Iodine is an indispensable trace element in the human body and its intake level is closely related to thyroid function. Iodine deficiency or iodine excess will lead to iodine-related diseases. The implementation of the universal salt iodization policy of China has achieved remarkable results, yet it is still facing the problems of iodine deficiency and iodine excess at present. Since iodine in the human body is mainly metabolized by the kidneys and excreted in urine, urinary iodine test has become an effective way to reflect the recent iodine nutrition status of the body. This article will discuss the current iodine nutrition status of the population in China, the hazards of iodine deficiency and iodine excess, as well as the clinical application of urinary iodine test.

With the improvement of diagnosis and treatment level, most breast cancer patients survive in a chronic state for a long time, and the issue of concomitant diseases of breast cancer (CDBC) has become increasingly prominent. All-round and full-cycle management of these comorbidities can help improve patients’ quality of life and prognosis. General practice, with its long-term, comprehensive and responsible health care that is person-centered, family-based, community-wide and oriented to the maintenance and promotion of overall health, presents new opportunities for the health management of CDBC. This article will explore the application of consultation-liaison general practice through the integrated general and specialist care in the comprehensive management of CDBC, aiming to raise people’s awareness of it and promote the development of consultation-liaison general practice and the management model of the "Internet plus general practitioner team" , which will surely contribute to the all-round management of concomitant diseases in breast cancer patients.

Parathyromegaly refers to chronic enlargement of the parathyroid glands caused by multiple etiological factors. Pathological conditions, such as hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid hyperfunction, parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid cysts, and parathyroid carcinoma may all lead to parathyromegaly. Notably, calcium intake insufficiency and/or vitamin D insufficiency (CVI), which is the predominant etiology of parathyromegaly, now has been recognized as a global public health challenge. Chronic CVI induces negative calcium balance and relative low serum calcium level, stimulating compensatory parathyroid hyperplasia and enlargement. This progression triggers parathyroid hyperfunction and secondary hyperparathyroidism, resulting in bone mass loss, height reduction, kyphosis, osteoporosis, pathological fractures, metastatic vascular calcification and systemic abnormal calcium migration and calcinosis (such as urolithiasis). During the early stages of parathyromegaly, the condition remains preventable and treatable; However, delayed intervention may lead to irreversible tertiary hyperparathyroidism. CVI-associated parathyromegaly exhibits high prevalence and heterogeneous clinical manifestations, representing a critically underrecognized clinical entity. This article will systematically discuss the etiology, pathological characteristics, clinical consequences, and prevention and control strategies for CVI-related parathyromegaly.

Patients with initially diagnosed breast cancer and uncontrolled hyperthyroidism are at high risk of perioperative thyroid crisis. This article reports two cases of early-stage breast cancer initially diagnosed concurrently with uncontrolled primary hyperthyroidism. In Case 1, the patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy to control breast cancer progression while concurrently taking antithyroid drugs to manage hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism was controlled during chemotherapy, and the patient successfully underwent surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Case 2 involved recurrent primary hyperthyroidism with leukopenia after antithyroid drug therapy. Since leukopenia is a relative contraindication for antithyroid drugs, the patient underwent radioactive iodine therapy (iodine-131) and endocrine therapy for one month before proceeding with breast cancer surgery. Through a literature review, this article analyzes preoperative management strategies for uncontrolled hyperthyroidism in initially diagnosed breast cancer patients, emphasizing the importance of normalizing thyroid function to prevent thyroid crisis and reduce perioperative risks.

Iodine is an indispensable trace element in the human body and its intake level is closely related to thyroid function. Iodine deficiency or iodine excess will lead to iodine-related diseases. The implementation of the universal salt iodization policy of China has achieved remarkable results, yet it is still facing the problems of iodine deficiency and iodine excess at present. Since iodine in the human body is mainly metabolized by the kidneys and excreted in urine, urinary iodine test has become an effective way to reflect the recent iodine nutrition status of the body. This article will discuss the current iodine nutrition status of the population in China, the hazards of iodine deficiency and iodine excess, as well as the clinical application of urinary iodine test.

With the improvement of diagnosis and treatment level, most breast cancer patients survive in a chronic state for a long time, and the issue of concomitant diseases of breast cancer (CDBC) has become increasingly prominent. All-round and full-cycle management of these comorbidities can help improve patients’ quality of life and prognosis. General practice, with its long-term, comprehensive and responsible health care that is person-centered, family-based, community-wide and oriented to the maintenance and promotion of overall health, presents new opportunities for the health management of CDBC. This article will explore the application of consultation-liaison general practice through the integrated general and specialist care in the comprehensive management of CDBC, aiming to raise people’s awareness of it and promote the development of consultation-liaison general practice and the management model of the "Internet plus general practitioner team" , which will surely contribute to the all-round management of concomitant diseases in breast cancer patients.

Parathyromegaly refers to chronic enlargement of the parathyroid glands caused by multiple etiological factors. Pathological conditions, such as hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid hyperfunction, parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid cysts, and parathyroid carcinoma may all lead to parathyromegaly. Notably, calcium intake insufficiency and/or vitamin D insufficiency (CVI), which is the predominant etiology of parathyromegaly, now has been recognized as a global public health challenge. Chronic CVI induces negative calcium balance and relative low serum calcium level, stimulating compensatory parathyroid hyperplasia and enlargement. This progression triggers parathyroid hyperfunction and secondary hyperparathyroidism, resulting in bone mass loss, height reduction, kyphosis, osteoporosis, pathological fractures, metastatic vascular calcification and systemic abnormal calcium migration and calcinosis (such as urolithiasis). During the early stages of parathyromegaly, the condition remains preventable and treatable; However, delayed intervention may lead to irreversible tertiary hyperparathyroidism. CVI-associated parathyromegaly exhibits high prevalence and heterogeneous clinical manifestations, representing a critically underrecognized clinical entity. This article will systematically discuss the etiology, pathological characteristics, clinical consequences, and prevention and control strategies for CVI-related parathyromegaly.

Patients with initially diagnosed breast cancer and uncontrolled hyperthyroidism are at high risk of perioperative thyroid crisis. This article reports two cases of early-stage breast cancer initially diagnosed concurrently with uncontrolled primary hyperthyroidism. In Case 1, the patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy to control breast cancer progression while concurrently taking antithyroid drugs to manage hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism was controlled during chemotherapy, and the patient successfully underwent surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Case 2 involved recurrent primary hyperthyroidism with leukopenia after antithyroid drug therapy. Since leukopenia is a relative contraindication for antithyroid drugs, the patient underwent radioactive iodine therapy (iodine-131) and endocrine therapy for one month before proceeding with breast cancer surgery. Through a literature review, this article analyzes preoperative management strategies for uncontrolled hyperthyroidism in initially diagnosed breast cancer patients, emphasizing the importance of normalizing thyroid function to prevent thyroid crisis and reduce perioperative risks.

Objective To construct a rat model of trigeminal neuralgia(TN)to explore the expression of high-mobility group box-1(HMGB1)in the trigeminal ganglion(TG)and the possible mechanism of HMGB1's effect on pain.Methods TN model was constructed by infraorbital nerve constriction and divided into operation group(CCI group)and Sham group,and the success of the model construction was determined through mechanical pain thresh-old assessment.Real time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)and Western blot were used to detect high mobility group protein B1(HMGB1),Toll receptor 4(TLR4),and Nuclear Factor Kappa B(NF-κB)mRNA and protein expression in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion(TG)of the Sham and CCI rats.50 mg/kg HMGB1 inhibi-tor glycyrrhizin(GL)was injected intraperitoneally every day for two weeks,and normal saline(NS)was used as control.The patients were divided into CCI group,CCI+NS group and CCI+GL group.HMGB1,TLR4,and NF-κB mRNA and protein expression in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion(TG)were detected by RT-qPCR and West-ern blot in CCI group,CCI+NS group,and CCI+GL group.Results The mechanical threshold on the operated side of the rat continued to decrease(P<0.05),and mechanical pain threshold identification model was success-fully constructed.After chronic compressive injury to the infraorbital nerve in rats,HMGB1,TLR4,and NF-κB mRNA and protein expression in TG on the operated side increased(P<0.05);After administration of HMGB1 inhibitor Glcyrrhizin,HMGB1,TLR4,NF-κB showed a decrease(P<0.05).Conclusion HMGB1 is associat-ed with TN,and HMGB1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of TN through TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective To investigate the pathological role of detect protein kinase C(PKC)/ transient receptor po-tential vanilloid subtype 1(TRPV1) pathway in trigeminal neuralgia (TN) in rats.Methods The infraorbital nerve-chronic constriction injury (ION-CCI) was used to establish a rat model of TN.The rats were randomly di-vided into Sham group,CCI group, CCI+DMSO group and CCI+GF109203X (a PKC inhibitor) group.The me-chanical pain threshold of the rats was measured using a Von Frey brush.qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect PKC and TRPV1 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) .HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of TG.Results The mechanical pain threshold significantly decreased (P <0.05), and the expression of phos-phorylated PKC(p-PKC) and TRPV1 in TG significantly increased in the CCI group (P<0.05).Histopathological results showed that compared with the Sham group,the CCI group observed significant changes in TG such as in-creased inflammatory cell infiltration and nerve cell swelling.Injection of GF109203X effectively reduced the phos-phorylation of PKC and the expression of TRPV1 in the TG of rats, and the mechanical pain threshold of the rats in-creased (P<0.05) .Under the light microscope, cell swelling and inflammatory cells in the TG were reduced.Conclusion PKC/TRPV1 pathway may be involved in trigeminal neuralgia in rats.