian Decoction group and the western medicine control group reduced； the mean fluorescence intensity of F-actin increased in the middle-dose Gegen Qinlian Decoction group； the protein levels of ZO-1 and E-cadherin increased in the western medicine control group， and the protein levels of ZO-1 increased in the high-dose Gegen Qinlian Decoction group （P＜0.05）. Compared with the medium-dose Gegen Qinlian Decoction group， the protein levels of ZO-1 elevated in the high-dose Gegen Qinlian Decoction group （P＜0.05）. Comapred with the high-dose Gegen Qinlian Decoction group， level of E-cadherin and Vimentin protein of the western medicine control group increased （P＜0.05）. ConclusionModified Gegen Qinlian Decoction was able to reduce colonic inflammation and mucosal barrier damage and inhibit the process of epithelial mesenchymal transition in mice models of ulcerative colitis， which may be one of its action mechanisms .

Objective:To investigate the influence of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) DIO3OS in ketamine-induced neurotoxicity and its mechanism in mouse hippocampal neurons.Methods:(1) Primary mouse hippocampal neurons were isolated and cultured; CCK-8 assay was used to detect the viability of cells treated with different concentrations of ketamine (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 μmol/L), and qPCR was used to detect DIO3OS mRNA expression. (2) Hippocampal neurons were divided into 4 groups: control group, ketamine group (cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h), ketamine+pc group (transfected with pcDNA3.1 plasmid for 48 h, and then cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h), and ketamine+DIO3OS group (transfected with pcDNA3.1-DIO3OS plasmid for 48 h, and then cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h); cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay; lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release was determined by LDH cytotoxicity assay kit; cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry; mRNA expressions of DIO3OS and brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) were examined by qPCR; protein expressions of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and BDNF were detected by Western blotting. (3) Total proteins of routinely cultured neurons were extracted, and RNA Pull-Down assay was used to detect whether DIO3OS mRNA and BDNF mRNA could directly bind to PTBP1 protein. (4) Hippocampal neurons were divided into ketamine+DIO3OS+si-NC group (co-transfected with pcDNA3.1-DIO3OS plasmid and si-NC plasmid for 48 h, and then cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h) and ketamine+DIO3OS+si-PTBP1 group (co-transfected with pcDNA3.1-DIO3OS plasmid and si-PTBP1 plasmid for 48 h, and then cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h); qPCR was used to examine the mRNA expressions of DIO3OS and BDNF; Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of PTBP1 and BDNF. (5) Hippocampal neurons were divided into ketamine group (cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h), ketamine+si-DIO3OS group (transfected with si-DIO3OS plasmid for 48 h, and then cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h), ketamine+si-PTBP1 group (transfected with si-PTBP1 plasmid for 48 h, and then cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h), and ketamine+si-DIO3OS+si-PTBP1 group (co-transfected with si-DIO3OS plasmid and si-PTBP1 plasmid for 48 h, and then cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h); qPCR was used to examine the mRNA expressions of DIO3OS and BDNF; Western blotting was used to detect the BDNF protein expression. (6) Hippocampal neurons were divided into ketamine+DIO3OS+si-NC group (co-transfected with pcDNA3.1-DIO3OS plasmid and si-NC plasmid for 48 h, and then cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h), ketamine+DIO3OS+si-BDNF group (co-transfected with pcDNA3.1-DIO3OS plasmid and si-BDNF plasmid for 48 h, and then cultured with 50 μmol/L ketamine for 24 h); cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay; LDH release was determined by LDH cytotoxicity assay kit; cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Results:(1) Compared with 0 μmol/L ketamine, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μmol/L ketamine could significantly inhibit the cell viability and DIO3OS mRNA expression ( P<0.05). (2) Compared with control group, ketamine group had significantly decreased DIO3OS mRNA expression and cell viability, significantly increased LDH release and apoptotic rate, and statistically inhibited BDNF mRNA and protein expressions and PTBP1 protein expression ( P<0.05); compared with ketamine+pc group, ketamine+DIO3OS group had significantly increased DIO3OS mRNA expression and cell viability, significantly decreased LDH release and apoptotic rate, significantly elevated BDNF mRNA and protein expressions ( P<0.05). (3) RNA Pull-Down assay showed that Bio-labeled DIO3OS (Bio-DIO3OS) and Bio-labeled BDNF (Bio-BDNF) could adsorb PTBP1 protein, while Bio-labeled antisense strands of DIO3OS or BDNF (Bio-DIO3OS-AS and Bio-BDNF-AS) could not adsorb PTBP1 protein. (4) Compared with ketamine+DIO3OS+si-NC group, ketamine+DIO3OS+si-PTBP1 group had significantly inhibited BDNF mRNA and protein expressions and PTBP1 protein expression ( P<0.05); no significant difference was noted in DIO3OS mRNA expression ( P>0.05). (5) Compared with ketamine group, ketamine+si-DIO3OS and ketamine+si-DIO3OS+si-PTBP1 groups had significantly decreased DIO3OS mRNA expression ( P<0.05); compared with ketamine group, ketamine+si-DIO3OS and ketamine+si-PTBP1 groups had significantly decreased BDNF mRNA and protein expressions ( P<0.05); compared with ketamine+si-DIO3OS and ketamine+si-PTBP1 groups, ketamine+si-DIO3OS+si-PTBP1 group had significantly elevated BDNF mRNA and protein expressions ( P<0.05). (6) Compared with ketamine+DIO3OS+si-NC group, ketamine+DIO3OS+si-BDNF group had significantly reduced cell viability, and significantly increased LDH release and apoptotic rate ( P<0.05). Conclusion:LncRNA DIO3OS expression is decreased in ketamine-induced primary mouse hippocampal neurons; DIO3OS overexpression can alleviate ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampal neurons by regulating BDNF expression via binding to PTBP1.

Sensory modalities are important for survival but the molecular mechanisms remain challenging due to the polymodal functionality of sensory neurons. Here, we report the C. elegans outer labial lateral (OLL) sensilla sensory neurons respond to touch and cold. Mechanosensation of OLL neurons resulted in cell-autonomous mechanically-evoked Ca