Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of acute pancreatitis (AP) with different etiologies.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of 702 patients with AP who were admitted to Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2018 to December 2022 were collected. There were 451 males and 251 females,aged (52±17)years. Observation indicators: (1) clinical characteristics of AP patients with different etiologies; (2) complications and prognosis of AP patients with different etiologies; (3) complications and prognosis of moderately severe and severe AP patients with different etiologies. Comparison of measurement data with normal distribution among multiple groups was conducted using the one-way analysis of variance. Comparison of measurement data with skewed distribution among multiple groups was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Comparison of count data among multiple groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Results:(1) Clinical characteris-tics of AP patients with different etiologies. Of the 702 AP patients, 434 cases were biliary AP, 199 cases were hypertriglyceridemic-induced AP,29 cases were alcoholic AP, and 40 cases were idiopathic AP. There were significant differences in gender,age,body mass index,combined cardiovascular disease,combined diabetes,combined nephrosis,disease severity and modified computed tomography severity index among AP patients with different etiologies ( χ2=24.61, F=48.65, 12.24, χ2=13.67, 12.90, 14.12, 15.56, H=17.62, P<0.05). (2) Complications and prognosis of AP patients with different etiologies. There was no significant difference in infectious pancreatic necrosis,duration of intensive care unit stay,total duration of hospital stay, and death of patients during hospitalization among AP patients with different etiologies ( P>0.05). (3) Complications and prognosis of moderately severe and severe AP patients with different etiologies. Of the 395 patients with moderately severe and severe AP, 217 cases were biliary AP, 128 cases were hypertriglyceridemic-induced AP, 19 cases were alcoholic AP, and 31 cases were idiopathic AP. There were significant differences in renal injury, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and walled-off necrosis among moderately severe and severe AP patients with different etiologies ( χ2=12.62, 8.25, 14.33, P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in infectious pancreatic necrosis, lung injury, circulation system injury, duration of intensive care unit stay, total duration of hospital stay, or death of patients during hospitalization among moderately severe and severe AP patients with different etiologies ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The clinical charac-teristics vary among AP patients with different etiologies. The risk of complications varies among moderately severe and severe AP patients with different etiologies.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of acute pancreatitis (AP) with different etiologies.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of 702 patients with AP who were admitted to Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2018 to December 2022 were collected. There were 451 males and 251 females,aged (52±17)years. Observation indicators: (1) clinical characteristics of AP patients with different etiologies; (2) complications and prognosis of AP patients with different etiologies; (3) complications and prognosis of moderately severe and severe AP patients with different etiologies. Comparison of measurement data with normal distribution among multiple groups was conducted using the one-way analysis of variance. Comparison of measurement data with skewed distribution among multiple groups was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Comparison of count data among multiple groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Results:(1) Clinical characteris-tics of AP patients with different etiologies. Of the 702 AP patients, 434 cases were biliary AP, 199 cases were hypertriglyceridemic-induced AP,29 cases were alcoholic AP, and 40 cases were idiopathic AP. There were significant differences in gender,age,body mass index,combined cardiovascular disease,combined diabetes,combined nephrosis,disease severity and modified computed tomography severity index among AP patients with different etiologies ( χ2=24.61, F=48.65, 12.24, χ2=13.67, 12.90, 14.12, 15.56, H=17.62, P<0.05). (2) Complications and prognosis of AP patients with different etiologies. There was no significant difference in infectious pancreatic necrosis,duration of intensive care unit stay,total duration of hospital stay, and death of patients during hospitalization among AP patients with different etiologies ( P>0.05). (3) Complications and prognosis of moderately severe and severe AP patients with different etiologies. Of the 395 patients with moderately severe and severe AP, 217 cases were biliary AP, 128 cases were hypertriglyceridemic-induced AP, 19 cases were alcoholic AP, and 31 cases were idiopathic AP. There were significant differences in renal injury, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and walled-off necrosis among moderately severe and severe AP patients with different etiologies ( χ2=12.62, 8.25, 14.33, P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in infectious pancreatic necrosis, lung injury, circulation system injury, duration of intensive care unit stay, total duration of hospital stay, or death of patients during hospitalization among moderately severe and severe AP patients with different etiologies ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The clinical charac-teristics vary among AP patients with different etiologies. The risk of complications varies among moderately severe and severe AP patients with different etiologies.

Objective:To analyze the effects of infectious complications [infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) and extra-pancreatic infection (EPI)] on the outcomes of patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), and evaluate the differences in infection time, infection site and infecting species between SAP patients with infections complications.Methods:The clinical data of 66 SAP patients with combined infectious complications admitted to Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2014 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and SAP patients were divided into IPN group ( n=7), EPI group ( n=14) and co-infection (EPI+ IPN) group ( n=45) according to the type of infection. Whether the study data conformed to a normal distribution was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test, normally distributed measures were expressed as mean ± standard deviation ( ± s), and ANOVA was used for comparison between groups; skewed measures were expressed as median (interquartile range) [ M ( Q1, Q3)], and the rank-sum test was used for comparison between groups. Bonferroni correction was used for multiple group comparisons ( P value significance level reduced to 0.017). Quantitative data were compared between groups using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact probability method. Results:There were no statistical differences between the three groups in terms of baseline data at admission (gender, age, etiology, modified CTSI score, degree of pancreatic necrosis, and number of organ failure) ( P>0.05), patients in the EPI group were referred earlier than the other two groups ( P<0.05). In clinical treatment, patients in the IPN group and co-infection group required multiple minimally invasive interventions compared with those in the EPI group ( P<0.05), and the number of patients requiring combined nutritional support, length of intensive care unit stay, and total length of hospital stay were higher in the co-infection group than in the other two groups ( P<0.05). In addition, 360 strains of pathogenic bacteria were cultured in this study, with Gram-negative bacteria being the most common, and patients with SAP were more likely to have EPI in the early stage of disease onset, with bacteremia and respiratory tract infections in the early stage (≤14 d), and bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and catheter-associated infections in the late stage (>14 d). Conclusions:Among patients with SAP, patients in the co-infection group had higher surgical intervention, nutritional support and length of hospital stay than those in the single infection group. It is advisable to prioritize EPI in SAP patients with suspected infections, and the common infectious strains in SAP patients are still predominantly Gram-negative bacteria, and clinicians need to adjust the treatment plan in a timely manner according to the changes in patients′ conditions.

Malignant tumors usually have no obvious clinical symptoms in the early stage. Most patients are already in the advanced stage when they are diagnosed. Some patients have lost the opportunity for operation, resulting in poor prognosis. Therefore, how to find the best therapeutic target for such patients and improve the prognosis of patients has gradually become the focus of scholar′s attention. Recently, Kruppel-like factor (KLF) is a transcriptional regulator that can bind to the target DNA, and its family plays an important role in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors. It has also been confirmed that the KLF family affects the proliferation, differentiation and migration of tumor cells, but the specific mechanism is still not fully elucidate. Consequently, in order to further explored the effect of the KLF family on tumors, this study intends to briefly review the roles and regulatory mechanisms of the KLF family in the cell proliferation, differentiation and migration of malignant tumors, hoping to provide new target for the biological treatment of tumors.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Its pathogenesis is not only related to abnormal activation of trypsinogen, but also related to calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated and needs to be further studied. Currently, there is no effective treatment for AP. It is difficult to prevent the loss of pancreatic function. An in-depth understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of AP may help to identify the potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review recent advances in the mechanism of AP in order to provide more research direction for treatment.