Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are widely used synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that can enter the human body through the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and other pathways. More and more studies have found that exposure to TCS and TCC can affect human health, but currently, review reports on the health effects of human exposure to TCS and TCC are limited. Therefore, this study reviewed population studies on the relationship between TCS and TCC exposure and health effects by searching the PubMed database, summarized the associated health outcomes, and elucidated the biological mechanisms. A total of 56 studies were retrieved, among which cross-sectional studies (25 studies, 44.64%) and cohort studies (25 studies, 44.64%) accounted for a relatively large proportion, while case-control studies (6 studies, 10.72%) were relatively few. Studies on TCS exposure (48 studies, 85.71%) were far more prevalent than those on TCC exposure (2 studies, 3.57%). The remaining 6 studies involved both TCS and TCC exposure. The research results revealed that TCS exposure was associated with male and female abnormal reproductive functions, fetal growth restriction, abnormal behavior development in children, obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and immune-related diseases. Although the results of different studies show significant differences, they have indicated that exposure to TCS is a potential risk factor for these health problems. Due to the limited number of studies, the evidence for the relationship between TCC exposure and most of the aforementioned health effects is insufficient. Population studies and in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that exposure to TCS and TCC can interfere with the microbial homeostasis, the endocrine system, oxidative stress and immune function of the body, which are potential mechanisms causing adverse health effects. In the future, large-scale prospective cohort studies, as well as in vivo and in vitro studies, are still needed to further clarify the associations between TCS and TCC exposure and health effects, and to deeply explore its mechanism of action. These efforts will provide references for clarifying the human health hazards of TCS and TCC exposure and formulating targeted prevention and control strategies.

ObjectiveTo study the relationship between the exposure to two kinds of phthalate esters （PAEs） ［Di-N-butyl phthalate，（DBP） and Di-（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate （DEHP）］ and estrogen homeostasis in pregnant women. MethodsIn 2021， we classified the Jiading District of Shanghai into five geographical areas， east， west， south， north and central. A total of 151 pregnant women from each area were selected for questionnaire survey， with random urine samples during first， second， and third trimesters collected. A DBP metabolite ［Mono-N-butyl phthalate （MBP）］ and two DEHP metabolites ［Mono（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （MEHP）， Mono（2-ethyl5-oxohexyl） phthalate， （MEOHP）］ and three estrogens ［estrone （E₁）， 17β -estradiol （E₂）， and estriol （E₃）］ in urine were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After a natural logarithmic transformation of PAEs metabolite levels and estrogen concentration， multivariable linear regression was used to control potential confounders and determine the relationship between PAEs metabolite levels and estrogen concentration. ResultsThe detection rates of three PAEs metabolites in urine of pregnant women were more than 98%. The median corrected concentrations of MBP， MEHP and MEOHP were 5.18， 0.59 and 4.23 mg·kg^-1， respectively. During the whole pregnancy， MEOHP was positively correlated with E₁ （β=0.450， 95%CI： 0.057‒0.844）， and MBP was positively correlated with E₃ （β=0.250， 95%CI： 0.034‒0.465）. Stratified by trimesters， MBP was positively correlated with E₃ in the first trimester （β=0.428， 95%CI： 0.103‒0.752）. MEOHP was positively correlated with E₁ in the second trimester （β=0.734， 95%CI： 0.130‒0.752）， and had a possitive trend with E₁ in the third trimester （β=0.744， 95%CI： -0.140‒1.629）. In addition， MEHP had a negative correlation with E₁ in the second trimester （β=-0.498， 95%CI： -1.063‒0.066）. MEOHP had a positive correlation trend with E₂ （β=0.628， 95%CI： -0.101‒1.356） in the third trimester. ConclusionPAEs exposure may interfere with estrogen homeostasis during pregnancy and differs by trimesters. Given the cross-sectional nature of this study， it warrants further study to validate the findings.

To investigate the temporal trend of antibiotic use among children in Shanghai from 2017 to 2020. The stratified cluster sampling method was used to establish a dynamic cohort of healthy children based on primary schools in Changning District, Shanghai. In the cohort, there were 282 children from 2017, 287 children from 2018, 294 from 2019 and 301 from 2020. A total of 700 children aged 7-11 years were included in the study. The basic information and antibiotic use of children were investigated by questionnaire every year, and their height and weight were measured at the same time. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of antibiotic use rate in each year and generalized estimation equation was used to analyze the temporal trend of antibiotic use. The results showed that the use rates of all antibiotics, cephalosporins, azithromycin and other antibiotics (including penicillin, lincomycin, quinolones, etc.) of children between 2017 and 2020 were 15.6%, 10.5%, 2.7%, and 2.4%, respectively. In 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, there were significant differences for the use rates of total antibiotics and other antibiotics in children ( P=0.033, P=0.040), and there were no significant differences for the use rates of cephalosporins and azithromycin ( P=0.274, P=0.455). After adjusting for children′s basic characteristics, the generalized estimation equation showed that the annual use rate of all antibiotics, cephalosporins, and other antibiotics decreased over time.

To investigate the temporal trend of antibiotic use among children in Shanghai from 2017 to 2020. The stratified cluster sampling method was used to establish a dynamic cohort of healthy children based on primary schools in Changning District, Shanghai. In the cohort, there were 282 children from 2017, 287 children from 2018, 294 from 2019 and 301 from 2020. A total of 700 children aged 7-11 years were included in the study. The basic information and antibiotic use of children were investigated by questionnaire every year, and their height and weight were measured at the same time. Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of antibiotic use rate in each year and generalized estimation equation was used to analyze the temporal trend of antibiotic use. The results showed that the use rates of all antibiotics, cephalosporins, azithromycin and other antibiotics (including penicillin, lincomycin, quinolones, etc.) of children between 2017 and 2020 were 15.6%, 10.5%, 2.7%, and 2.4%, respectively. In 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020, there were significant differences for the use rates of total antibiotics and other antibiotics in children ( P=0.033, P=0.040), and there were no significant differences for the use rates of cephalosporins and azithromycin ( P=0.274, P=0.455). After adjusting for children′s basic characteristics, the generalized estimation equation showed that the annual use rate of all antibiotics, cephalosporins, and other antibiotics decreased over time.

Objective To evaluate the effect of liberal transfusion versus restrictive transfusion strategies on the mortality rate of operative period and critically ill patients.Methods The domestic and abroad databases of WanFang Data,VIP,CBM,CNKI,Cochrane Library,PubMed,EMBASE,OVID and Web of Science were retrieved by computer.The randomized controlled trials(RCTs) on the effects of liberal blood transfusion versus restrictive blood transfusion strategies on the mortality were collected.The ¨Jadad scale¨ assessment tool provided by the Cochrane Collaboration was used to evaluate the quality of collected articles.Then the meta analysis was performed by using Review Manager(RevMan) version 5.3 software.Results Twenty-sevenRCTs involving 10 890 patients were included.The study indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between liberal transfusion group and restrictive transfusion group in the patients ' mortality[RR =0.97,95 ％ CI(0.83,1.13),P =0.69];the sub-group analysis showed that compared with the restrictive blood transfusion group,the liberal blood transfusion group could not effectively reduce the mortality of perioperative patients[RR=0.80,95 ％CI(0.62,1.03),P=0.08],and could not effectively reduce the mortality of critically ill patients[RR=1.09,95 ％CI(0.90,1.33),P =0.37].Conclusion The liberal blood transfusion can not significantly increase the survival rate of perioperative and critically ill patients compared with restrictive blood transfusion.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the profile and potential significance of PTEN and NBS1 mutations among patients with familial or at early onset breast cancer in Hunan province.
 METHODS: A total of 131 breast cancer patients with familial history or suffered from breast cancer at the age of less than 35 years old were included in this study. A comprehensive phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and nibrin (NBS1) mutation analysis was performed through denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and subsequent DNA direct sequencing.
 RESULTS: Among 131 patients, a reported mutation IVS4+109insTCTTA in PTEN gene were identified in two patients. The mutation frequency of IVS4+109insTCTTA was 1.15%. Two mutations in PTEN gene, 225 A>C (Thr 160 Pro) and IVS5+13T>C, was firstly discovered. Another reported missense mutation was rs121909229 G>A (Arg 130 Gln). Three mutations were detected in NBS1 gene, of which IVS6+43A>G and IVS6+127A>G were firstly discovered and another reported synonymous mutations was rs1805794 G>C (Glu 185 Gln).
 CONCLUSION The novel mutations in PTEN and NBS1 might be specific to the familial and early-onset breast cancer of Chinese Hunan population.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; genetics ; China ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins ; genetics ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; genetics

OBJECTIVEWe aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of maxillary protraction on maxillary maldevelopment using Coben analysis to illustrate the advantages of Coben analysis in identifying pathogenic mechanisms and in designing treatment plans for Class III malocclusions.

METHODSA total of 120 patients were diagnosed to have skeletal Class I maloc- clusions with maxillary maldevelopment. These patients were selected as the subjects of the present research. Maxillary protraction was exerted to promote maxilla growth. Cephalometric analysis was conducted by using Coben analysis and angle analyses of Beijing Medical University to collect data before and after maxillary protraction.

RESULTSAccording to Coben analysis measurements, the height of facies cranii increased after maxillary protraction. The depth of lower face decreased, whereas that of mid-face increased and the Ptm-A value increased significantly in the mid-face (P < 0.001). In the angle ana- lysis of Beijing Medical University, SNA, ANB, U1/NA, U1/SN, MP/SN, and Y-axis angles increased significantly (P < 0.001), whereas SNB, U1/L1 (P < 0.001), and L1/MP (P < 0.05) decreased.

CONCLUSIONMaxillary protraction has a significant effect on growing skeletal Class III malocclusions withthe chief mechanism of Ptm-A value just diagnosed as minor by Coben analysis. Coben analysis is visual and clear in identifying pathogenic mechanisms of Class III malocclusions.

Objective We aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of maxillary protraction on maxillary maldevelopment using Coben analysis to illustrate the advantages of Coben analysis in identifying pathogenic mechanisms and in designing treatment plans for Class Ⅲ malocclusions. Methods A total of 120 patients were diagnosed to have skeletal Class Ⅲ maloc-clusions with maxillary maldevelopment. These patients were selected as the subjects of the present research. Maxillary protraction was exerted to promote maxilla growth. Cephalometric analysis was conducted by using Coben analysis and angle analyses of Beijing Medical University to collect data before and after maxillary protraction. Results According to Coben analysis measurements, the height of facies cranii increased after maxillary protraction. The depth of lower face decreased, whereas that of mid-face increased and the Ptm-A value increased significantly in the mid-face (P<0.001). In the angle ana-lysis of Beijing Medical University, SNA, ANB, U1/NA, U1/SN, MP/SN, and Y-axis angles increased significantly (P<0.001), whereas SNB, U1/L1 (P<0.001), and L1/MP (P<0.05) decreased. Conclusion Maxillary protraction has a significant effect on growing skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusions with the chief mechanism of Ptm-A value just diagnosed as minor by Coben analysis. Coben analysis is visual and clear in identifying pathogenic mechanisms of Class Ⅲ malocclusions.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical effect of standardized training and management of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) and catheter-related complications. METHODS: A total of 610 patients were divided into a control group and an observation group, the control group (n=300) were catheterized by trainees who received "short-term intensive training", the observation group (n=310) by "system standardized training and management". The clinical efficacy of catheterization and the rate of catheter-related complications were compared. RESULTS: There was significant difference in the one-time puncture success rate, one-time cannulation success rate, the time for operation and the pain score between the 2 groups (all P<0.01), and there was also significant difference in the occurrence of catheter extrusion, plug, arrhythmia, catheter-related thrombosis, phlebitis, puncture point effusion and catheter-related infection between the 2 groups (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION Standardized PICC training and management can improve the effect of catheterization and reduce the incidence of PICC-related complication.
Catheter-Related Infections ; prevention & control ; Catheterization, Peripheral ; methods ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inservice Training ; Thrombosis

Objective To investigate the relationship between pulpitis pain and voltage-gated sodium channel(Nav 1.9) by detecting the expression of Nav 1.9 at different time points of the rat pulpal lesion model.Methods Thirty-six SD pulpal lesions rat models were divided into three experimental groups,1 d (n =12),3 d (n =12) and 5 d group(n =12).Normal SD rats served as control(n =12).Tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and Nav 1.9 mRNA expressions were evaluated by reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR).Nav1.9 protein expressions were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting.Results The expression of TNF-α in the experimental group (1 d:0.514 ± 0.098,3 d:0.739 ±0.104,5 d:1.238 ± 0.082) was higher than those in the control group (0.147 ± 0.016) (P ＜0.01).Navl.9 mRNA was up-regulated markedly in experimental groups (1 d:0.296 ± 0.038,3 d:0.409 ±0.013,5 d:0.487 ±0.028),compare with control group(0.223 ±0.020) (P ＜0.05).The ELISA results revealed that the level of Nav 1.9 in control pulp tissue was (4.013 ±0.292) μg/L,in painful pulp tissue of 1 d group was (5.143 ± 0.101) μg/L,in painful pulp tissue of 3 d group was (5.835 ±0.088) μg/L and in painful pulp tissue of 5 d group was (6.307 ± 0.137) μg/L (P ＜ 0.05).Western blotting showed the expression of Navl.9 in experimental groups(1 d:0.106 ±0.007,3 d:0.170 ±0.013,5 d:0.238 ± 0.004) was up-regulated significantly compared with control group (0.073 ± 0.004)(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The level of Nav 1.9 had a significant inerease in painful pulp tissue.Moreover,with the degree of pain aggravation,the expression of Nav.l.9 increased in pulp tissue.It suggests that Nav 1.9 may play an important role in the development of pulpitis pain.