Objective To investigate the impact of recent rhythmic interventions on the depth of sedation during anesthesia induction in patients undergoing general anesthesia with remazolam toluene sulfonate.Methods Patients aged 18～65 years who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia were selected and divided into a day group(7:00～19:00)and a night group(19:00～7:00 the following day)based on the start time of anesthesia induction.Each group comprised 70 patients,further subdivided into five equal dose groups of remazolam toluene sulfonate at 0.11,0.13,0.16,0.18,and 0.22 mg/kg,with 14 patients in each subgroup.The Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation(MOAA/S)score and Bispectral Index(BIS)value were recorded 3 minutes post-administration,and the correlation coefficient between these two parameters was calculated.The induction dose and unit body weight dose of remazolam toluene sulfonate were documented when the MOAA/S score was≤1.Addition-ally,the induction dose of remazolam for both day and night groups as well as for patients of different genders was recorded.The half effective dose(ED50),95％effective dose(ED95),and 95％confidence interval(CI)for both the day and night groups were also calculated.Results When MOAA/S≤1,the induced dose of remazolam in the night group(12.34±3.51)mg was significantly lower than that in the day group(13.98±4.21)mg.Additionally,the dose per unit body weight of remazolam in the night group(0.20±0.049)mg/kg was also significantly lower than that in the day group(0.22±0.056)mg/kg.Statistically significant differences were observed in the ED50 and ED95 values of remazolam between the day and night groups(P<0.05).The correlation coefficient between BIS and MOAA/S was 0.902(95％CI:0.876～0.925)in the day group and 0.905(95％CI:0.879～0.929)in the night group,indicating a strong correlation between MOAA/S and BIS in both groups.However,there was no significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the two groups(P>0.05).The correlation coefficients between BIS and MOAA/S were 0.763(95％CI:0.726～0.799)in the daytime group and 0.777(95％CI:0.739～0.808)in the nighttime group.In a separate analysis,the correlation coefficients were 0.768(95％CI:0.723～0.804)for the day-time group and 0.771(95％CI:0.723～0.811)for the nighttime group.A strong correlation was observed between MOAA/S and BIS in both male and female patients during both day and night,with no significant difference in corre-lation coefficients between groups(P>0.05).However,BIS values were significantly lower in the nighttime group compared to the daytime group(P<0.05).Additionally,male patients required a higher total induced dose of rem-azolam than female patients during both day and night,with this difference being statistically significant(P<0.05).Furthermore,female patients exhibited a significant decrease in BIS values at night(P<0.05).Conclusions Recent studies have shown that circadian rhythm significantly influences anesthesia-induced sedation in patients undergoing general anesthesia with remazolam toluenesulfonate.Specifically,the sedation effect is more pronounced in nighttime procedures,and there is a notable gender difference,with female patients exhibiting better sedation outcomes during nighttime surgeries.

Objective To investigate the impact of recent rhythmic interventions on the depth of sedation during anesthesia induction in patients undergoing general anesthesia with remazolam toluene sulfonate.Methods Patients aged 18～65 years who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia were selected and divided into a day group(7:00～19:00)and a night group(19:00～7:00 the following day)based on the start time of anesthesia induction.Each group comprised 70 patients,further subdivided into five equal dose groups of remazolam toluene sulfonate at 0.11,0.13,0.16,0.18,and 0.22 mg/kg,with 14 patients in each subgroup.The Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation(MOAA/S)score and Bispectral Index(BIS)value were recorded 3 minutes post-administration,and the correlation coefficient between these two parameters was calculated.The induction dose and unit body weight dose of remazolam toluene sulfonate were documented when the MOAA/S score was≤1.Addition-ally,the induction dose of remazolam for both day and night groups as well as for patients of different genders was recorded.The half effective dose(ED50),95％effective dose(ED95),and 95％confidence interval(CI)for both the day and night groups were also calculated.Results When MOAA/S≤1,the induced dose of remazolam in the night group(12.34±3.51)mg was significantly lower than that in the day group(13.98±4.21)mg.Additionally,the dose per unit body weight of remazolam in the night group(0.20±0.049)mg/kg was also significantly lower than that in the day group(0.22±0.056)mg/kg.Statistically significant differences were observed in the ED50 and ED95 values of remazolam between the day and night groups(P<0.05).The correlation coefficient between BIS and MOAA/S was 0.902(95％CI:0.876～0.925)in the day group and 0.905(95％CI:0.879～0.929)in the night group,indicating a strong correlation between MOAA/S and BIS in both groups.However,there was no significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the two groups(P>0.05).The correlation coefficients between BIS and MOAA/S were 0.763(95％CI:0.726～0.799)in the daytime group and 0.777(95％CI:0.739～0.808)in the nighttime group.In a separate analysis,the correlation coefficients were 0.768(95％CI:0.723～0.804)for the day-time group and 0.771(95％CI:0.723～0.811)for the nighttime group.A strong correlation was observed between MOAA/S and BIS in both male and female patients during both day and night,with no significant difference in corre-lation coefficients between groups(P>0.05).However,BIS values were significantly lower in the nighttime group compared to the daytime group(P<0.05).Additionally,male patients required a higher total induced dose of rem-azolam than female patients during both day and night,with this difference being statistically significant(P<0.05).Furthermore,female patients exhibited a significant decrease in BIS values at night(P<0.05).Conclusions Recent studies have shown that circadian rhythm significantly influences anesthesia-induced sedation in patients undergoing general anesthesia with remazolam toluenesulfonate.Specifically,the sedation effect is more pronounced in nighttime procedures,and there is a notable gender difference,with female patients exhibiting better sedation outcomes during nighttime surgeries.

Objective To investigate ecological isolation between Oncomelania hupensis snail populations in hilly regions and marshland and lake regions in Yuanjiang valley, Changde City, Hunan Province, and to unravel its underlying mechanisms. Methods Taoyuan County, Shimen County, Linli County and Lixian County in Changde City were selected as snail sampling sites in hilly regions, and Lixian County, Jinshi City, West Lake Administration District, Hanshou County and Dingcheng District were selected as snail sampling sites in marshland and lake areas. Cytochrome C oxidase 1 (cox 1) gene was amplified in snail samples and sequenced. The genetic sequences of O. hupensis snails were aligned using the software MEGA 11, and the haplotypes of O. hupensis snails were determined using the software DNASP 5.10.01. The phylogenetic tree was generated using Bayesian inference with the software MrBayes 3.2, and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed to analyze the source of genetic divergence and estimate the genetic divergence index (F_ST) among snail populations with the software Arlequin 3.5.2.2. The genetic barrier among 11 O. hupensis snail populations was estimated using the Monmonier algorithm of adegenet toolkit in R package. The settings with “land in winter and water in summer” in the Yuanjian River section were divided into two categories according to the upstream and downstream, and the areas with “land in winter and water in summer” in the upstream and downstream were transformed into raster data, and then loaded into the software Fragstats 4 for analysis of landscape indicators. The trends in changes of digital elevation were extracted from the Yuanjiang River section based on the digital elevation model, and made three-dimensional visualization using the R package. Results The mitochondrial cox 1 gene were amplified in 165 O. hupensis snais from 11 sampling sites and sequenced, and a total of 152 valid gene sequences were obtained, with 46 haplotypes or 9 populations determined. No haplotype was shared in snails between Taoyuan County and Dingcheng District and Hanshou County along the downstream of the Yuanjiang River. The total area of settings with “land in winter and water in summer” was 617.66 hm² in the upsteram of the Yuanjiang River, which consisted of 473 patches, with each patch measuring 1.31 hm², the largest area index of 0.735 2, the landscape division index of 0.999 9, and the landscape shape index of 45.293 7. The total area of settings with “land in winter and water in summer” was 9 956.92 hm² in the downstream of the Yuanjiang River, which consisted of 771 patches, with each patch measuring 12.91 hm², the largest area index of 97.839 9, the landscape division index of 0.042 7, and the landscape shape index of 7.249 6. The area of settings with “land in winter and water in summer” was much larger in the downstream than that in the upstream of the Yuanjiang River, and the stronger landscape connectivity and non-remarkable alteration of riverbed elevation provided suitable habitats for snail breeding. Conclusion The hydrological and environmental characteristics of the upstream of the Yuanjiang River restrain the breeding and spread of O. hupensis, resulting in ecological isolation between Oncomelania hupensis in Taoyuan County and those in the downstream of Yuanjiang River.