In recent years,peri-implantitis has garnered extensive attention as a complication of dental implant restoration due to its potential to incite inflammation,infection,bone loss,and ultimately implant failure.The control of biofilm plays a pivotal role in the treatment of peri-implantitis.Electrochemical treatment,as an adjuvant therapeutic approach in peri-implantitis management,has shown promising results in biofilm removal.This article reviews its effectiveness,mechanism,influencing factors and potential adverse reactions,in order to offer valuable guidance for future clinical practice and research design.

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) homodimers are of significant osteoinductivity. However, their clinical application is limited because of high effective dosage. Recently, BMP heterodimers are reported to address the issue. This is a review of the researches on BMP heterodimers, including existent evidences, types and synthetic methods, biological activities in comparison to BMP homodimers and possible mechanisms, further research direction and future expectations.
Animals ; Biopolymers ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins ; genetics ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Protein Multimerization