In this paper， by referring to ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Inulae Flos has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， production area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and others， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After textual research， it could be verified that the medicinal use of Inulae Flos was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing of the Han dynasty. In successive dynasties， Xuanfuhua has been taken as the official name， and it also has other alternative names such as Jinfeicao， Daogeng and Jinqianhua. The period before the Song and Yuan dynasties， the main origin of Inulae Flos was the Asteraceae plant Inula japonica， and from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present， I. japonica and I. britannica are the primary source. In addition to the dominant basal species， there are also regional species such as I. linariifolia， I. helianthus-aquatili， and I. hupehensis. The earliest recorded production areas in ancient times were Henan， Hubei and other places， and the literature records that it has been distributed throughout the country since modern times. The medicinal part is its flower， the harvesting and processing method recorded in the past dynasties is mainly harvested in the fifth and ninth lunar months， and dried in the sun， and the modern harvesting is mostly harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers bloom， in order to remove impurities， dry in the shade or dry in the sun. In addition， the roots， whole herbs and aerial parts are used as medicinal materials. In ancient times， there were no records about the quality of Inulae Flos， and in modern times， it is generally believed that the quality of complete flower structure， small receptacles， large blooms， yellow petals， long filaments， many fluffs， no fragments， and no branches is better. Ancient processing methods primarily involved cleaning， steaming， and sun-drying， supplemented by techniques such as boiling， roasting， burning， simmering， stir-frying， and honey-processing. Modern processing focuses mainly on cleaning the stems and leaves before use. Regarding the medicinal properties， ancient texts describe it as salty and sweet in taste， slightly warm in nature， and mildly toxic. Modern studies characterize it as bitter， pungent， and salty in taste， with a slightly warm nature. Its therapeutic effects remain consistent across eras， including descending Qi， resolving phlegm， promoting diuresis， and stopping vomiting. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing Inulae Flos， either I. japonica or I. britannica should be used as the medicinal source. Processing methods should follow formula requirements， where no processing instructions are specified， the raw products may be used after cleaning.

In this paper， by referring to ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Inulae Flos has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， production area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and others， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After textual research， it could be verified that the medicinal use of Inulae Flos was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing of the Han dynasty. In successive dynasties， Xuanfuhua has been taken as the official name， and it also has other alternative names such as Jinfeicao， Daogeng and Jinqianhua. The period before the Song and Yuan dynasties， the main origin of Inulae Flos was the Asteraceae plant Inula japonica， and from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present， I. japonica and I. britannica are the primary source. In addition to the dominant basal species， there are also regional species such as I. linariifolia， I. helianthus-aquatili， and I. hupehensis. The earliest recorded production areas in ancient times were Henan， Hubei and other places， and the literature records that it has been distributed throughout the country since modern times. The medicinal part is its flower， the harvesting and processing method recorded in the past dynasties is mainly harvested in the fifth and ninth lunar months， and dried in the sun， and the modern harvesting is mostly harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers bloom， in order to remove impurities， dry in the shade or dry in the sun. In addition， the roots， whole herbs and aerial parts are used as medicinal materials. In ancient times， there were no records about the quality of Inulae Flos， and in modern times， it is generally believed that the quality of complete flower structure， small receptacles， large blooms， yellow petals， long filaments， many fluffs， no fragments， and no branches is better. Ancient processing methods primarily involved cleaning， steaming， and sun-drying， supplemented by techniques such as boiling， roasting， burning， simmering， stir-frying， and honey-processing. Modern processing focuses mainly on cleaning the stems and leaves before use. Regarding the medicinal properties， ancient texts describe it as salty and sweet in taste， slightly warm in nature， and mildly toxic. Modern studies characterize it as bitter， pungent， and salty in taste， with a slightly warm nature. Its therapeutic effects remain consistent across eras， including descending Qi， resolving phlegm， promoting diuresis， and stopping vomiting. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing Inulae Flos， either I. japonica or I. britannica should be used as the medicinal source. Processing methods should follow formula requirements， where no processing instructions are specified， the raw products may be used after cleaning.

AIM: To investigate and clarify the intervention mechanism of trigonelline(TRG)in preventing ferroptosis in ARPE-19 cells based on the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 pathway.METHODS: The ARPE-19 cells were cultured and subsequently treated with varying concentrations of trigonelline to ascertain the most effective concentration for modulating the cells. Then the cells were categorized into distinct groups, including normal control(NC)group, high glucose(HG)group, Fer-1 group, TRG group based on the determined concentration. Samples from each group were then gathered to assess relevant indicators. The intracellular levels of glutathione(GSH), malondialdehyde(MDA), and Ferrion were quantified in accordance with the protocols provided by the GSH, MDA, and Ferrion detection kits. Flow cytometry was employed to measure the ROS levels within each group. Additionally, Western blot analysis was conducted to examine the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), glutathione peroxidase(GPX4), and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4(ACSL4)across the different groups.RESULTS: The preconditioning intervention with 40 μg/mL TRG effectively mitigated the decline in cell activity induced by high glucose levels. The levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and MDA in the HG group were markedly elevated compared to the NC group; and the TRG group exhibited significantly reduced levels of ROS and MDA compared to those of the HG group, with the antioxidant stress index GSH showing opposite trends to those of ROS and MDA across all the groups. Whereas the Fer-1 and TRG groups showed decreased expression levels of ACSL4 protein and iron ions, and the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1 and GPX4 in the Fer-1 and TRG groups were increased.CONCLUSION: TRG protects ARPE-19 cells from the detrimental effects of high glucose by targeting the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 signaling pathway to counter ferroptosis.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the correlation between balance function and core muscle activation in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), compared to healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 24 AIS patients and 25 healthy controls were recruited. The limits of stability (LOS) test were conducted to assess balance function, while surface electromyography was used to measure the activity of core muscles, including the internal oblique, external oblique, and multifidus. Diaphragm thickness was measured using ultrasound during different postural tasks. Center of pressure (COP) displacement and trunk inclination distance were also recorded during the LOS test. Results: AIS patients showed significantly greater activation of superficial core muscles, such as the internal and external oblique muscles, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Diaphragm activation was lower in AIS patients during balance tasks (p < 0.01). Although no significant difference was observed in COP displacement between the groups, trunk inclination was significantly greater in the AIS group during certain tasks (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest distinct postural control patterns in AIS patients, highlighting the importance of targeted interventions to improve balance and core muscle function in this population.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the correlation between balance function and core muscle activation in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), compared to healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 24 AIS patients and 25 healthy controls were recruited. The limits of stability (LOS) test were conducted to assess balance function, while surface electromyography was used to measure the activity of core muscles, including the internal oblique, external oblique, and multifidus. Diaphragm thickness was measured using ultrasound during different postural tasks. Center of pressure (COP) displacement and trunk inclination distance were also recorded during the LOS test. Results: AIS patients showed significantly greater activation of superficial core muscles, such as the internal and external oblique muscles, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Diaphragm activation was lower in AIS patients during balance tasks (p < 0.01). Although no significant difference was observed in COP displacement between the groups, trunk inclination was significantly greater in the AIS group during certain tasks (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest distinct postural control patterns in AIS patients, highlighting the importance of targeted interventions to improve balance and core muscle function in this population.

Objective To analyze the burden and epidemic trends of gastric cancer in China from 1990 to 2021, and to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of effective prevention and control strategies. Methods　Data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database were used to extract the number of the incidence, prevalence, and death cases, as well as the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) for gastric cancer in China from 1990 to 2021. The corresponding crude rates and age-standardized rates were calculated. The Joinpoint regression model was employed to analyze the trends in the burden of gastric cancer, and a comprehensive examination was conducted from multiple dimensions including age, gender, and time. Results From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of gastric cancer in China decreased from 48.03 per 100,000 to 29.05 per 100,000, the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) decreased from 67.17 per 100,000 to 57.23 per 100,000, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) decreased from 46.05 per 100,000 to 21.51 per 100,000, and the age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) decreased from 1181.61 per 100,000 to 501.26 per 100,000. The AAPCs of ASIR, ASPR, ASMR, and ASDR were -1.61%, -0.50%, -2.44%, and -2.75%, respectively. The incidence, prevalence, mortality and DALY rates showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with age. Although females had higher incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY numbers in the older age groups, males exhibited higher crude rates across all age groups. Conclusion　The overall disease burden of gastric cancer in China showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2021, and men and middle-aged and elderly people are the key populations for prevention and control efforts.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the correlation between balance function and core muscle activation in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), compared to healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 24 AIS patients and 25 healthy controls were recruited. The limits of stability (LOS) test were conducted to assess balance function, while surface electromyography was used to measure the activity of core muscles, including the internal oblique, external oblique, and multifidus. Diaphragm thickness was measured using ultrasound during different postural tasks. Center of pressure (COP) displacement and trunk inclination distance were also recorded during the LOS test. Results: AIS patients showed significantly greater activation of superficial core muscles, such as the internal and external oblique muscles, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Diaphragm activation was lower in AIS patients during balance tasks (p < 0.01). Although no significant difference was observed in COP displacement between the groups, trunk inclination was significantly greater in the AIS group during certain tasks (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest distinct postural control patterns in AIS patients, highlighting the importance of targeted interventions to improve balance and core muscle function in this population.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the correlation between balance function and core muscle activation in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), compared to healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 24 AIS patients and 25 healthy controls were recruited. The limits of stability (LOS) test were conducted to assess balance function, while surface electromyography was used to measure the activity of core muscles, including the internal oblique, external oblique, and multifidus. Diaphragm thickness was measured using ultrasound during different postural tasks. Center of pressure (COP) displacement and trunk inclination distance were also recorded during the LOS test. Results: AIS patients showed significantly greater activation of superficial core muscles, such as the internal and external oblique muscles, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Diaphragm activation was lower in AIS patients during balance tasks (p < 0.01). Although no significant difference was observed in COP displacement between the groups, trunk inclination was significantly greater in the AIS group during certain tasks (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest distinct postural control patterns in AIS patients, highlighting the importance of targeted interventions to improve balance and core muscle function in this population.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the correlation between balance function and core muscle activation in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), compared to healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 24 AIS patients and 25 healthy controls were recruited. The limits of stability (LOS) test were conducted to assess balance function, while surface electromyography was used to measure the activity of core muscles, including the internal oblique, external oblique, and multifidus. Diaphragm thickness was measured using ultrasound during different postural tasks. Center of pressure (COP) displacement and trunk inclination distance were also recorded during the LOS test. Results: AIS patients showed significantly greater activation of superficial core muscles, such as the internal and external oblique muscles, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Diaphragm activation was lower in AIS patients during balance tasks (p < 0.01). Although no significant difference was observed in COP displacement between the groups, trunk inclination was significantly greater in the AIS group during certain tasks (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest distinct postural control patterns in AIS patients, highlighting the importance of targeted interventions to improve balance and core muscle function in this population.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, it has become an important cause of end-stage renal disease, which seriously threatens the life and health of patients and aggravates the medical burden of society. The dysfunction of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in the progression of DKD, and the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane (MAM) is the core hub of the dynamic interaction between the two. Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis affect the pathological process of DKD. This article systematically reviews the multiple molecular mechanisms of MAM in the occurrence and development of DKD, reveals its involvement in the fine regulatory network of kidney injury by regulating calcium ion (Ca2+) balance, glucose metabolism, inflammatory response and autophagy, and clarifies how MAM dysfunction drives the transformation of DKD into end-stage renal disease. In addition, this article deeply explores the potential of MAM-related biomarkers in early diagnosis, as well as innovative therapeutic strategies such as drug intervention and gene repair targeting MAM, which provides theoretical references for basic mechanism research and clinical practice of DKD.