Objective:To develop the children′s postoperative health-related quality of life scale for thyroid cancer and to test its reliability and validity.Methods:The first draft of the scale was developed through literature search, focus group meetings, and a pre-survey, and 116 children (76 for testing and 40 for external validation) with thyroid cancer attending Beijing Children′s Hospital of Capital Medical University were selected to answer the scale, to screen and categorize the questions and to form the final scale with multiple dimensions.Results:The children′s postoperative health-related quality of life scale for thyroid cancer contained 5 dimensions and 29 questions. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the cumulative variance explained by the 5 factors was 64.343%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed correlations between the questions and dimensions of this scale, fair convergent validity for the scale, and good discriminant validity. The validity of the validity scale showed that there was a existing correlation between the questions and the validity scale of this scale. The item-dimension correlation coefficients showed that the questions in each dimension were well differentiated. The total Cronbach′s α coefficient of the scale was 0.930, the folded half reliability was 0.843, and retest reliabilities at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after the initial test were respectively 0.936, 0.922, and 0.910.Conclusion:The developed children′s postoperative health-related quality of life scale for thyroid cancer has good reliability and validity and can be used to assess the health-related quality of life of children after thyroid cancer surgery.

To provide comprehensive, scientific, and precise big data supports for national pediatric cancer prevention and control, the National Center for Pediatric Cancer Surveillance constructed the Surveillance Platform in 2019. Based on stratified and service-oriented design concepts, and a microservices architecture, the platform constructed five layers: document storage, data storage, service, application, and visualization. The platform supported three data reporting methods: automatic collection, file import, and manual entry. It ensured data quality through both rule-based and process-based quality control measures. Additionally, strict data security measures had been established in areas such as security domains, permission management, and data de-identification to ensure the safety and reliability of the monitoring data. As to November 2024, the platform had covered 1 750 surveillance sites(hospitals) and collected information about 6 million pediatric cancer cases, achieving positive results. This practice had laid a solid foundation for the smooth implementation of national pediatric cancer surveillance work and provided scientific evidences for pediatric cancer prevention and control in China. In the future, the platform′s performance needs to be continuously optimized and upgraded. It should further integrate relevant datasets in this field and actively explore and expand new application scenarios with the help of cutting-edge technologies such as big language models.

To provide comprehensive, scientific, and precise big data supports for national pediatric cancer prevention and control, the National Center for Pediatric Cancer Surveillance constructed the Surveillance Platform in 2019. Based on stratified and service-oriented design concepts, and a microservices architecture, the platform constructed five layers: document storage, data storage, service, application, and visualization. The platform supported three data reporting methods: automatic collection, file import, and manual entry. It ensured data quality through both rule-based and process-based quality control measures. Additionally, strict data security measures had been established in areas such as security domains, permission management, and data de-identification to ensure the safety and reliability of the monitoring data. As to November 2024, the platform had covered 1 750 surveillance sites(hospitals) and collected information about 6 million pediatric cancer cases, achieving positive results. This practice had laid a solid foundation for the smooth implementation of national pediatric cancer surveillance work and provided scientific evidences for pediatric cancer prevention and control in China. In the future, the platform′s performance needs to be continuously optimized and upgraded. It should further integrate relevant datasets in this field and actively explore and expand new application scenarios with the help of cutting-edge technologies such as big language models.

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous polidocanol sclerotherapy of the thyroglossal duct cysts in children.Methods:A retrospective analysis of 26 children who were treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous puncture sclerosis for thyroglossal duct cysts in Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University from October 2019 to April 2022, the size of the cyst before treatment was recorded, and the cyst volume in accordance with V(ml) =1/6 πabc cyst volume was calculated. The follow-up time was the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months after sclerotherapy. And the cyst volume and volume reduction ratio at different time points was calculated. According to changes in the cystic volume, the treatment was considered effective if the cyst volume reduction rate was≥50%. Cosmetic grading scores (CGS) were performed pre-treatment and at the last follow-up after sclerotherapy using the WHO grading system. Complications were recorded during the follow-up period.Results:The cyst volume before treatment was 2.67 (3.78)ml, and the cyst volume at the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 12th month after treatment were 0.66(1.83), 0.45(0.87), 0.40(0.70), 0.38 (0.63)ml, respectively, there were significant differences between pre-treatment and each time point after-treatment (all P<0.001); the volume reduction rate at the last follow-up was (81.48±14.57)%. The reduction rate of cyst volume was more than 50% at the last follow-up in 22 children, the treatment efficiency was 84.62% (22/26). The cosmetic grading scores at the last follow-up after sclerotherapy was 1.74(1.50), and it decreased significantly compared with the pre-treatment score 3.85(0)( P<0.001). There was no skin pigmentation, pain in the injection area, local urticaria and blistering after sclerotherapy, no adverse reactions such as cyst bleeding and drunkenness-like reaction, and no serious complications occurred. There were 2 cases of cysts that presented infection with fever, and no serious complications occurred. Conclusions:Ultrasound-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for thyroglossal duct cysts in children.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and influencing factors of surgery combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of children with non-orbital head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS).Methods:Information from 45 children diagnosed as non-orbital HNRMS and subjected to surgery combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in Beijing Children′s Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from August 2017 to July 2021 was analyzed. The patients included 25 males and 20 females, aged from 1 to 17 years old. The primary tumor site, pathological subtype, clinical stage, risk group, therapeutic regimen, resection range and outcome of all cases were also collected. The survival curves were made using the Kaplan-Meier method and the potential prognostic factors were investigated by Cox regression analysis.Results:Fifteen (33.3%) of 45 children achieved negative surgical margin under complete tumor resection. The postoperative pathological results showed that there were 20 cases of embryonic subtype, 19 cases of alveolar subtype and 6 cases of spindle sclerosis subtype. The postoperative follow-up time ranged from 4 to 71 months, with a median of 26 months. During the follow-up period, 13 children died, among whom brain metastasis was the most common cause of death, accounting for 7/13. The 3-year overall survival rate was 67.6%. Multivariate analysis showed that non-embryonic subtype ( HR=6.26, 95% CI: 1.52-25.87, P=0.011) and failure to reach R0 resection ( HR=9.37, 95% CI: 1.18-74.34, P=0.034) were independent risk factors affecting overall survival rate. Conclusion:Surgery combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy can offer a good efficacy for children with non-orbital HNRMS. Non-embryonic subtype and resection without negative operative microscopic margins are independent risk factors for poor prognosis, and brain metastasis is the main cause of death in these children.

Objective: To investigate the sleep quality of children in Beijing and to analyze the related factors. Methods: The data were collected from the survey of 3-14 years old children in 7 urban districts of Beijing in 2015. By using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, 26 kindergartens and primary and secondary schools in 7 districts and counties, including Xicheng, Chaoyang, Changping, Shunyi, Fangshan, Huairou and Mentougou, were randomly selected, with a total of 11 420 children. Children′s sleep status was investigated with Children′s Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), and the proportion of children with sleep quality problems when the PSQ score was greater than 7. Various sleep related factors were investigated with self-made questionnaire. A multilevel model was used to analyze the relationship between PSQ score and related factors. Results: The average PSQ score of the children was 3.60±2.69. The proportion of children with sleep quality problems was 8.87%(816/9 198). Multilevel model analysis showed that the younger the children, the higher the PSQ score (<6 years old vs. 6~12 years old vs. >12 years old: 3.94±2.58 vs. 3.58±2.66 vs. 3.30±2.84, F=33.015, P<0.001); male PSQ score higher than female (3.89±2.75 vs. 3.30±2.60, t=10.560, P<0.001); and snoring, obesity, father/mother snoring, playing games before bed, surfing the internet, eating and other factors were statistically related to PSQ. Conclusions Sleep quality of children in Beijing should not be neglected, especially preschool children with high PSQ scores. Parents should pay attention to children′s snoring problems and try to reduce some pre-sleep behaviors that may affect sleep quality.

Objective: To investigate the snoring status and related family factors of children from 3 to 14 years old in Beijing. Methods: From May to July, 2015, data of children from 3 to 14 years old were obtained from a status survey from 7 districts(Xicheng, Chaoyang, Changping, Shunyi, Fangshan, Huairou and Mentougou) in Beijing. A total of 11 420 children from 25 primary and middle schools were randomly selected. Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and a self-administered questionnaire were carried out for the adopted children. Self-administered questionnaire included the snoring related family factors. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odd ratio(OR) with 95% confidence intervals for variables. Results: A total of 9 198 children meet the inclusion criteria and are analyzed in the study, of whom 901 (9.80%) were found with snoring behavior. The incidence of boys is higher than girls. Obese children take higher risk of snoring. Compared with younger children (≤6 years old), older children (≥12 years old) have a significantly lower risk of snoring (OR=0.464, 95%CI 0.368-0.585). There is no statistical association between full-term infants, infant feeding pattern, parental cigarette smoking and child snoring.The children with family history of snoring have a significantly higher risk of snoring occurrence. The educational background of mother is statistically related to children snoring (OR=1.241, 95%CI 1.058-1.457). Conclusions The incidence of children snoring in Beijing is 9.80%, male gender, obesity, and young age are all risk factors for children snoring. There is a significantly statistical relationship between snoring and related family factors, such as family snoring history and education experience.

Misuse and abuse of veterinary antimicrobial agents have led to an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, clinical treatment failure, and drug residues. To address these problems, consistent and appropriate dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are needed. Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) models have been widely used to establish rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents that can achieve effective prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases and avoid the development of bacterial resistance. This review introduces building methods for PK/PD models and describes current PK/PD research progress toward rational dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents. Finally, the challenges and prospects of PK/PD models in the design of dosage regimens for veterinary antimicrobial agents are reviewed. This review will help to increase awareness of PK/PD modeling among veterinarians and hopefully promote its development and future use.
Anti-Infective Agents ; Bacterial Infections ; Drug Residues ; Humans ; Treatment Failure ; Veterinarians

Objective: To investigate the snoring status of school-aged children in Beijing and explore the association of snoring and academic performance. Methods: A total of 7 925 children aged from 6 to 14 were selected from 15 primary and middle schools at 7 districts (Xicheng, Chaoyang, Changping, Shunyi, Fangshan, Huairou and Mentougou) in Beijing in 2015, using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. The recruited children were asked to complete the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and a questionnaire related to sleep behavior. The multiplelogistic regression was used to analyze the association of snoring and academic performance. Results: A total of 794 (12.44%) children showed a decline in academic performance among 6 383 eligible respondentsfor data analysis. 580 (9.08%) children with snoring was identified, of which 333 and 247 were in frequency of 1-2 times per week and frequency of ≥3 times per week, respectively; 357, 170 and 53 were in snoring grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ, respectively. Compared with the children without snoring, the OR (95%CI) for children with 1-2 times per week and ≥3 times per week was 1.363 (1.000-1.857) and 1.605 (1.135-2.269), respectively; and the OR (95%CI) for children with grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ of snoring was 1.226 (0.893-1.683), 1.595 (1.062-2.397) and 2.31 (1.17-4.565), respectively. Conclusion There is a statistical relationship between snoring and the decline of academic performance. The decline of academic performance positively associated with increased frequency and grade of snoring.

Objective: To study the difference expression and diagnostic value of ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) of children and adults. Methods: Realtime-PCR was performed to detect the expression of RPL5 in 22 PTC tissues and 13 pericarcinous tissues. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden's index were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of RPL5 in PTC of children and adults. Results: The expression of RPL5 in PTC tissues was higher than in pericarcinous tissues. The area under curve (AUC) was 0.820 (P=0.001), and Youden′s index was 0.568. The expression of RPL5 in PTC of adults was higher than children (P<0.05). The AUC and Youden's index were respectively 0.721 (P=0.069) and 0.414 in children, whereas being respectively 0.896 (P=0.0005) and 0.709 in adults. RPL5 in diagnosis of PTC of adults was better than CK19, Galectin-3 and TPO, which are commonly used for the pathologic diagnosis of PTC. Conclusion The expression of RPL5 in PTC is higher than pericarcinous tissues, and its expression in PTC of adults is higher than children. Furthermore, PTC is a potential indicator for diagnosis of PTC.