ObjectiveTaking the cuproptosis/oxidative stress pathway as the entry point， this study investigated the effect and mechanism of Liangyi Paste on hepatic lipid deposition in naturally aged mice fed with a high-fat diet. MethodsAfter adaptive feeding， 80 ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were used. Thirty of them were randomly divided into three groups （10 mice per group）： The 12-month-old control group （12MCON）， the 15-month-old control group （15MCON）， and the 15-month-old group with a high-fat diet （15MHFD）. The 12MCON and 15MCON groups were continuously fed a standard diet， while the 15MHFD group started receiving a high-fat diet at 12 months of age. Tissue samples were collected at the corresponding time points for each group. The remaining 50 mice were randomly divided into five groups （10 mice per group）： the 20-month-old control group （20MCON）， the model group， and the low-， medium-， and high-dose Liangyi Paste groups （2.91 ， 5.82 ， 11.64 g·kg^-1·d^-1， respectively）. The 20MCON group was continuously fed a standard diet， while the other groups started receiving a high-fat diet at 15 months of age. At 18 months of age， the Liangyi Paste groups were administered the corresponding doses of Liangyi Paste by gavage， while the 20MCON and model groups were given an equal volume of saline by gavage. After 8 weeks of continuous gavage （when the mice reached 20 months of age）， tissue samples were collected. Hepatic TG levels were measured using assay kits； liver histology and lipid deposition were observed via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and oil red O staining； reactive oxygen species （ROS） were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）； Cu²⁺， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） levels were measured by colorimetry； mRNA and protein expression of genes related to cuproptosis and oxidative stress pathways were analyzed by Real-time polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR） and Wes automated protein expression system. ResultsCompared with 12MCON， the 15MCON group showed significantly increased hepatic TG， Cu²⁺， ROS， and MDA levels （P<0.01）， decreased SOD （P<0.01）， hepatocyte swelling， and disordered arrangement. The mRNA and protein levels of ferredoxin 1 （FDX1）， dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase （DLAT）， heat shock protein 70 （HSP70）， dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase （DLD）， pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit-β （PDHB）， nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ （PPARγ） were significantly elevated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with 15MCON group， the 15MHFD and 20MCON groups exhibited further increases in TG， Cu²⁺， ROS， and MDA （P<0.01）， reduced SOD （P<0.01）， and aggravated hepatocyte swelling and disorder. There were increased lipid droplets with mild vacuolization in the 15MHFD group， and no significant lipid deposition was observed in the 20MCON group. FDX1， DLAT， HSP70， DLD， PDHB， Nrf2， and PPARγ mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with 20MCON group， the model group demonstrated markedly elevated TG， Cu²⁺， ROS， and MDA （P<0.01）， reduced SOD （P<0.01）， severe hepatic steatosis， and upregulated expression of FDX1， DLAT， HSP70， DLD， PDHB， Nrf2， and PPARγ mRNA and proteins （P<0.05， P<0.01）. All abnormalities were significantly reversed after Liangyi Paste treatment. ConclusionLiangyi paste can ameliorate hepatic lipid deposition in naturally aged mice with a high-fat diet by modulating the cuproptosis/oxidative stress pathway.

ObjectiveTo explore the molecular mechanism by which gypenoside L （Gyp-L） promotes apoptosis and inhibits ovarian cancer （OC） through the FK506-binding protein （FKBP） prolyl isomerase 8 （FKBP8）/B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2） axis， with the piR-hsa-2804461 pathway as a breakthrough point. MethodsThe effects of different concentrations of Gyp-L and cis-platinum on the proliferation of OVCAR3 cells were determined by the cell count kit-8 method to identify the appropriate intervention concentration for subsequent experiments. OVCAR3 cells were allocated into blank， low-dose Gyp-L （Gyp-L-L， 50 µmol·L^-1）， high-dose Gyp-L （Gyp-L-H， 100 µmol·L^-1）， and cis-platinum （15 µmol·L^-1） groups. The migration， colony formation， and apoptosis of OVCAR3 cells were detected by the cell scratch assay， colony formation assay， and flow cytometry， respectively. The mRNA levels of piR-hsa-2804461 and FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis-related genes in OVCAR3 cells were determined by Real-time PCR， and the expression levels of FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis-related proteins were determined by simple Western blot. Further， an OVCAR3 cell model with piR-hsa-2804461 knocked out was constructed. The cells were allocated into blank， NC-inhibitor， inhibitor， NC-inhibitor+Gyp-L， and inhibitor+Gyp-L groups. The colony formation of OVCAR3 cells was detected by the colony formation assay. The mRNA levels of piR-hsa-2804461 and FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis-related genes and the expression levels of FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis-related proteins were determined by Real-time PCR and simple Western blotting， respectively. ResultsGyp-L inhibited the migration and proliferation （P<0.01）， promoted the apoptosis （P<0.05）， up-regulated the mRNA level of piR-hsa-2804461 （P<0.05）， and down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of FKBP8 and Bcl-2 （P<0.05） in OVCAR3 cells. Furthermore， Gyp-L increased the mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase （Caspase）-3， and Caspase-9， which are related to the FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis （P<0.05）. ConclusionGyp-L may promote apoptosis by regulating the piR-hsa-2804461/FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis， thus affecting the occurrence of ovarian cancer.

ObjectiveTo explore the molecular mechanism of gypenoside L （Gyp-L） in the treatment of ovarian cancer （OC） by taking the glycolytic pathway of OC as the key point. MethodsThe proliferation activity of OVCAR3 cells was measured by the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay to determine the appropriate intervention concentration for subsequent experiments. The cell clone formation assay and the scratch healing assay were employed to assess the proliferation and migration capabilities of OVCAR3 cells. OVCAR3 cells were divided into a blank group， a Gyp-L-L group （low concentration of Gyp-L， 50 µmol·L^-1）， a Gyp-L-H group （high concentration of Gyp-L， 100 µmol·L^-1）， and a cisplatin （15 µmol·L^-1） group. The glucose consumption in OC cells was determined using a kit， and the expression levels of related mRNAs in OVCAR3 cells were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. The expressions of related proteins were detected by Wes automatic Western blot quantitative analysis. ResultsValidated by the cell scratch assay， the scratch healing rate of OVCAR3 cells was decreased after Gyp-L intervention， reflecting that Gyp-L could significantly inhibit the migration of OVCAR3 cells （P<0.05）. According to the clone formation assay， the cell colony formation ability of the Gyp-L-L group， Gyp-L-H group， and cisplatin group was significantly lower than that of the control group （P<0.05）. In OVCAR3 cells， compared with those in the control group， the levels of glucose consumption and lactate generation in the Gyp-L-L group and Gyp-L-H group were significantly reduced （P<0.05）， indicating that Gyp-L could effectively inhibit the glycolysis level of OC cells. Meanwhile， Gyp-L could suppress the expression levels of glucokinase （GCK）， phosphofructokinase liver （PFKL）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）， lactate dehydrogenase D （LDHD）， phosphoglycerate mutase 1 （PGAM1）， mRNAs， and proteins related to the glycolytic pathway in OC cells. ConclusionGyp-L may inhibit the occurrence and development of OC by influencing the GCK-mediated glycolytic pathway.

ObjectiveTo explore the molecular mechanism by which gypenoside L （Gyp-L） promotes apoptosis and inhibits ovarian cancer （OC） through the FK506-binding protein （FKBP） prolyl isomerase 8 （FKBP8）/B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2） axis， with the piR-hsa-2804461 pathway as a breakthrough point. MethodsThe effects of different concentrations of Gyp-L and cis-platinum on the proliferation of OVCAR3 cells were determined by the cell count kit-8 method to identify the appropriate intervention concentration for subsequent experiments. OVCAR3 cells were allocated into blank， low-dose Gyp-L （Gyp-L-L， 50 µmol·L^-1）， high-dose Gyp-L （Gyp-L-H， 100 µmol·L^-1）， and cis-platinum （15 µmol·L^-1） groups. The migration， colony formation， and apoptosis of OVCAR3 cells were detected by the cell scratch assay， colony formation assay， and flow cytometry， respectively. The mRNA levels of piR-hsa-2804461 and FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis-related genes in OVCAR3 cells were determined by Real-time PCR， and the expression levels of FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis-related proteins were determined by simple Western blot. Further， an OVCAR3 cell model with piR-hsa-2804461 knocked out was constructed. The cells were allocated into blank， NC-inhibitor， inhibitor， NC-inhibitor+Gyp-L， and inhibitor+Gyp-L groups. The colony formation of OVCAR3 cells was detected by the colony formation assay. The mRNA levels of piR-hsa-2804461 and FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis-related genes and the expression levels of FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis-related proteins were determined by Real-time PCR and simple Western blotting， respectively. ResultsGyp-L inhibited the migration and proliferation （P<0.01）， promoted the apoptosis （P<0.05）， up-regulated the mRNA level of piR-hsa-2804461 （P<0.05）， and down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of FKBP8 and Bcl-2 （P<0.05） in OVCAR3 cells. Furthermore， Gyp-L increased the mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase （Caspase）-3， and Caspase-9， which are related to the FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis （P<0.05）. ConclusionGyp-L may promote apoptosis by regulating the piR-hsa-2804461/FKBP8/Bcl-2 axis， thus affecting the occurrence of ovarian cancer.

ObjectiveTo explore the molecular mechanism of gypenoside L （Gyp-L） in the treatment of ovarian cancer （OC） by taking the glycolytic pathway of OC as the key point. MethodsThe proliferation activity of OVCAR3 cells was measured by the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay to determine the appropriate intervention concentration for subsequent experiments. The cell clone formation assay and the scratch healing assay were employed to assess the proliferation and migration capabilities of OVCAR3 cells. OVCAR3 cells were divided into a blank group， a Gyp-L-L group （low concentration of Gyp-L， 50 µmol·L^-1）， a Gyp-L-H group （high concentration of Gyp-L， 100 µmol·L^-1）， and a cisplatin （15 µmol·L^-1） group. The glucose consumption in OC cells was determined using a kit， and the expression levels of related mRNAs in OVCAR3 cells were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. The expressions of related proteins were detected by Wes automatic Western blot quantitative analysis. ResultsValidated by the cell scratch assay， the scratch healing rate of OVCAR3 cells was decreased after Gyp-L intervention， reflecting that Gyp-L could significantly inhibit the migration of OVCAR3 cells （P<0.05）. According to the clone formation assay， the cell colony formation ability of the Gyp-L-L group， Gyp-L-H group， and cisplatin group was significantly lower than that of the control group （P<0.05）. In OVCAR3 cells， compared with those in the control group， the levels of glucose consumption and lactate generation in the Gyp-L-L group and Gyp-L-H group were significantly reduced （P<0.05）， indicating that Gyp-L could effectively inhibit the glycolysis level of OC cells. Meanwhile， Gyp-L could suppress the expression levels of glucokinase （GCK）， phosphofructokinase liver （PFKL）， signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）， lactate dehydrogenase D （LDHD）， phosphoglycerate mutase 1 （PGAM1）， mRNAs， and proteins related to the glycolytic pathway in OC cells. ConclusionGyp-L may inhibit the occurrence and development of OC by influencing the GCK-mediated glycolytic pathway.