Osteosarcoma(OS)is a common primary malignant bone tumor occurring predominantly in children and adolescents.The main treatments for OS are surgical resection and chemotherapy.Although overall survival rates have improved,progress has stalled in recent years,particularly in cases of recurrence and metastasis.The tumor microenvironment(TME)is closely related to tumor development,and macrophages are among the most abundant immune cells within the tumor environment.As a new target for tumor immunotherapy,mac-rophages have gained increasing attention due to their significant role in tumor progression.In this review,we explore the role of macro-phages in the OS microenvironment and discuss their clinical significance and involvement in the occurrence and development of OS.Fur-thermore,we summarize the therapeutic strategies targeting macrophages for OS treatment.

Objective:To investigate the correlation factors of complete clinical response in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies(IIMs)patients receiving conventional treatment.Methods:Patients diagnosed with IIMs hospitalized in Peking University People's Hospital from January 2000 to June 2023 were in-cluded.The correlation factors of complete clinical response to conventional treatment were identified by analyzing the clinical characteristics,laboratory features,peripheral blood lymphocytes,immunological indicators,and therapeutic drugs.Results:Among the 635 patients included,518 patients finished the follow-up,with an average time of 36.8 months.The total complete clinical response rate of IIMs was 50.0％(259/518).The complete clinical response rate of dermatomyositis(DM),anti-synthetase syn-drome(ASS)and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy(IMNM)were 53.5％,48.9％and 39.0％,respectively.Fever(P=0.002)and rapid progressive interstitial lung disease(RP-ILD)(P=0.014)were observed much more frequently in non-complete clinical response group than in complete clinical re-sponse group.The aspartate transaminase(AST),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),D-dimer,erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),C-reaction protein(CRP)and serum ferritin were significantly higher in non-complete clinical response group as compared with complete clinical response group.As for the treat-ment,the percentage of glucocorticoid received and intravenous immunoglobin(IVIG)were significantly higher in non-complete clinical response group than in complete clinical response group.Risk factor analysis showed that IMNM subtype(P=0.007),interstitial lung disease(ILD)(P=0.001),eleva-ted AST(P=0.012),elevated serum ferritin(P=0.016)and decreased count of CD4+T cells in peripheral blood(P=0.004)might be the risk factors for IIMs non-complete clinical response.Conclu-sion:The total complete clinical response rate of IIMs is low,especially for IMNM subtype.More effec-tive intervention should be administered to patients with ILD,elevated AST,elevated serum ferritin or decreased count of CD4+T cells at disease onset.

Osteosarcoma(OS)is a common primary malignant bone tumor occurring predominantly in children and adolescents.The main treatments for OS are surgical resection and chemotherapy.Although overall survival rates have improved,progress has stalled in recent years,particularly in cases of recurrence and metastasis.The tumor microenvironment(TME)is closely related to tumor development,and macrophages are among the most abundant immune cells within the tumor environment.As a new target for tumor immunotherapy,mac-rophages have gained increasing attention due to their significant role in tumor progression.In this review,we explore the role of macro-phages in the OS microenvironment and discuss their clinical significance and involvement in the occurrence and development of OS.Fur-thermore,we summarize the therapeutic strategies targeting macrophages for OS treatment.

AIDS caused by HIV-1, is a major threat to human being. An anti-HIV formulation from Chinese herbs, so called "Qu Du Zeng Ning", have been recently developed. In this work, the pharmacodynamics of the formulation in vitro was studied. The results showed that Qu Du Zeng Ning inhibit the replication of HIV-1 efficiently in all cell-based assay, with IC50 at 105.2, 70.7, 77.4 microg mL(-1), separately. A significant synergy between the formulation and zidovudine (AZT) was observed, and it also showed a potent activity against HIV-1 drug-resistant mutant.