Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury （RIRI） is a major cause of acute kidney injury during kidney transplantation and peri-operative settings， and there is still a lack of safe and effective targeted preventive and therapeutic drugs in clinical practice. Specifically， xanthohumol， luteolin， dracorhodin C， naringin， senkyunolide Ⅰ， verbascoside， and shikonin enhance antioxidant defenses， and inhibit lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway. Apigenin， nobiletin， tanshinone Ⅱ A ， and salidroside activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway to inhibit mitochondria- dependent apoptosis and facilitate renal repair. Quercetin， methyleugenol， cyanidin-3-glucoside， and platycodin D promote autophagy and improve mitochondrial homeostasis through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mTOR or AMPK/phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1/Parkin pathways. In addition， hesperidin， curcumin， ganoderic acid， pulsatilla saponin B4， capsaicin， and diosgenin mitigate inflammatory responses and decrease renal tubular injury markers by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB， high mobility group box 1， Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways， thereby exerting multi-target， multi-stage renoprotective effects.

Objective:To analyze awareness, willingness, the status of using, and related factors of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Shaanxi Province to provide a reference for the next step of HIV prevention and control strategy.Methods:Using a cross-sectional study design from March to May 2022, with the assistance of MSM social organizations in Xi'an, relying on the network platform and MSM Social organizations, a convenient sampling method was used to recruit MSM with an estimated sample size of 900. The inclusion criteria were male aged ≥18, having had same-sex sexual intercourse in the last twelve months, HIV-negative or unknown status of infection. An electronic questionnaire was made with the help of questionnaire-star and an anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, awareness and using of PrEP, etc. A logistic regression model was used to analyze related factors of PrEP awareness and use in MSM. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results:Among 981 MSM subjects, 76.55% (751/981) had heard of PrEP, and 42.51% (417/981) were aware of PrEP. Among those who knew about PrEP, 74.34% (310/417) had homosexual sexual activity in the last six months, 99.03% (307/310) were willing to use PrEP, and 40.97% (127/310) were using PrEP. The multivariate logistic regression analysis model results showed that nationality (other ethnic groups:a OR=4.48,95% CI:1.28-15.68),education level (high school or technical secondary school: a OR=3.01,95% CI:1.49-6.07; universities or colleges: a OR=2.86,95% CI:1.47-5.57; master degree: a OR=5.10,95% CI:2.37-10.98), monthly income 5 000-10 000 yuan (a OR=1.70,95% CI: 1.00-2.88), tested for HIV in the past 12 months (a OR=1.87,95% CI:1.34-2.61) were related factors of PrEP knowledge awareness. Singlehood (a OR=0.46,95% CI:0.26-0.81) and consulted professionals about PrEP (a OR=9.56,95% CI:4.58-19.96) were related factors of PrEP use. Conclusions:The proportion of willingness to use PrEP was higher among MSM in Shaanxi Province, but the awareness rate and utilization rate of MSM for PrEP were low. The cognition of PrEP should be further improved to promote the correct use of PrEP among MSM.

Metformin has been used for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus for decades due to its safety, low cost, and outstanding hypoglycemic effect clinically. The mechanisms underlying these benefits are complex and still not fully understood. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory-chain complex I is the most described downstream mechanism of metformin, leading to reduced ATP production and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Meanwhile, many novel targets of metformin have been gradually discovered. In recent years, multiple pre-clinical and clinical studies are committed to extend the indications of metformin in addition to diabetes. Herein, we summarized the benefits of metformin in four types of diseases, including metabolic associated diseases, cancer, aging and age-related diseases, neurological disorders. We comprehensively discussed the pharmacokinetic properties and the mechanisms of action, treatment strategies, the clinical application, the potential risk of metformin in various diseases. This review provides a brief summary of the benefits and concerns of metformin, aiming to interest scientists to consider and explore the common and specific mechanisms and guiding for the further research. Although there have been countless studies of metformin, longitudinal research in each field is still much warranted.
Humans ; Metformin/pharmacokinetics* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism* ; Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology* ; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism* ; Aging

Deep learning (DL) has achieved state-of-the-art performance in many digital pathology analysis tasks. Traditional methods usually require hand-crafted domain-specific features, and DL methods can learn representations without manually designed features. In terms of feature extraction, DL approaches are less labor intensive compared with conventional machine learning methods. In this paper, we comprehensively summarize recent DL-based image analysis studies in histopathology, including different tasks (e.g., classification, semantic segmentation, detection, and instance segmentation) and various applications (e.g., stain normalization, cell/gland/region structure analysis). DL methods can provide consistent and accurate outcomes. DL is a promising tool to assist pathologists in clinical diagnosis.

In the present study, the performance of the liquid nitrogen frozen and thinned bovine pericardium was studied and compared with the porcine pericardium. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the bovine pericardium were observed and tested by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and tensile test respectively. In all conditions, porcine pericardium was selected as a control group. The results showed that there was little difference in the performance of bovine pericardium after being frozen by liquid nitrogen. The secant modulus and ultimate strength of the thinned bovine pericardium were similar to those of porcine pericardium, however, the elastic modulus was a little higher than porcine pericardium. The study suggested that the performance of the thinned bovine pericardium was similar to those of porcine pericardium. It was easy for the thinned bovine pericardium to obtain a relatively ideal thickness and expected performance, therefore, the thinned bovine pericardium can be used as the materials of transcatheter aortic valve leaflets.
Animals ; Aortic Valve ; Bioprosthesis ; Cattle ; Elastic Modulus ; Freezing ; Heart Valve Prosthesis ; Nitrogen ; Pericardium ; physiology ; Swine

Objective To investigate the mechanical behavior of bovine pericardium with different orientations after compression and evaluate its effects on the duration of transcatheter aortic valve. Methods According to the fiber directions, the pericardial strips were divided into 12 groups of transverse, longitudinal and oblique pericardial strips, and each group included 3 strips of pericardium. One strip maintained the original state, and the other two strips were under 12.5 N and 25 N compression, respectively for 1 h. The mechanical properties of compressed samples were tested and analyzed subsequently in uniaxial tension test. Results The samples with different orientations showed obvious anisotropy before and after compression. The secant modulus, elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the longitudinal pericardium were generally greater than those of the oblique pericardium, while the oblique pericardium was larger than the transverse pericardium. For longitudinal and oblique bovine pericardium under 25 N compression, the average tensile strength ratio was 0.92 and 0.87, respectively, and the ratio of tensile strength before and after compression had a significant difference (P＜0.05). The average tensile strength ratio of transverse bovine pericardium after 25 N compression was 0.97, and there was no significant difference in the ratio of tensile strength before and after compression (P＞0.05). Conclusions The compressive damage of the pericardia with different fiber orientations was very small under low stresses at transitory time. For design and production of transcatheter aortic valves, the orientations of the pericardium and the changes of strength after compression should be taken into consideration.

Objective To investigate the effect of the different rehabilitation training method on the first ray of postoperative hallux valgus (HV). Methods Based on medical images of HV patient, a comprehensive three-dimensional finite element model of HV foot was established, including bones, sesamoid, cartilage, ligaments, soft tissues, Achilles tendon. The passive/active plantar flexion and dorsal flexion as well as standing were simulated to investigate the biomechanical behavior of distal osteotomy fragment of the postoperative HV. Results The stress distribution on distal osteotomy fragment during passive training was more uniform, and the peak stress (7.78 MPa) was greater than that during stance phase and active training. The distal osteotomy fragment displacement during passive training (0.98 mm) in anterior-posterior direction was greater than that during stance phase (0.69 mm) and active training (0.38 mm). Conclusions The passive training could promote the contact of osteotomy surface and reduce the healing time of osteotomy, which would be beneficial for rehabilitation of postoperative HV.

BACKGROUND:Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine minimaly invasive treatment for halux valgus based on wrapped curtain method with “8”-shaped bandage and sub toe pad external fixation has been used for a long time in the clinic. This method abandons the internal implant fixationandexternal plaster fixation. After surgery, patients could take care of themselves. However, theactivity of the broken end may cause fracture nonunion, which once aroused scholars’ question. Recently, with the continuous improvement of foot biomechanics research, foot finite element model and applications become a reality.
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate thestability of osteotomy after the operation of wrapped curtain method with“8”-shaped bandage and sub toe pad external fixation on the basis of static finite element method.
METHODS:A young female volunteer with halux valgus was selected, whose body weight was 58 kg, and right foot halux abductor valgus angle was 24°; intermetatarsal angle was 13°; proximal articulator set angle was 7°; distal articulator set angle was 7°. CT was used to scan the right foot. ABAQUS software was applied to establish a finite element model of right foot halux valgus bone, and model of the first metatarsal neck minimaly invasive osteotomy was simulated based on wrapped curtain method with external fixation. Von Mises stress and displacement at the osteotomy endwere calculated.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) The maximum stress was 0.067 MPa without external fixation, and the maximum stress was 1.258 MPa with the external fixation. Stress was mainly distributed in the outer edge of the osteotomy. (2) The maximum absolute displacement was 0.363 mm without external fixation, and the maximum absolute displacement was 0.716 mm with external fixation. The two largest displacements were both in the Z-axis direction. Statistical analysis confirmed that the four nodes absolute displacement and stress were significantly different (P< 0.01). (3) The maximum relative displacement was 0.101 mm. The maximum relative displacement was 0.046 mm with external fixation. The maximum relative displacement without external fixation was-0.102 mm and occurred in the Z-axis. The maximum relative displacement with external fixation was 0.110 mm and occurred in the Y-axis. (4) One-way analysis of variance confirmed that the four nodes relative displacements were not statisticaly significant in X-axisand Y-axis (P> 0.05). The four nodes relative displacements were statisticaly significant in Z-axis (P< 0.05). (5) These findings suggest that the external fixation based on wrapped curtain method after halux valgus surgery could effectively reduce osteotomy displacement. The moderate stress and elastic fixation are conducive to fracture healing.

UNLABELLEDOBJECTIVE To investigate an operative method of combined resection of preseptal fat: and partial retro-orbicularis oculus fat (ROOF) for correction of upper eyelid heaviness, and evaluate the efficacy and safety of the method.

METHODSPreseptal fat lies widely under the orbicularis oculi in the upper eyelid, and retro-orbicularis oculus fat (ROOF) lies in the lateral supraorbital area. Combined resection of preseptal fat and partial ROOF was performed in patients selected by examination. The efficacy and safety were evaluated by follow-up study.

RESULTSFrom May 2011 to July 2013, 38 selected patients received the treatment with 3 months to 28 months follow up. The heaviness of upper eyelid improved in all cases. One patient developed postoperative hematoma, and another patient had a transient numbness over the lateral upper brow region. 37 patients were satisfied with the result.

CONCLUSIONSCombined resection of preseptal fat and partial ROOF was effective in reducing the heaviness of upper eyelid, without major complications. The operative method should be an important adjunct for selected patients undergoing blepharoplasty.

Adipose Tissue ; surgery ; Blepharoplasty ; adverse effects ; methods ; Eyelids ; surgery ; Facial Muscles ; Follow-Up Studies ; Forehead ; Humans ; Safety

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of dexamethasone in Verdihong paints to ensure safety and ef-fectiveness of the clinical medicines. Methods:An HPLC method with a Dikma C18 column (150 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm) was used, the mobile phase was a mixture of methanol-water-glacial acetic acid (80∶20∶0. 5), the detection wavelength was at 240nm, the injec-tion volume was 20 μl, the column temperature was 30℃ and the flow rate was 1. 0 ml·min-1 . Results:The standard curve of dexa-methasone was linear over the range of 3. 0-96. 0μg·ml-1(r=0. 999 7). The average recovery was 99. 45% with RSD of 1. 01%(n=9). Conclusion:The method is simple with good reproducibility, and can be used in the determination of dexamethasone in Verdihong paints.