AIM:To investigate the impact of core 1 β3-galactosyltransferase-specific molecular chaperone(COSMC)on the stem cell-like properties of gastric adenocarcinoma cells,and to elucidate its underlying mechanism.METHODS:GEPIA(Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis),TIMER(Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource),Wei Sheng Xin platform,UALCAN(University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer Data Analysis Portal)and UCSC(Uni-versity of California,Santa Cruz)Xena databases were employed to analyze COSMC expression levels across various carci-noma types.The COSMC expression in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines was evaluated using Western blot analysis.Transfection of small interfering RNA was used to knock down COSMC in MKN-45 cell line.In vitro experiments were con-ducted to explore the relationship between the COSMC expression and the stem cell-like properties of gastric cancer.The qPCR,sphere formation assay,soft agar colony formation assay and CCK-8 assay were used to evaluate the effect of COSMC on the stem cell-like properties of gastric cancer cells.Tn+and Tn-cells were isolated using Vicia villosa lectin(VVL)-conjugated immunomagnetic beads to investigate the influence of Tn structure on the stem cell-like characteristics of gastric cancer cells.Finally,the effect of COSMC knockdown on the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signal-ing pathway was evaluated by Western blot analysis.RESULTS:(1)The COSMC exhibited differential expression across pancarcinoma,gastric cancer tissues and gastric cancer cell lines,with elevated expression levels in gastric cancer tissues and gastric cancer cell lines compared with normal tissues and gastric epithelial cell line.(2)Knockdown of COSMC sig-nificantly down-regulated the mRNA levels of stem cell markers NANOG,OCT-4 and CD44 in gastric cancer cells,re-duced the efficiency of soft agar colony formation and sphere formation,and increased the sensitivity of the cells to 5-fluo-rouracil(5-FU).(3)The efficiency of tumor sphere formation and soft agar colony formation in Tn-cells,and the resis-tance to 5-FU were significantly higher than those in Tn+cells.(4)Knockdown of COSMC decreased the protein levels of MAPK signaling pathway-related molecules,including c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK),p38 and phosphorylated extracel-lular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK).CONCLUSION:The COSMC has the potential to enhance the stem cell-like properties of gastric cancer cells,which was likely mediated through the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway.

Yi Dagen was a famous physician of Xujiang School in Ming Dynasty.In the process of syndrome differentiation and treatment,Yi Dagen attached great importance to pulse diagnosis and paid attention to the influence of time factors.His theory was based on"Yin and Yang having time rules and coordinating with pulse"in Basic Questions:The subtlety of pulse diagnosis,emphasizing the mutual reference of pulse and time,reflecting the fundamental principle of"correspondence between nature and man"in traditional Chinese medicine.The thought of mutual reference of pulse and time is mainly reflected in two levels:one is to guide syndrome differ-entiation,which can be summarized as referring to midnight-midday ebb flow to identify the location of the disease,referring to the four-season and five-viscus pulse method to identify the cause of the disease,referring to the north-south governance to identify the nature of the disease,and choosing the time to diagnose the pulse to identify the disease situation;the second is the whole process of syndrome differentiation and treatment,including pulse and time diagnosis and treatment according to the time.The idea of mutual ref-erence of pulse and time plays an important guiding role in current clinical work.In the future,wearable pulse diagnosis equipment and intelligent monitoring technology can be combined to build a dynamic pulse analysis system to realize the real-time and precise applica-tion of the"mutual reference of pulse and time"theory.

Yi Dagen was a famous physician of Xujiang School in Ming Dynasty.In the process of syndrome differentiation and treatment,Yi Dagen attached great importance to pulse diagnosis and paid attention to the influence of time factors.His theory was based on"Yin and Yang having time rules and coordinating with pulse"in Basic Questions:The subtlety of pulse diagnosis,emphasizing the mutual reference of pulse and time,reflecting the fundamental principle of"correspondence between nature and man"in traditional Chinese medicine.The thought of mutual reference of pulse and time is mainly reflected in two levels:one is to guide syndrome differ-entiation,which can be summarized as referring to midnight-midday ebb flow to identify the location of the disease,referring to the four-season and five-viscus pulse method to identify the cause of the disease,referring to the north-south governance to identify the nature of the disease,and choosing the time to diagnose the pulse to identify the disease situation;the second is the whole process of syndrome differentiation and treatment,including pulse and time diagnosis and treatment according to the time.The idea of mutual ref-erence of pulse and time plays an important guiding role in current clinical work.In the future,wearable pulse diagnosis equipment and intelligent monitoring technology can be combined to build a dynamic pulse analysis system to realize the real-time and precise applica-tion of the"mutual reference of pulse and time"theory.

AIM:To investigate the impact of core 1 β3-galactosyltransferase-specific molecular chaperone(COSMC)on the stem cell-like properties of gastric adenocarcinoma cells,and to elucidate its underlying mechanism.METHODS:GEPIA(Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis),TIMER(Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource),Wei Sheng Xin platform,UALCAN(University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer Data Analysis Portal)and UCSC(Uni-versity of California,Santa Cruz)Xena databases were employed to analyze COSMC expression levels across various carci-noma types.The COSMC expression in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines was evaluated using Western blot analysis.Transfection of small interfering RNA was used to knock down COSMC in MKN-45 cell line.In vitro experiments were con-ducted to explore the relationship between the COSMC expression and the stem cell-like properties of gastric cancer.The qPCR,sphere formation assay,soft agar colony formation assay and CCK-8 assay were used to evaluate the effect of COSMC on the stem cell-like properties of gastric cancer cells.Tn+and Tn-cells were isolated using Vicia villosa lectin(VVL)-conjugated immunomagnetic beads to investigate the influence of Tn structure on the stem cell-like characteristics of gastric cancer cells.Finally,the effect of COSMC knockdown on the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signal-ing pathway was evaluated by Western blot analysis.RESULTS:(1)The COSMC exhibited differential expression across pancarcinoma,gastric cancer tissues and gastric cancer cell lines,with elevated expression levels in gastric cancer tissues and gastric cancer cell lines compared with normal tissues and gastric epithelial cell line.(2)Knockdown of COSMC sig-nificantly down-regulated the mRNA levels of stem cell markers NANOG,OCT-4 and CD44 in gastric cancer cells,re-duced the efficiency of soft agar colony formation and sphere formation,and increased the sensitivity of the cells to 5-fluo-rouracil(5-FU).(3)The efficiency of tumor sphere formation and soft agar colony formation in Tn-cells,and the resis-tance to 5-FU were significantly higher than those in Tn+cells.(4)Knockdown of COSMC decreased the protein levels of MAPK signaling pathway-related molecules,including c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK),p38 and phosphorylated extracel-lular signal-regulated kinase(p-ERK).CONCLUSION:The COSMC has the potential to enhance the stem cell-like properties of gastric cancer cells,which was likely mediated through the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway.

Objective:To understand the incidence of diabetes and influencing factors, the trend of FPG change and risk for mortality in HIV-infected individuals after antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (Dehong).Methods:The HIV/AIDS treatment database was collected from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. This retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV-infected individuals with access to ART in Dehong during 2004-2020.The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze the incidence density of diabetes, the influencing factors and risk for mortality in HIV-infected individuals with access to ART, mixed linear effects model was used to analyze the trend of FPG change and predict FPG in those with different glucose metabolic status at baseline survey. Statistical analysis was performed using software SAS 9.4.Results:A total of 8 763 HIV-infected individuals were included, in whom 8 432 (96.2%) had no diabetes, 331 had diabetes. The incidence density of diabetes was 2.31/1 000 person years. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that 30- 59 years old, BMI ≥24.0 kg/m 2, Efavirenz (EFV) based initial treatment regimen and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) at baseline survey were significantly and positively associated with incidence of diabetes. Mixed effect model revealed that FPG was positively correlated with the duration of ART, age and baseline FPG. Suffering from diabetes was a risk factor for mortality in HIV-infected individuals both at baseline survey and during follow-up. Conclusions:The risk for diabetes increased in HIV-infected individuals who were 30-59 years old, baseline BMI ≥24.0 kg/m 2, received EFV based initial treatment, and IFG in HIV-infected individuals after antiretroviral therapy in Dehong, 2004-2020. It is important to pay close attention to their blood glucose, and patients with high blood glucose should receive treatment as early as possible.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of tenofovir amibufenamide (TMF) at 48 weeks in patients with hepatitis B virus-related compensated and decompensated stage cirrhosis.Methods:Patients with treatment-na?ve or treatment-experienced hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from 2022 to 2024 were retrospectively collected and divided into the tenofovir amibufenamide group (TMF, n=25) and the tenofovir alafenamide fumarate group (TAF, n=14). The conditional changes in hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), liver function indexes, serum creatinine (Cr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum phosphorus, blood lipid profiles, and other variables were compared between and within the groups at baseline and 48 weeks. The t-test or Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the measurement data among the groups. The χ2 test was used for the enumeration data. Results:There were no statistically significant differences in baseline, age, gender, proportion of compensated/decompensated stage cirrhosis, proportion of NA-naive/treatment experienced, liver function indexes, serum Cr, and eGFR between the two groups ( P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients with HBV DNA<30 IU/ml ( P=1.00) between the two groups, regardless of whether they were NA-naive ( P=0.52) or treatment experienced ( P=1.00) at 48 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference in HBsAg levels between the TMF and TAF groups ( P=0.18) at 48 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference in the decline of HBsAg within each group ( P>0.05). The levels of alanine aminotransferase ( P<0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase ( P=0.045) were significantly lower at 48 weeks than those at baseline, while the albumin level was higher than that at baseline ( P=0.004) among the TMF group. There were no statistically significant differences in the rest of the liver function indicators among the TMF and the TAF groups between baseline and 48 weeks ( P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in Cr ( P=0.34) and eGFR levels ( P=0.60) at 48 weeks between the TMF and TAF groups.There were no statistically significant differences in Cr ( P=0.89) and eGFR levels ( P=0.57) at 48 weeks in patients aged<40 years ( n=8) compared with baseline in the TMF group. There were no statistically significant differences ( P=0.09, P=0.13) in patients with similar aged≥40 years ( n=17). The reduction in Cr level ( P<0.001) and the increase in eGFR ( P<0.001) at 48 weeks were statistically significant in patients aged<40 years ( n=3) among the TAF group. There were no statistically significant differences in Cr ( P=0.30) and eGFR ( P=0.13) at 48 weeks in patients aged≥40 years compared with baseline. There were no statistically significant differences in serum phosphorus, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and blood glucose levels at baseline and 48 weeks in the TMF and TAF groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:TMF has a relatively better efficacy and safety profile than TAF at 48 weeks in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of tenofovir amibufenamide (TMF) at 48 weeks in patients with hepatitis B virus-related compensated and decompensated stage cirrhosis.Methods:Patients with treatment-na?ve or treatment-experienced hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from 2022 to 2024 were retrospectively collected and divided into the tenofovir amibufenamide group (TMF, n=25) and the tenofovir alafenamide fumarate group (TAF, n=14). The conditional changes in hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV DNA), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), liver function indexes, serum creatinine (Cr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum phosphorus, blood lipid profiles, and other variables were compared between and within the groups at baseline and 48 weeks. The t-test or Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the measurement data among the groups. The χ2 test was used for the enumeration data. Results:There were no statistically significant differences in baseline, age, gender, proportion of compensated/decompensated stage cirrhosis, proportion of NA-naive/treatment experienced, liver function indexes, serum Cr, and eGFR between the two groups ( P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients with HBV DNA<30 IU/ml ( P=1.00) between the two groups, regardless of whether they were NA-naive ( P=0.52) or treatment experienced ( P=1.00) at 48 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference in HBsAg levels between the TMF and TAF groups ( P=0.18) at 48 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference in the decline of HBsAg within each group ( P>0.05). The levels of alanine aminotransferase ( P<0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase ( P=0.045) were significantly lower at 48 weeks than those at baseline, while the albumin level was higher than that at baseline ( P=0.004) among the TMF group. There were no statistically significant differences in the rest of the liver function indicators among the TMF and the TAF groups between baseline and 48 weeks ( P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in Cr ( P=0.34) and eGFR levels ( P=0.60) at 48 weeks between the TMF and TAF groups.There were no statistically significant differences in Cr ( P=0.89) and eGFR levels ( P=0.57) at 48 weeks in patients aged<40 years ( n=8) compared with baseline in the TMF group. There were no statistically significant differences ( P=0.09, P=0.13) in patients with similar aged≥40 years ( n=17). The reduction in Cr level ( P<0.001) and the increase in eGFR ( P<0.001) at 48 weeks were statistically significant in patients aged<40 years ( n=3) among the TAF group. There were no statistically significant differences in Cr ( P=0.30) and eGFR ( P=0.13) at 48 weeks in patients aged≥40 years compared with baseline. There were no statistically significant differences in serum phosphorus, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and blood glucose levels at baseline and 48 weeks in the TMF and TAF groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:TMF has a relatively better efficacy and safety profile than TAF at 48 weeks in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis.

ObjectiveTo characterize the chemical constituents of Dayuanyin based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS）. MethodThe detection was performed on a Thermo Acclaim™ RSLC 120 C₁₈ column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 2.2 μm）， the mobile phase was acetonitrile（A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（B） for gradient elution （0-7.5 min， 10%-19%A； 7.5-12 min， 19%-22.5%A； 12-23 min， 22.5%-27%A； 23-27 min， 27%-56%A； 27-35 min， 56%-84%A； 35-36 min， 84%-90%A）， the flow rate was 0.3 mL·min^-1， and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The data were collected in the positive and negative ion modes by heated electrospray ionization（HESI）， and the detection range was m/z 80-1 200. Combining the retention time of the reference substance， fragment ions， databases such as PubChem and related literature， Xcalibur 3.0 was used to identify the chemical constituents of Dayuanyin. ResultA total of 161 compounds were identified， including 14 alkaloids， 60 flavonoids， 16 terpenoids， 26 saponins， 18 phenylpropanoids， 16 organic acids and 11 others. ConclusionThe established method can effectively and quickly identify the chemical components in Dayuanyin， and clarify its chemical composition， which can provide a basis for the development of compound preparations of this famous classical formula.

ObjectiveTo determine the characteristics and influencing factors of hepatitis C virus （HCV） co-infection among HIV concordant couples in Dehong Prefecture. MethodsUsing the data of newly reported HIV concordant couples in Dehong Prefecture from 2016 to 2019， we collected the demographic characteristics， exposure history， and HCV infection to determine the characteristics of HCV co-infection among HIV concordant couples. ResultsAmong the 160 HIV concordant couples included in the study， 46 （28.8%） males and 14 （8.8%） females were co-infected with HCV. The prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection was higher among the male spouses who were diagnosed less than 40， Jingpo ethnic， Burmese， illiteracy， farmers， and intravenous drug users. In contrast， the prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection was higher among the female spouses who were diagnosed less than 40， Jingpo ethnic， and Burmese. Logistic regression analysis among male spouses showed that the Jingpo ethnic and intravenous drug users had higher risk of HCV co-infection. ConclusionHIV concordant couples in Dehong Prefecture have high prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection. Effective intervention strategies should be developed based on ethnic-specific factors and exposure characteristics among male and female spouses of HIV concordant couples.

Objective:To explore the changing trends and influencing factors of AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related deaths after receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV-positive individuals in Dehong Dai Jingpo autonomous prefecture (Dehong) from 2010 to 2019.Methods:Based on the Chinese National treatment database, HIV patients who initiated ART from 2010 to 2019 were included in the analysis. The cumulative incidence function was used to estimate the cumulative incidence of AIDS-related death and non-AIDS-related death, respectively. The Fine-Grey model was used to compare the differences between AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related deaths and analyze its influencing factors.Results:A total of 7 068 HIV-positive individuals were included, of which 388 were AIDS-related deaths and 570 were non-AIDS-related deaths. The cumulative mortality rate at years 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 after receiving ART were 2.27%, 3.46%, 4.47%, 5.03%, 5.84%, 6.61%, 7.40% for AIDS-related deaths, and 1.63%, 3.11%, 4.68%, 6.02%, 7.42%, 10.49%, 12.75% for non-AIDS-related deaths, respectively. In the Fine-Grey model, older age at ART initiation, male, unmarried, injection drug use as the transmission route, lower baseline BMI, lower baseline CD4 + T cell counts, baseline FIB-4 score >3.25, and baseline anemia were risk factors for AIDS-related death. In contrast, age at ART initiation ≥45 years, male, Dai, and Jingpo minority ethnicities, unmarried, injection drug use as the transmission route, lower baseline BMI, baseline FIB-4 score >3.25, baseline eGFR <60 ml·min -1·1.73 m -2, and baseline anemia were risk factors for non-AIDS-related deaths. Conclusions:The cumulative mortality rate was low among HIV-positive individuals after receiving ART in Dehong during 2010-2019. The mortality of non-AIDS-related deaths was higher than that of AIDS-related deaths. There were also differences in the factors influencing AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related deaths and interventions should be intensified to target the influencing factors for non-AIDS-related deaths.