Objective·To employ the two-sample Mendelian randomization(TSMR)method,using genetic variants as instrumental variables,to investigate the causal relationship between phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)and the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma.Methods·The single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)data associated with PE and colorectal adenocarcinoma were obtained from the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit(MRC IEU)at the University of Bristol and the Finnish Biobank,respectively.A secondary data analysis was conducted using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies(GWAS),and genetic loci strongly associated with PE were selected as instrumental variables.Four Mendelian randomization(MR)methods,inverse-variance weighted(IVW)method,MR-Egger regression,weighted median(WME)method,and weighted mode(WM)method,were employed to assess the causal effect.The IVW method was used as the primary statistical approach,while MR-Egger,WME,and WM served as supplementary methods.Rigorous assessments for robustness included MR-Egger regression,MR-PRESSO global tests for horizontal pleiotropy,and Cochran's Q test to evaluate heterogeneity.Results·Ten instrumental variables were selected,and the Steiger test indicated that all PE-associated SNPs exhibited a consistent direction of causal effect on colorectal cancer.Among the 10 SNPs,rs102275 and rs9393903 showed the strongest positive associations with colorectal adenocarcinoma risk,with effect sizes of 0.45(P=8.01×10-5)and 0.82(P=2.31×10-2),respectively.Consistent findings from MR analyses demonstrated that PE elevated the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma across all four methods.In the IVW analysis,the OR was 1.36(95%CI 1.17?1.59,P=7.24×10-5).In the MR-Egger regression,the OR was 1.44(95%CI 0.97?2.14,P=1.12×10-1).In the WEM analysis,the OR was 1.33(95%CI 1.07?1.65,P=8.81×10-3).In the WM analysis,the OR was 1.41(95%CI 1.12?1.77,P=1.70×10-2).Cochran's Q test revealed no heterogeneity among the effect estimates of the 10 SNPs on colorectal adenocarcinoma.Both MR-Egger regression intercept and MR-PRESSO test indicated no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy among the SNPs.Leave-one-out analysis showed overlapping confidence intervals after excluding any single SNP,indicating that the results were not sensitive to individual SNPs and were highly robust.Conclusions·There is a causal association between circulating PE levels and the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma.A genetically predicted increase of one standard deviation in plasma PE levels is associated with a 1.36-fold higher risk of developing colorectal adenocarcinoma(95%CI 1.17?1.59,P=7.24×10-5).

Objective·To employ the two-sample Mendelian randomization(TSMR)method,using genetic variants as instrumental variables,to investigate the causal relationship between phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)and the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma.Methods·The single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)data associated with PE and colorectal adenocarcinoma were obtained from the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit(MRC IEU)at the University of Bristol and the Finnish Biobank,respectively.A secondary data analysis was conducted using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies(GWAS),and genetic loci strongly associated with PE were selected as instrumental variables.Four Mendelian randomization(MR)methods,inverse-variance weighted(IVW)method,MR-Egger regression,weighted median(WME)method,and weighted mode(WM)method,were employed to assess the causal effect.The IVW method was used as the primary statistical approach,while MR-Egger,WME,and WM served as supplementary methods.Rigorous assessments for robustness included MR-Egger regression,MR-PRESSO global tests for horizontal pleiotropy,and Cochran's Q test to evaluate heterogeneity.Results·Ten instrumental variables were selected,and the Steiger test indicated that all PE-associated SNPs exhibited a consistent direction of causal effect on colorectal cancer.Among the 10 SNPs,rs102275 and rs9393903 showed the strongest positive associations with colorectal adenocarcinoma risk,with effect sizes of 0.45(P=8.01×10-5)and 0.82(P=2.31×10-2),respectively.Consistent findings from MR analyses demonstrated that PE elevated the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma across all four methods.In the IVW analysis,the OR was 1.36(95%CI 1.17?1.59,P=7.24×10-5).In the MR-Egger regression,the OR was 1.44(95%CI 0.97?2.14,P=1.12×10-1).In the WEM analysis,the OR was 1.33(95%CI 1.07?1.65,P=8.81×10-3).In the WM analysis,the OR was 1.41(95%CI 1.12?1.77,P=1.70×10-2).Cochran's Q test revealed no heterogeneity among the effect estimates of the 10 SNPs on colorectal adenocarcinoma.Both MR-Egger regression intercept and MR-PRESSO test indicated no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy among the SNPs.Leave-one-out analysis showed overlapping confidence intervals after excluding any single SNP,indicating that the results were not sensitive to individual SNPs and were highly robust.Conclusions·There is a causal association between circulating PE levels and the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma.A genetically predicted increase of one standard deviation in plasma PE levels is associated with a 1.36-fold higher risk of developing colorectal adenocarcinoma(95%CI 1.17?1.59,P=7.24×10-5).

Objective To evaluate and compare yeast identification ability between Bruker Microflex matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry( MALDI-TOF MS) and Vitek 2 Compact automatic microbial analysis system.Methods Retrospective study.Totally 742 strains of yeast isolated from clinical specimens during March 2013 to March 2014 in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were identified by Bruker Microflex MALDI-TOF MS and Vitek 2 Compact automatic microbial analysis system simultaneously.The strains with discordant results were validated by gene sequencing.Results The coincidence rate of 699 Candida identified by Bruker Microflex MALDI-TOF MS or Vitek 2 Compact system was 100.0%(699/699) and 99.6%(696/699) to the species level, respectively and the coincidence rate of 43 yeast-like fungi strains identified was 90.7%(39/43) and 79.1%(34/43) to the species level, respectively.Penicillium marneffei could not be identified by both two instruments, but protein profile of Penicillium marneffei by MALDI-TOF MS was established.Conclusions The coincidence rate of yeast identified by Bruker Microflex MALDI-TOF MS is higher than that of Vitek 2 Compact system.Using Bruker Microflex MALDI-TOF MS to identify yeast especially Candida and yeast-like fungus is fast, simple, low-cost, accurate, and it can be used in routine work of ordinary yeast identification in clinical microbiology laboratory.