Cerebrovascular diseases, characterized by high incidence, disability, and mortality rates, have emerged as a leading global cause of death and long-term disability. Organoid technology, a three-dimensional in vitro culture system derived from stem cells or tissue cells, enables the simulation of organ development, physiological processes, and pathological mechanisms, demonstrating significant potential in cerebrovascular disease research and therapeutic development. This review summarizes recent advances in organoid applications for cerebrovascular diseases, with a focus on strategies for constructing vascularized cerebral organoids, including in vivo transplantation, in vitro culture systems, and bioengineering approaches. Studies reveal that these models not only recapitulate neurovascular unit interactions but also serve as powerful platforms for drug screening and mechanistic investigations, offering novel therapeutic strategies for cerebrovascular disorders. Current challenges include insufficient vascularization efficiency and limited integration capacity with host tissues. Future integration of gene editing, microfluidic chips, and high-throughput 3D bioprinting technologies is expected to enhance the functionality and clinical translatability of vascularized cerebral organoids, thereby advancing personalized medicine and precision healthcare.

The medical assistance system plays a backup role in China's multi-level medical security system,and has achieved important phased results in improving the accessibility and affordability of medical services for disadvantaged groups.However,there is still insufficient protection for medical assistance in China,and the phenomenon of"poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty due to illness"still exists.Therefore,it summarizes and analyzes the current development status of China's medical assistance system by reviewing national policy documents and analyzing local situations,summarizes and analyzes the existing problems,and proposes countermeasures and suggestions.

The reform of medical insurance payment is a critical part of deepening the medical reform.It plays an important role in guiding the behavior of healthcare providers.The latest progress in the reform of health insurance payment in the US.is the imple-mentation of value-based payment models.The literature research method is applied to review the development of value-based pay-ment practices in the US.It finds the main value-based payment models in the United States are targeted hospitals and physicians as the incentive object,with the characteristics of the combination of reward and punishment,the combination of horizontal and ver-tical evaluation,the continuous improvement of evaluation system,and the full use of information means.On this basis,combined with the national conditions of China,it puts forward four suggestions on establishing effective incentive mechanism,formulating scientific evaluation system,insisting on continuous improvement mechanism and strengthening medical information construction for future reform of medical insurance.

Objective It aims to investigate the current status of patient trust in physicians among inpatients at tertiary public hospitals in China and to analyze the factors influencing this trust.The goal is to provide insights for enhancing patient trust and improving doctor-patient relationships.Methods Relying on the third"third party evaluation of national action to improve medical services"project,it surveyed inpatients from 136 tertiary public hospitals across 31 provinces(including autonomous regions and municipalities)and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.A total of 21 092 inpatient questionnaires were returned.Data obtained were statistically analyzed using R software version 4.3.2.Results The trust level in attending physicians among inpatients at tertiary public hospitals in China was found to be 98.37％.Influential factors on this trust level included patient occupation,annual family income,type and region of the hospital and so on.Conclusion Overall,the level of trust in physicians among inpatients at tertiary public hospitals in China is high,though regional differences exist.It should pay attention to non-medical factors such as inpatient ward environment and hospital service quality.Improving these aspects can enhance the overall patient experience,further improve doctor-patient relationships.

Objective It aims to investigate the status quo of nurses'emotional exhaustion in tertiary public hospitals in China and analyze its influencing factors,so as to provide suggestions for formulating targeted policy measures to reduce nurses'emotional exhaustion.Methods Relying on the fifth"The Third-Party Evaluation of the China Healthcare Improvement Initiatives"project,it surveyed nurses from 143 tertiary public hospitals across 31 provinces(including autonomous regions and municipalities)and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.Univariate analyses were performed using the Pearson chi-square test.Multifactorial analyses were performed using ordered multicategorical logistic regression analysis.Results The score of nurses'emotional exhaustion in tertiary public hospitals in China was 8.00(2.00～16.00),of which mild exhaustion accounted for 79.00％,moderate exhaustion accounted for 10.00％,and severe exhaustion accounted for 11.00％.Gender,age,number of children,region,type of hospital,department,employment form,assume scientific research task,excessive workload,salary and hospitals carry out psychological guidance were the influencing factors of nurses'emotional exhaustion.Conclusion Nurses in tertiary public hospitals in China are at a mild level of emotional exhaustion,but in some groups the degree is more serious.Policy makers and hospital managers should focus on special groups,implement the reform of salary system,reduce nurses'workload,reasonably arrange working hours,improve the working environment of hospitals,and strengthen nurses'psychological guidance.

The medical assistance system plays a backup role in China's multi-level medical security system,and has achieved important phased results in improving the accessibility and affordability of medical services for disadvantaged groups.However,there is still insufficient protection for medical assistance in China,and the phenomenon of"poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty due to illness"still exists.Therefore,it summarizes and analyzes the current development status of China's medical assistance system by reviewing national policy documents and analyzing local situations,summarizes and analyzes the existing problems,and proposes countermeasures and suggestions.

The reform of medical insurance payment is a critical part of deepening the medical reform.It plays an important role in guiding the behavior of healthcare providers.The latest progress in the reform of health insurance payment in the US.is the imple-mentation of value-based payment models.The literature research method is applied to review the development of value-based pay-ment practices in the US.It finds the main value-based payment models in the United States are targeted hospitals and physicians as the incentive object,with the characteristics of the combination of reward and punishment,the combination of horizontal and ver-tical evaluation,the continuous improvement of evaluation system,and the full use of information means.On this basis,combined with the national conditions of China,it puts forward four suggestions on establishing effective incentive mechanism,formulating scientific evaluation system,insisting on continuous improvement mechanism and strengthening medical information construction for future reform of medical insurance.

Objective It aims to investigate the current status of patient trust in physicians among inpatients at tertiary public hospitals in China and to analyze the factors influencing this trust.The goal is to provide insights for enhancing patient trust and improving doctor-patient relationships.Methods Relying on the third"third party evaluation of national action to improve medical services"project,it surveyed inpatients from 136 tertiary public hospitals across 31 provinces(including autonomous regions and municipalities)and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.A total of 21 092 inpatient questionnaires were returned.Data obtained were statistically analyzed using R software version 4.3.2.Results The trust level in attending physicians among inpatients at tertiary public hospitals in China was found to be 98.37％.Influential factors on this trust level included patient occupation,annual family income,type and region of the hospital and so on.Conclusion Overall,the level of trust in physicians among inpatients at tertiary public hospitals in China is high,though regional differences exist.It should pay attention to non-medical factors such as inpatient ward environment and hospital service quality.Improving these aspects can enhance the overall patient experience,further improve doctor-patient relationships.

Objective It aims to investigate the status quo of nurses'emotional exhaustion in tertiary public hospitals in China and analyze its influencing factors,so as to provide suggestions for formulating targeted policy measures to reduce nurses'emotional exhaustion.Methods Relying on the fifth"The Third-Party Evaluation of the China Healthcare Improvement Initiatives"project,it surveyed nurses from 143 tertiary public hospitals across 31 provinces(including autonomous regions and municipalities)and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.Univariate analyses were performed using the Pearson chi-square test.Multifactorial analyses were performed using ordered multicategorical logistic regression analysis.Results The score of nurses'emotional exhaustion in tertiary public hospitals in China was 8.00(2.00～16.00),of which mild exhaustion accounted for 79.00％,moderate exhaustion accounted for 10.00％,and severe exhaustion accounted for 11.00％.Gender,age,number of children,region,type of hospital,department,employment form,assume scientific research task,excessive workload,salary and hospitals carry out psychological guidance were the influencing factors of nurses'emotional exhaustion.Conclusion Nurses in tertiary public hospitals in China are at a mild level of emotional exhaustion,but in some groups the degree is more serious.Policy makers and hospital managers should focus on special groups,implement the reform of salary system,reduce nurses'workload,reasonably arrange working hours,improve the working environment of hospitals,and strengthen nurses'psychological guidance.

The medical assistance system plays a backup role in China's multi-level medical security system,and has achieved important phased results in improving the accessibility and affordability of medical services for disadvantaged groups.However,there is still insufficient protection for medical assistance in China,and the phenomenon of"poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty due to illness"still exists.Therefore,it summarizes and analyzes the current development status of China's medical assistance system by reviewing national policy documents and analyzing local situations,summarizes and analyzes the existing problems,and proposes countermeasures and suggestions.