Poor water solubility is the primary obstacle preventing the development of many pharmacologically active compounds into oral preparations. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems(SNEDDS) have become a widely used strategy to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs by inducing a supersaturated state, thereby improving their apparent solubility and dissolution rate. However, the supersaturated solutions formed in SNEDDS are thermodynamically unstable systems with solubility levels exceeding the crystalline equilibrium solubility, making them prone to drug precipitation in the gastrointestinal tract and ultimately hindering drug absorption. Therefore, maintaining a stable supersaturated state is crucial for the effective delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Incorporating polymers as precipitation inhibitors(PPIs) into the formulation of supersaturated self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems(S-SNEDDS) can inhibit drug aggregation and crystallization, thus maintaining a stable supersaturated state. This has emerged as a novel preparation strategy and a key focus in SNEDDS research. This review explores the preparation design of SNEDDS and the technical challenges involved, with a particular focus on polymer-based S-SNEDDS for enhancing the solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. It further elucidates the mechanisms by which polymers participate in transmembrane transport, summarizes the principles by which polymers sustain a supersaturated state, and discusses strategies for enhancing drug absorption. Altogether, this review provides a structured framework for the development of S-SNEDDS preparations with stable quality and reduced development risk, and offers a theoretical reference for the application of S-SNEDDS technology in improving the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
Solubility ; Administration, Oral ; Polymers/chemistry* ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods* ; Humans ; Emulsions/chemistry* ; Biological Availability ; Animals ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage*

Objective To develop a differentiated performance evaluation system for surgical and non-surgical clinical departments based on Diagnosis-Related Groups(DRG),promoting refined hospital management.Methods Data from 13 clini-cal departments in a tertiary hospital in Tibet Autonomous Region(2022-2024)were analyzed and evaluated using the entropy weight method combined with the TOPSIS method and quadrant analysis.Results A dual-track evaluation system was estab-lished,comprising 10 indicators for surgical departments and 9 for non-surgical departments.Weight analysis revealed that the proportion of Grade Ⅳ surgeries(weight 0.20)and total DRG weight(0.13)were core competitiveness indicators for surgical departments,while the proportion of patients with RW≥2.0(0.29)and Case Mix Index(CMI)(0.15)were key drivers for non-surgical departments.TOPSIS evaluation showed that orthopedics and general surgery ranked highest among surgical depart-ments,whereas pediatric ward Ⅱ and internal medicine ward Ⅰ led among non-surgical departments.Evaluation results were con-sistent over the three-year period and aligned with quadrant analysis.Conclusion The classification-based evaluation system for clinical departments facilitates refined hospital management.It is recommended for application in performance appraisal and other management initiatives to further enhance high-quality hospital development.

Objective Advances in synthetic DNA technology have made it much easier to fake human DNA samples.There are literature reports that fake human DNA can be synthesized by different methods and implanted in the field to confuse the investigation or mislead the trial.Therefore,distinguishing authentic human DNA from synthetic DNA and performing individual identification has become a critical scientific challenge.Methods We define a novel composite genetic marker(methylation-microhaplotype)by combining CpG sites stably hypermethylated or hypomethylated in natural human DNA and nearby immediately adjacent microhaplotype sites.A total of 19 locis were obtained according to the screening criteria,and a composite detection system for methylation-microhaplotypes was established using MPS technology.Random volunteer DNA samples were extracted and synthetic DNA samples were prepared based on whole genome amplification techniques.Population DNA samples were analyzed to evaluate forensic parameters and methylation variability of the methylation-microhaplotype markers.Comparative analyses of human and synthetic DNA were conducted to assess the markers'ability to discriminate between the two and to detect/type both components in mixed mixed samples.Results The composite detection system composed of 19 locis demonstrated high individual identification ability,achieving a cumulative individual identification probability of 0.999 999 999 996 86.12 hypermethylated locis and 7 hypomethylated locis had relatively stable methylation levels in 57 human DNA samples.According to the allele methylation rate(Ram)value,the system can effectively identify natural and synthetic DNA samples.Meanwhile,for mixed DNA samples,the presence of human and synthetic DNA samples can be found and genotyped.Conclusion Methylation-microhaplotype genetic markers,which can discover human DNA and synthetic DNA and can detect the presence and genotyping of them from mixed samples,is a potential useful tool for forensic DNA analysis.

Primary aldosteronism(PA)is the most common cause of secondary hypertension,yet its diagnosis remains under-recognized,with a high rate of missed diagnoses.This condition significantly impacts multiple systems,including the cardiovascular,renal,metabolic,and skeletal systems,resulting in notable complications.Patients with Klinefelter syndrome(KS)exhibit a markedly higher prevalence of metabolic disorders,which may further exacerbate cardiovascular and endocrine dysfunction.Here we report a patient who presented with refractory hypertension and an incidentally discovered adrenal mass,and was ultimately diagnosed with a left adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma combined with KS.We provide a detailed description of the patient's clinical manifestations,biochemical indices,diagnostic process,and postoperative histopathological findings in order to enhance the understanding of PA and KS and their potential interconnections,which offers diagnostic insights to reduce misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of Yiqi Jiedu Huayu Recipe(YQJDHY)on ulcerative colitis model rats based on the negative regulation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway by SOCS.Methods:The rats with ulcerative colitis were cloned by TNBS/ethanol method,and randomly divided into normal group,model group,SASP group,YQJDHY high-dose,medium-dose and low-dose groups.Serum IL-21 and IL-22 were detected by ELISA.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain assay(RT-PCR)was used to detect IL-23,IL-6,IL-17A,cytokine signaling inhibitor 1(SOCS1),SOCS3,tyrosine protein kinase 2(JAK2),transcription activa-tor 3(STAT3),retinoic acid-associated orphan receptorγ antibody(RORγt)mRNA expressions.Results:Pathological examination of rats in model group showed obvious inflammation and ulceration,indicating successful modeling.Compared with normal group,IL-21 and IL-22 contents in model group were significantly increased(P<0.05);the down-regulation of IL-21 and IL-22 in YQJDHY groups and SASP group were statistically different(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with model group,IL-23,IL-6,JAK2,STAT3 and IL-17A mRNA levels in intestinal mucosa and serum of YQJDHY groups and SASP group were significantly down-regulated(P<0.01),the ex-pressions of SOCS1 and SOCS3 mRNA in intestinal mucosa were increased in YQJDHY groups(P<0.01).The levels of RORγt mRNA in serum and intestinal mucosa of YQJDHY high-dose group and SASP group were increased(P<0.01).Compared with SASP group,the mRNA levels of JAK2 and STAT3 in YQJDHY high-dose group were increased(P<0.05).Conclusion:YQJDHY can increase the levels of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in ulcerative colitis model rats,and then inhibit JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway,down-regulate the pro-duction of inflammatory factors,and reduce immune inflammatory response.

Objective To develop a differentiated performance evaluation system for surgical and non-surgical clinical departments based on Diagnosis-Related Groups(DRG),promoting refined hospital management.Methods Data from 13 clini-cal departments in a tertiary hospital in Tibet Autonomous Region(2022-2024)were analyzed and evaluated using the entropy weight method combined with the TOPSIS method and quadrant analysis.Results A dual-track evaluation system was estab-lished,comprising 10 indicators for surgical departments and 9 for non-surgical departments.Weight analysis revealed that the proportion of Grade Ⅳ surgeries(weight 0.20)and total DRG weight(0.13)were core competitiveness indicators for surgical departments,while the proportion of patients with RW≥2.0(0.29)and Case Mix Index(CMI)(0.15)were key drivers for non-surgical departments.TOPSIS evaluation showed that orthopedics and general surgery ranked highest among surgical depart-ments,whereas pediatric ward Ⅱ and internal medicine ward Ⅰ led among non-surgical departments.Evaluation results were con-sistent over the three-year period and aligned with quadrant analysis.Conclusion The classification-based evaluation system for clinical departments facilitates refined hospital management.It is recommended for application in performance appraisal and other management initiatives to further enhance high-quality hospital development.

Objective:To explore the mechanism of Yiqi Jiedu Huayu Recipe(YQJDHY)on ulcerative colitis model rats based on the negative regulation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway by SOCS.Methods:The rats with ulcerative colitis were cloned by TNBS/ethanol method,and randomly divided into normal group,model group,SASP group,YQJDHY high-dose,medium-dose and low-dose groups.Serum IL-21 and IL-22 were detected by ELISA.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain assay(RT-PCR)was used to detect IL-23,IL-6,IL-17A,cytokine signaling inhibitor 1(SOCS1),SOCS3,tyrosine protein kinase 2(JAK2),transcription activa-tor 3(STAT3),retinoic acid-associated orphan receptorγ antibody(RORγt)mRNA expressions.Results:Pathological examination of rats in model group showed obvious inflammation and ulceration,indicating successful modeling.Compared with normal group,IL-21 and IL-22 contents in model group were significantly increased(P<0.05);the down-regulation of IL-21 and IL-22 in YQJDHY groups and SASP group were statistically different(P<0.05,P<0.01).Compared with model group,IL-23,IL-6,JAK2,STAT3 and IL-17A mRNA levels in intestinal mucosa and serum of YQJDHY groups and SASP group were significantly down-regulated(P<0.01),the ex-pressions of SOCS1 and SOCS3 mRNA in intestinal mucosa were increased in YQJDHY groups(P<0.01).The levels of RORγt mRNA in serum and intestinal mucosa of YQJDHY high-dose group and SASP group were increased(P<0.01).Compared with SASP group,the mRNA levels of JAK2 and STAT3 in YQJDHY high-dose group were increased(P<0.05).Conclusion:YQJDHY can increase the levels of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in ulcerative colitis model rats,and then inhibit JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway,down-regulate the pro-duction of inflammatory factors,and reduce immune inflammatory response.

Primary aldosteronism(PA)is the most common cause of secondary hypertension,yet its diagnosis remains under-recognized,with a high rate of missed diagnoses.This condition significantly impacts multiple systems,including the cardiovascular,renal,metabolic,and skeletal systems,resulting in notable complications.Patients with Klinefelter syndrome(KS)exhibit a markedly higher prevalence of metabolic disorders,which may further exacerbate cardiovascular and endocrine dysfunction.Here we report a patient who presented with refractory hypertension and an incidentally discovered adrenal mass,and was ultimately diagnosed with a left adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma combined with KS.We provide a detailed description of the patient's clinical manifestations,biochemical indices,diagnostic process,and postoperative histopathological findings in order to enhance the understanding of PA and KS and their potential interconnections,which offers diagnostic insights to reduce misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses.

Objective Advances in synthetic DNA technology have made it much easier to fake human DNA samples.There are literature reports that fake human DNA can be synthesized by different methods and implanted in the field to confuse the investigation or mislead the trial.Therefore,distinguishing authentic human DNA from synthetic DNA and performing individual identification has become a critical scientific challenge.Methods We define a novel composite genetic marker(methylation-microhaplotype)by combining CpG sites stably hypermethylated or hypomethylated in natural human DNA and nearby immediately adjacent microhaplotype sites.A total of 19 locis were obtained according to the screening criteria,and a composite detection system for methylation-microhaplotypes was established using MPS technology.Random volunteer DNA samples were extracted and synthetic DNA samples were prepared based on whole genome amplification techniques.Population DNA samples were analyzed to evaluate forensic parameters and methylation variability of the methylation-microhaplotype markers.Comparative analyses of human and synthetic DNA were conducted to assess the markers'ability to discriminate between the two and to detect/type both components in mixed mixed samples.Results The composite detection system composed of 19 locis demonstrated high individual identification ability,achieving a cumulative individual identification probability of 0.999 999 999 996 86.12 hypermethylated locis and 7 hypomethylated locis had relatively stable methylation levels in 57 human DNA samples.According to the allele methylation rate(Ram)value,the system can effectively identify natural and synthetic DNA samples.Meanwhile,for mixed DNA samples,the presence of human and synthetic DNA samples can be found and genotyped.Conclusion Methylation-microhaplotype genetic markers,which can discover human DNA and synthetic DNA and can detect the presence and genotyping of them from mixed samples,is a potential useful tool for forensic DNA analysis.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral malignancy. It has a high incidence, strong invasion ability, easy metastasis, poor curative effect, and poor prognosis. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are an important part of immune cells located in the mucosal barrier, which play an important role in the occurrence, development and outcome of tumors. ILCs are the key cells for decoding the regulatory mechanism of tumor microenvironment and the signatures for tumor progression. This paper reviewed the latest progress on ILCs, summarized the possible characteristics and functions of ILCs in the microenvironment of OSCC, and explored the relationship between ILCs and the occurrence, development and immunotherapy of OSCC.