Objective:To develop the children′s postoperative health-related quality of life scale for thyroid cancer and to test its reliability and validity.Methods:The first draft of the scale was developed through literature search, focus group meetings, and a pre-survey, and 116 children (76 for testing and 40 for external validation) with thyroid cancer attending Beijing Children′s Hospital of Capital Medical University were selected to answer the scale, to screen and categorize the questions and to form the final scale with multiple dimensions.Results:The children′s postoperative health-related quality of life scale for thyroid cancer contained 5 dimensions and 29 questions. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the cumulative variance explained by the 5 factors was 64.343%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed correlations between the questions and dimensions of this scale, fair convergent validity for the scale, and good discriminant validity. The validity of the validity scale showed that there was a existing correlation between the questions and the validity scale of this scale. The item-dimension correlation coefficients showed that the questions in each dimension were well differentiated. The total Cronbach′s α coefficient of the scale was 0.930, the folded half reliability was 0.843, and retest reliabilities at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after the initial test were respectively 0.936, 0.922, and 0.910.Conclusion:The developed children′s postoperative health-related quality of life scale for thyroid cancer has good reliability and validity and can be used to assess the health-related quality of life of children after thyroid cancer surgery.

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous polidocanol sclerotherapy of the thyroglossal duct cysts in children.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 26 children who were treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous puncture sclerosis for thyroglossal duct cysts in Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University from October 2019 to April 2022, the size of the cyst before treatment was recorded, and the cyst volume in accordance with V(ml) =1/6 πabc cyst volume was calculated. The follow-up time was the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months after sclerotherapy. And the cyst volume and volume reduction ratio at different time points was calculated. According to changes in the cystic volume, the treatment was considered effective if the cyst volume reduction rate was≥50%. Cosmetic grading scores (CGS) were performed pre-treatment and at the last follow-up after sclerotherapy using the WHO grading system. Complications were recorded during the follow-up period.Results:The cyst volume before treatment was 2.67 (3.78)ml, and the cyst volume at the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 12th month after treatment were 0.66(1.83), 0.45(0.87), 0.40(0.70), 0.38 (0.63)ml, respectively, there were significant differences between pre-treatment and each time point after-treatment (all P<0.001); the volume reduction rate at the last follow-up was (81.48±14.57)%. The reduction rate of cyst volume was more than 50% at the last follow-up in 22 children, the treatment efficiency was 84.62% (22/26). The cosmetic grading scores at the last follow-up after sclerotherapy was 1.74(1.50), and it decreased significantly compared with the pre-treatment score 3.85(0)( P<0.001). There was no skin pigmentation, pain in the injection area, local urticaria and blistering after sclerotherapy, no adverse reactions such as cyst bleeding and drunkenness-like reaction, and no serious complications occurred. There were 2 cases of cysts that presented infection with fever, and no serious complications occurred. Conclusions:Ultrasound-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for thyroglossal duct cysts in children.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and influencing factors of surgery combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of children with non-orbital head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS).Methods:Information from 45 children diagnosed as non-orbital HNRMS and subjected to surgery combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in Beijing Children′s Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from August 2017 to July 2021 was analyzed. The patients included 25 males and 20 females, aged from 1 to 17 years old. The primary tumor site, pathological subtype, clinical stage, risk group, therapeutic regimen, resection range and outcome of all cases were also collected. The survival curves were made using the Kaplan-Meier method and the potential prognostic factors were investigated by Cox regression analysis.Results:Fifteen (33.3%) of 45 children achieved negative surgical margin under complete tumor resection. The postoperative pathological results showed that there were 20 cases of embryonic subtype, 19 cases of alveolar subtype and 6 cases of spindle sclerosis subtype. The postoperative follow-up time ranged from 4 to 71 months, with a median of 26 months. During the follow-up period, 13 children died, among whom brain metastasis was the most common cause of death, accounting for 7/13. The 3-year overall survival rate was 67.6%. Multivariate analysis showed that non-embryonic subtype ( HR=6.26, 95% CI: 1.52-25.87, P=0.011) and failure to reach R0 resection ( HR=9.37, 95% CI: 1.18-74.34, P=0.034) were independent risk factors affecting overall survival rate. Conclusion:Surgery combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy can offer a good efficacy for children with non-orbital HNRMS. Non-embryonic subtype and resection without negative operative microscopic margins are independent risk factors for poor prognosis, and brain metastasis is the main cause of death in these children.

Objective: To investigate the snoring status and related family factors of children from 3 to 14 years old in Beijing. Methods: From May to July, 2015, data of children from 3 to 14 years old were obtained from a status survey from 7 districts(Xicheng, Chaoyang, Changping, Shunyi, Fangshan, Huairou and Mentougou) in Beijing. A total of 11 420 children from 25 primary and middle schools were randomly selected. Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and a self-administered questionnaire were carried out for the adopted children. Self-administered questionnaire included the snoring related family factors. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odd ratio(OR) with 95% confidence intervals for variables. Results: A total of 9 198 children meet the inclusion criteria and are analyzed in the study, of whom 901 (9.80%) were found with snoring behavior. The incidence of boys is higher than girls. Obese children take higher risk of snoring. Compared with younger children (≤6 years old), older children (≥12 years old) have a significantly lower risk of snoring (OR=0.464, 95%CI 0.368-0.585). There is no statistical association between full-term infants, infant feeding pattern, parental cigarette smoking and child snoring.The children with family history of snoring have a significantly higher risk of snoring occurrence. The educational background of mother is statistically related to children snoring (OR=1.241, 95%CI 1.058-1.457). Conclusions The incidence of children snoring in Beijing is 9.80%, male gender, obesity, and young age are all risk factors for children snoring. There is a significantly statistical relationship between snoring and related family factors, such as family snoring history and education experience.

Objective: To investigate the sleep quality of children in Beijing and to analyze the related factors. Methods: The data were collected from the survey of 3-14 years old children in 7 urban districts of Beijing in 2015. By using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, 26 kindergartens and primary and secondary schools in 7 districts and counties, including Xicheng, Chaoyang, Changping, Shunyi, Fangshan, Huairou and Mentougou, were randomly selected, with a total of 11 420 children. Children′s sleep status was investigated with Children′s Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), and the proportion of children with sleep quality problems when the PSQ score was greater than 7. Various sleep related factors were investigated with self-made questionnaire. A multilevel model was used to analyze the relationship between PSQ score and related factors. Results: The average PSQ score of the children was 3.60±2.69. The proportion of children with sleep quality problems was 8.87%(816/9 198). Multilevel model analysis showed that the younger the children, the higher the PSQ score (<6 years old vs. 6~12 years old vs. >12 years old: 3.94±2.58 vs. 3.58±2.66 vs. 3.30±2.84, F=33.015, P<0.001); male PSQ score higher than female (3.89±2.75 vs. 3.30±2.60, t=10.560, P<0.001); and snoring, obesity, father/mother snoring, playing games before bed, surfing the internet, eating and other factors were statistically related to PSQ. Conclusions Sleep quality of children in Beijing should not be neglected, especially preschool children with high PSQ scores. Parents should pay attention to children′s snoring problems and try to reduce some pre-sleep behaviors that may affect sleep quality.

Misuse and abuse of veterinary antimicrobial agents have led to an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, clinical treatment failure, and drug residues. To address these problems, consistent and appropriate dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are needed. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) models have been widely used to establish rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents that can achieve effective prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases and avoid the development of bacterial resistance. This review introduces building methods for PK/PD models and describes current PK/PD research progress toward rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents. Finally, the challenges and prospects of PK/PD models in the design of dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are reviewed. This review will help to increase awareness of PK/PD modeling among veterinarians and hopefully promote its development and future use.
Anti-Infective Agents ; Bacterial Infections ; Drug Residues ; Humans ; Treatment Failure ; Veterinarians

Objective: To investigate the snoring status of school-aged children in Beijing and explore the association of snoring and academic performance. Methods: A total of 7 925 children aged from 6 to 14 were selected from 15 primary and middle schools at 7 districts (Xicheng, Chaoyang, Changping, Shunyi, Fangshan, Huairou and Mentougou) in Beijing in 2015, using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. The recruited children were asked to complete the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and a questionnaire related to sleep behavior. The multiplelogistic regression was used to analyze the association of snoring and academic performance. Results: A total of 794 (12.44%) children showed a decline in academic performance among 6 383 eligible respondentsfor data analysis. 580 (9.08%) children with snoring was identified, of which 333 and 247 were in frequency of 1-2 times per week and frequency of ≥3 times per week, respectively; 357, 170 and 53 were in snoring grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ, respectively. Compared with the children without snoring, the OR (95%CI) for children with 1-2 times per week and ≥3 times per week was 1.363 (1.000-1.857) and 1.605 (1.135-2.269), respectively; and the OR (95%CI) for children with grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ of snoring was 1.226 (0.893-1.683), 1.595 (1.062-2.397) and 2.31 (1.17-4.565), respectively. Conclusion There is a statistical relationship between snoring and the decline of academic performance. The decline of academic performance positively associated with increased frequency and grade of snoring.

Objective To describe our experience with the transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) in female patients,and to evaluate its clinical value.Methods Between May 2010 and April 2017,a total of 289 female patients underwent transvaginal NOTES in our center,including 31cases of adrenal tumors,46 cases of renal tumors,188 cases of non-functional kidneys,5 cases of renal cysts,4 cases of duplex kidney,7 cases of renal tuberculosis and 8 cases of renal pelvis tumors.Among them,146 cases were on the left side,142 cases on the right side,and 1 case on both sides (renal cysts).The median age was 39.4 (range 23 to 76) years,and the median body mass index was 21.8(range 15.4 to 32.6) kg/m2.After general anesthesia,the patients were positioned in lithotomy with ipsilateral lumbar at 30°-60° angle to the floor.Hybrid and pure transvaginal NOTES were performed.The specimen was removed through an extended incision at the posterior vaginal fornix.Results Transvaginal NOTES was successfully completed in 281 patients.Two patients required conversion to suprapubic-assisted laparoendoscopic single-site surgery because of the rectal injury in pure transvaginal NOTES nephrectomy.Six patients underwent open conversion.The various transvaginal hybrid NOTES procedures included adrenalectomy (31 cases),nephrectomy (206 cases;simple 174 cases,radical 32 cases),partial nephrectomy (13 cases),heminephroureterctomy for duplex kidney (4 cases) and hybrid endoscopy for nephroureterectomy (7 cases).The mean operative time was 105 min (45-310 min),the mean estimated blood loss was 87 ml (20-800 ml),the mean visual analogue score (VAS) of 48 hours after operation was 2.5 (1-4) points and the mean hospitalization was 7.3 d (4-13 d) for transvaginal hybrid NOTES.The various pure transvaginal NOTES procedures included nephrectomy (22 cases;simple 21,radical 1),renal cyst excision (5 cases).The mean operative time was 170 min (60-320 min),the mean estimated blood loss was 140 ml (20-500 ml),the mean VAS of 48 hours after operation was 1.7 (1-3) points and the mean hospitalization was 5.5 d (3-10 d) for transvaginal pure NOTES.Complications occurred in 56 cases (19.38％),including 20 cases (6.92％) of severe complications,and no death occurred.After a mean follow-up of 51 (range 3 to 86) months,umbilicus scar was hidden.The incision in the vagina healed well.No infection in the abdominal or pelvic cavity or celiocele occurred.The umbilicus scar is not obvious after surgery,and 3 months after surgery.The median Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire (PSAQ) score was 38 (31-58) and the median Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) score was 28.2 (22.5-32.2),and the quality of life index was significantly higher than that of preoperation.Condusions Transvaginal NOTES could treat variousprimary diseases,and improve the postoperative quality of life.It does not increase the incidence of related complications,or cause negative effect on the female sexual function,pregnancy or fertility.It can lead to good cosmetic outcome and less pain,which is worth applying in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE:To develop a method for simultaneous determination of 12 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) illegally added into antirheumatic TCM preparations.METHODS:UPLC-MS/MS was adopted.The determination was performed on Hypersil Golden C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 5 mmol/L ammonium formate solution-methanol (gradient elution) at the flow rate of 0.2 mL/min.The column temperature was 40 ℃,and the sample size was 2 μL.A tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source was used in positive-negative ion mode:curtain gas of 25 kPa,atomizing gas of 60 kPa,auxiliary gas of 55 kPa,electrospray voltage of 4 500 V,ion source temperature of 650 ℃.The multiple reaction monitoring mode was performed.RESULTS:The linear ranges of acetaminophen,acetylsalicylic acid,aminopyrine,meloxicam,ibuprofen,naproxen,lam acid,nimesulide,diclofenac,indomethacin,ketoprofen and celecoxib were 0.01-2.0 μg/ rnL (r=0.995 6),0.05-5.0 μg/mL (r=0.997 6),0.01-2.0 μg/mL (r =0.998 7),0.02-5.0 μg/mL (r=0.995 0),0.02-5.0 μg/mL (r =0.995 3),0.02-5.0 μg/mL(r=0.996 5),0.05-5.0 μg/mL(r=0.995 4),0.02-5.0 μg/mL(r=0.996 0),0.05-5.0 μg/mL(r=0.995 9),0.02-5.0 μg/mL(r=0.995 7),0.02-5.0 μg/mL(r=0.996 8),0.01-2.0 μg/mL(r=0.998 7),respectively.The limits of quantitation were no more than 0.20 mg/g,and the limits of detection were no more than 0.05 mg/g.RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 5.0％.The recoveries were 80.8％-114.2％ (RSD was 3.85％-7.32％,n=9).CONCLUSIONS:The established method is simple,accurate,stable and reproducible,and can be used for simultaneous determination of 12 NSAIDs illegally added into antirheumatic TCM preparations.

Objective: To study the difference expression and diagnostic value of ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) of children and adults. Methods: Realtime-PCR was performed to detect the expression of RPL5 in 22 PTC tissues and 13 pericarcinous tissues. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden's index were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of RPL5 in PTC of children and adults. Results: The expression of RPL5 in PTC tissues was higher than in pericarcinous tissues. The area under curve (AUC) was 0.820 (P=0.001), and Youden′s index was 0.568. The expression of RPL5 in PTC of adults was higher than children (P<0.05). The AUC and Youden's index were respectively 0.721 (P=0.069) and 0.414 in children, whereas being respectively 0.896 (P=0.0005) and 0.709 in adults. RPL5 in diagnosis of PTC of adults was better than CK19, Galectin-3 and TPO, which are commonly used for the pathologic diagnosis of PTC. Conclusion The expression of RPL5 in PTC is higher than pericarcinous tissues, and its expression in PTC of adults is higher than children. Furthermore, PTC is a potential indicator for diagnosis of PTC.