Hepatolenticular degeneration is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease characterized by copper metabolism disorder,which affects the liver,kidneys,and brain.In traditional Chinese medicine,this disease is closely associated with dysfunction of the"liver-kidney-brain"axis.The liver,kidney,and brain form a physiological whole through the mutual transformation and distribution of essence and blood,the coordination of qi transformation,and the connection of meridians and collaterals.This article explores the pathogenesis of hepatolenticular degeneration based on the"liver-kidney-brain"axis.The deficiency of liver and kidney essence leads to the malnutrition of brain marrow,which is the fundamental cause of the disease.The internal accumulation of copper toxins generates dampness-heat and phlegm-stasis,which are the key factors causing the disease.In view of the characteristics of this disease with deficiency in nature and excess in superficiality,the principle of dynamic treating both manifestation and root cause of disease is established:treating the manifestation starts with eliminating copper and detoxifying,combined with clearing heat and dampness,and removing phlegm and stasis;treating the root cause follows the concept of the same origin of yi and gui,emphasizing the simultaneous treatment of liver and kidney to nourish the brain marrow.Throughout the treatment process,copper elimination(treating the symptoms)should be taken into account,and stratified measures should be applied based on the primary focus of the lesion:either treating the liver as the main focus and supplemented by tonifying the kidney and filling the marrow;or treating the kidney as the main focus and assisted by regulating the liver and nourishing the brain;or co-regulating the three zang-organs of liver,kidney,and brain,to achieve the therapeutic goal of eliminating pathogenic factors and restoring normal functions,and combining tonification and purgation.

Objective:To systematically analyze the impact of various physician payment methods on medical service delivery behavior and outcomes.Methods:Based on the scoping review method,2 255 documents related to"physician","compensation","payment method",and"physician behavior"were retrieved from Web of Science,CNKI,VIP,and WanFang databases,and finally 70 studies were included based on scientific screening standards and process.Results:Fee-for-service encourages physicians to deliver an adequate volume of services but is susceptible to overtreatment;salary and capitation assist in controlling costs but can lead to insufficient service provision;the advantages of DRG/DIP in the quantity and quality of medical services weaken as the patient's condition worsens.Mixed payment methods can effectively balance the quantity and cost of medical services,while pay-for-performance is generally outstanding in improving quality.Conclusions:It is difficult for a single payment method to achieve the optimization of medical service delivery behavior and outcomes.A mixed payment system that integrates multiple payment methods with quality incentives must be established urgently.At the same time,it is recommended to deepen the reform of the mechanism for converting medical insurance balance into physician compensation,fully implement the allocation autonomy of public hospitals,and accelerate the establishment of a mixed physician payment method that is coordinated with medical insurance payment and performance appraisal.

Objective:To explore the effects three of anesthetics(tribromoethanol,isoflurane,and pentobarbital so-dium)on the outcome of mice with post-stroke dysphagia(PSD)induced by photothrombosis(PT)method,and to e-valuate which anesthetic is more suitable for the preparation of this model.Methods:Sixty-six male C57BL/6J mice were divided into Tribromoethanol group,Isoflurane group,Pentobarbital sodium group and Sham group.The post-stroke dysphagia model was established by PT.Before and 5 min after modeling,a laser speckle imager was used to measure the regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF)decrease rate of mice and record the wake-up time of mice.Forty-eight hours after modeling,the mortality rate of PSD mice in three groups was recorded and the rCBF decrease rate was meas-ured again.The neurological function of mice was evaluated using the neurological deficit score,the water intake of mice was recorded using the 4-min drinking test,the infarct volume ratio was measured using the TTC staining method,and the swallowing counts induced by water administration was recorded using the multichannel physiological recorder MP160 and the myoelectric area of the swallowing muscle was calculated.Results:There was no statistical difference in the percentage of decrease in rCBF,infarct volume ratio,neurological deficit score,water intake,swallowing counts,and myoelectric area of swallowing muscle among the three groups of PSD mice 48 h after modeling(P＞0.05).Com-pared with the Tribromoethanol group and the Pentobarbital sodium group,the rCBF of the mice in the Isoflurane group decreased rapidly within 5 min(P＜0.05),and the mortality rate of the mice was lower and the awakening time was shorter.(P＜0.05).Conclusion:The use of different anesthesia will affect the mortality rate,wake-up time and the downward trend of rCBF within 48 h after modeling of PSD mice.Among the three anesthetics,isoflurane is more suit-able as an anesthetic for the PSD mouse model.

Objective:To systematically analyze the impact of various physician payment methods on medical service delivery behavior and outcomes.Methods:Based on the scoping review method,2 255 documents related to"physician","compensation","payment method",and"physician behavior"were retrieved from Web of Science,CNKI,VIP,and WanFang databases,and finally 70 studies were included based on scientific screening standards and process.Results:Fee-for-service encourages physicians to deliver an adequate volume of services but is susceptible to overtreatment;salary and capitation assist in controlling costs but can lead to insufficient service provision;the advantages of DRG/DIP in the quantity and quality of medical services weaken as the patient's condition worsens.Mixed payment methods can effectively balance the quantity and cost of medical services,while pay-for-performance is generally outstanding in improving quality.Conclusions:It is difficult for a single payment method to achieve the optimization of medical service delivery behavior and outcomes.A mixed payment system that integrates multiple payment methods with quality incentives must be established urgently.At the same time,it is recommended to deepen the reform of the mechanism for converting medical insurance balance into physician compensation,fully implement the allocation autonomy of public hospitals,and accelerate the establishment of a mixed physician payment method that is coordinated with medical insurance payment and performance appraisal.

Objective:To explore the effects three of anesthetics(tribromoethanol,isoflurane,and pentobarbital so-dium)on the outcome of mice with post-stroke dysphagia(PSD)induced by photothrombosis(PT)method,and to e-valuate which anesthetic is more suitable for the preparation of this model.Methods:Sixty-six male C57BL/6J mice were divided into Tribromoethanol group,Isoflurane group,Pentobarbital sodium group and Sham group.The post-stroke dysphagia model was established by PT.Before and 5 min after modeling,a laser speckle imager was used to measure the regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF)decrease rate of mice and record the wake-up time of mice.Forty-eight hours after modeling,the mortality rate of PSD mice in three groups was recorded and the rCBF decrease rate was meas-ured again.The neurological function of mice was evaluated using the neurological deficit score,the water intake of mice was recorded using the 4-min drinking test,the infarct volume ratio was measured using the TTC staining method,and the swallowing counts induced by water administration was recorded using the multichannel physiological recorder MP160 and the myoelectric area of the swallowing muscle was calculated.Results:There was no statistical difference in the percentage of decrease in rCBF,infarct volume ratio,neurological deficit score,water intake,swallowing counts,and myoelectric area of swallowing muscle among the three groups of PSD mice 48 h after modeling(P＞0.05).Com-pared with the Tribromoethanol group and the Pentobarbital sodium group,the rCBF of the mice in the Isoflurane group decreased rapidly within 5 min(P＜0.05),and the mortality rate of the mice was lower and the awakening time was shorter.(P＜0.05).Conclusion:The use of different anesthesia will affect the mortality rate,wake-up time and the downward trend of rCBF within 48 h after modeling of PSD mice.Among the three anesthetics,isoflurane is more suit-able as an anesthetic for the PSD mouse model.

Hepatolenticular degeneration， also known as Wilson disease （WD）， is a hereditary disease caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene， leading to copper metabolism disorders. Gene mutations result in impaired synthesis of copper-binding protein， and abnormal excretion of copper through bile leads to pathological deposition of copper in various organs， ultimately causing multi-organ damage. The insidious onset and low specificity of symptoms make it difficult to diagnose this disease. On the basis of existing studies and the theory of latent toxin， this paper proposes that latent toxin in kidney collaterals is the main pathogenesis of renal injury in WD. It is pointed out that health Qi deficiency and latent pathogen are the premises for the occurrence of this disease， and the transformation of latent pathogen into toxin is the ley pathological process. Toxin damaging kidney collaterals is the ultimate result. According to the pathogenesis， this paper proposes the treatment principle of reinforcing healthy Qi and resolving toxin and treatment based on syndrome differentiation. This review provides new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of renal injury in WD with traditional Chinese medicine.

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of Gandouling decoction combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation （NMES） in the treatment of dysphagia in Wilson disease （WD） with combined phlegm and stasis. MethodsA total of 80 WD patients with dysphagia due to combined phlegm and stasis treated in the Department of Encephalopathy， the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine were randomized into a control group and an observation group， with 40 patients in each group. In addition， 40 healthy volunteers were recruited as the normal group. The control group was treated with basic copper drainage combined with NMES. The observation group was treated with Gandouling Decoction on the basis of the therapy in the control group. Each course of treatment lasted for 8 days， and the patients were treated for a total of 4 courses. All subjects underwent video fluoroscopic swallowing study （VFSS） before and after treatment. During the examination， contrast agents with 4 different characters were used for the swallowing action， and the passing time was recorded. The TCM syndrome score， water swallow test score， standard swallowing assessment （SSA） score， and 24-h urinary copper level before and after treatment were analyzed. ResultsWhen performing VFSS， the passing time of contrast agents of different characters in the oral stage was longer in the WD group than in the normal group （P<0.01）， while it had no significant difference in the pharyngeal stage. After treatment， the passing time in the oral stage shortened in the control and observation groups （P<0.01）， and the observation group outperformed the control group （P<0.01）. After treatment， both the control and observation groups showed declines in TCM syndrome score and SSA score （P<0.01） and an increase in water swallow test score （P<0.01）， and the changes were more obvious in the observation group than in the control group （P<0.01）. In addition， the treatment in the control and observation groups elevated the 24-h urinary copper level （P<0.01）， and the elevation in the observation group was more obvious than that in the control group （P<0.01）. Neither group showed obvious adverse reaction. ConclusionGandouling decoction combined with NMES can significantly ameliorate dysphagia in WD patients with the syndrome of combined phlegm and stasis regarding the TCM syndrome score， water swallow test score， and SSA score， demonstrating definite clinical efficacy and high safety.

Objective:To identify the bacteria isolated from sepsis patients in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai and analyze their antimicrobial resistance features.Methods:This study included 439 patients with clinically diagnosed sepsis who underwent microbiological culture in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai from July 2021 to October 2024. Results of microbiological culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Differences between groups were analyzed using Chi-square test and Fisher′s exact test. Results:The positive rate of microbiological culture was 49.0% (215/439). The positive rate of blood culture was 24.1% (93/386) and 100 strains were isolated from the samples, including 57 Gram-negative bacteria (57.0%). The predominant isolates in blood samples were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and coagulase-negative staphylococci. The positive rate of bacterial culture from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples was 84.1% (37/44), with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the predominant strains. The positive rate of bacterial culture from urine samples was 35.6% (127/357), with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecium being the most common. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii exhibited high resistance rates to fluoroquinolones [46.8% (29/62)-97.0% (32/33)]. The resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to most commonly used antibiotics were >80.0%. The resistance rates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to the third-generation cephalosporins ranged from 41.8% (28/67) to 66.0% (31/47). Carbapenem resistance was observed in 38.1% (24/63)-40.3% (25/62) of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, and most of the isolates from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples showed a higher resistance rate than those from blood or urine samples ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The positive rate of bacterial culture is nearly 50% in this study, with Gram-negative bacteria being the most common. Six major pathogenic bacteria exhibit high resistance rates to fluoroquinolones. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates have high resistance rates to the third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, with significant differences in the resistance rate between isolates from different samples, and it should be cautious to choose the third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: Cigarette smoking exacerbates the progression of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The role of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in chronic lung diseases has gained attention; however, it remains unclear whether smoking-exacerbated lung damage in TB is associated with TLS. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of pulmonary TLS in smokers with TB and to explore the possible role of TLS in smoking-related lung injury in TB. METHODS: Lung tissues from 36 male patients (18 smokers and 18 non-smokers) who underwent surgical resection for pulmonary TB were included in this study. Pathological and immunohistological analyses were conducted to evaluate the quantity of TLS, and chest computed tomography (CT) was used to assess the severity of lung lesions. The correlation between the TLS quantity and TB lesion severity scores was analyzed. The immune cells and chemokines involved in TLS formation were also evaluated and compared between smokers and non-smokers. RESULTS: Smoker patients with TB had significantly higher TLS than non-smokers ( P < 0.001). The TLS quantity in both the lung parenchyma and peribronchial regions correlated with TB lesion severity on chest CT (parenchyma: r = 0.5767; peribronchial: r = 0.7373; both P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased B cells, T cells, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) expression in smoker patients with TB ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Smoker TB patients exhibited increased pulmonary TLS, which was associated with exacerbated lung lesions on chest CT, suggesting that cigarette smoking may exacerbate lung damage by promoting TLS formation.
Humans ; Male ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology* ; Middle Aged ; Tertiary Lymphoid Structures/pathology* ; Adult ; Lung/pathology* ; Smoking/adverse effects* ; Smokers ; Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Hepatolenticular degeneration is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease characterized by copper metabolism disorder,which affects the liver,kidneys,and brain.In traditional Chinese medicine,this disease is closely associated with dysfunction of the"liver-kidney-brain"axis.The liver,kidney,and brain form a physiological whole through the mutual transformation and distribution of essence and blood,the coordination of qi transformation,and the connection of meridians and collaterals.This article explores the pathogenesis of hepatolenticular degeneration based on the"liver-kidney-brain"axis.The deficiency of liver and kidney essence leads to the malnutrition of brain marrow,which is the fundamental cause of the disease.The internal accumulation of copper toxins generates dampness-heat and phlegm-stasis,which are the key factors causing the disease.In view of the characteristics of this disease with deficiency in nature and excess in superficiality,the principle of dynamic treating both manifestation and root cause of disease is established:treating the manifestation starts with eliminating copper and detoxifying,combined with clearing heat and dampness,and removing phlegm and stasis;treating the root cause follows the concept of the same origin of yi and gui,emphasizing the simultaneous treatment of liver and kidney to nourish the brain marrow.Throughout the treatment process,copper elimination(treating the symptoms)should be taken into account,and stratified measures should be applied based on the primary focus of the lesion:either treating the liver as the main focus and supplemented by tonifying the kidney and filling the marrow;or treating the kidney as the main focus and assisted by regulating the liver and nourishing the brain;or co-regulating the three zang-organs of liver,kidney,and brain,to achieve the therapeutic goal of eliminating pathogenic factors and restoring normal functions,and combining tonification and purgation.