OBJECTIVE To establish a quality control method for Jinbei oral liquid based on multi-wavelength switching high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） fingerprint， chemical pattern recognition and multi-index content determination. METHODS A total of 15 batches of Jinbei oral liquid were used as test samples. The Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine （ Version 2012 ） was adopted to establish multi-wavelength switching HPLC fingerprints， followed by chromatographic peak identification and similarity evaluation. Cluster analysis， principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis were applied to conduct chemical pattern recognition on the 15 batches of samples. The multi-wavelength switching HPLC method was used to simultaneously determine the contents of neochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid， forsythoside A， baicalin， salvianoli c acid B and wogonoside in samples. RESULTS A total of 25 common peaks were calibrated in the fingerprints of 15 batches of Jinbei oral liquid， among which 7 common peaks were unambiguously identified. The similarity of all samples was higher than 0.960. Chemical pattern recognition results showed that samples S1-S8 were clustered into group 1， and samples S9-S15 were clustered into group 2. Baicalin， wogonoside， neochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid and salvianolic acid B were identified as the differential quality markers. The average contents of neochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid， forsythoside A， baicalin， salvianolic acid B and wogonoside in 15 batches of Jinbei oral liquid were 0.213 7， 0.085 3， 0.104 9， 0.287 3， 0.420 1， 0.062 1， 0.176 0 mg/mL， respectively. CONCLUSIONS The established quality control method for Jinbei oral liquid combining multi-wavelength switching HPLC fingerprint， chemical pattern recognition and multi-index content determination is stable and reliable， which can provide a reference for the formulation of quality standards of this preparation.

OBJECTIVE To establish a quality control method for Jinbei oral liquid based on multi-wavelength switching high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） fingerprint， chemical pattern recognition and multi-index content determination. METHODS A total of 15 batches of Jinbei oral liquid were used as test samples. The Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine （ Version 2012 ） was adopted to establish multi-wavelength switching HPLC fingerprints， followed by chromatographic peak identification and similarity evaluation. Cluster analysis， principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis were applied to conduct chemical pattern recognition on the 15 batches of samples. The multi-wavelength switching HPLC method was used to simultaneously determine the contents of neochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid， forsythoside A， baicalin， salvianoli c acid B and wogonoside in samples. RESULTS A total of 25 common peaks were calibrated in the fingerprints of 15 batches of Jinbei oral liquid， among which 7 common peaks were unambiguously identified. The similarity of all samples was higher than 0.960. Chemical pattern recognition results showed that samples S1-S8 were clustered into group 1， and samples S9-S15 were clustered into group 2. Baicalin， wogonoside， neochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid and salvianolic acid B were identified as the differential quality markers. The average contents of neochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid， forsythoside A， baicalin， salvianolic acid B and wogonoside in 15 batches of Jinbei oral liquid were 0.213 7， 0.085 3， 0.104 9， 0.287 3， 0.420 1， 0.062 1， 0.176 0 mg/mL， respectively. CONCLUSIONS The established quality control method for Jinbei oral liquid combining multi-wavelength switching HPLC fingerprint， chemical pattern recognition and multi-index content determination is stable and reliable， which can provide a reference for the formulation of quality standards of this preparation.

Objective To analyze the characteristics and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients undergoing solid organ transplantation(SOT)at West China Hospital,Sichuan University in re-cent years,in order to provide a basis for empirical anti infective treatment after SOT surgery.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the isolation of major pathogens and their resistance to common anti-biotics from various specimens collected from patients undergoing kidney transplantation(KT),liver trans-plantation(LTx),and lung transplantation(LT)at West China Hospital,Sichuan University from 2017 to 2022.Results A total of 1 077 non-duplicate strains of pathogens were isolated from the samples of patients with infections after SOT surgery during the 6-year period,of which approximately 74.8％(806/1 077)were Gram negative bacteria and 25.2％(271/1 077)were Gram positive bacteria.There were differences in the distribution of pathogenic bacteria among different types of SOT groups and different specimens.Compared to E.coli isolated from urine specimens,the strains of E.coli isolated from non-urinary specimens exhibited a higher resistance rate to common antimicrobial drugs(P＜0.05).The resistance rate of E.coli to β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations(cefoperazone/sulbactam and piperacillin/tazobactam)in the LTx group was significantly higher than that in the KT group(P＜0.05).The overall proportion of multidrug-resistant bac-teria after SOT surgery was 11.3％(122/1 077).The proportion of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter bau-mannii and carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa among the same group and type of pathogens in the LTx group(93.8％,37.5％)was significantly higher than that in the KT group(55.8％,9.2％).Conclusion The specimen types and strain distribution of pathogenic bacteria after different types of SOT surgery are different.The same pathogenic bacteria have different antibiotic resistance among different types of SOT groups and specimens.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the pathogen examination after different types of SOT and optimize the anti infection treatment plan related to transplantation based on drug sensitivity re-sults.

Objective:To evaluate the value of Treponema pallidum ( Tp)-specific antibody index in the diagnosis, staging, and typing of neurosyphilis (NS). Methods:Fifty patients diagnosed with NS at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University from March 2020 to December 2022 were recruited as the experimental group, and 50 non-NS syphilis patients were enrolled during the same period as the control group. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and matched serum samples along with clinical data were collected. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) EP06-Ed2 file was used to analyze the linear range of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for Tp-specific antibody detection, and the Tp antibody index was calculate for all subjects. The correlation of Tp antibody index, IgG index, IgG synthesis rate, and albumin quotient with other clinical indicators was evaluated by the coefficient of correlation, and the diagnostic efficacy of these indicators in NS was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:All the deviations from linearity of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for detecting Tp antibodies in serum and CSF samples were within the allowable deviation from linearity. Compared with the non-NS group, the NS group showed a significant increase in the Tp antibody index ( P<0.05), with no significant differences observed among the groups of different subtypes, severity, or receiving treatment or not ( P>0.05). Tp antibody index, IgG index, and IgG synthesis rate were positively correlated with serum Tp antibody, CSF Tp antibody, trace protein, and nucleated cell count ( P<0.05). Taking 14.99 as the cut-off value for NS diagnosis, the diagnostic sensitivity of Tp antibody index was 74.0% (95%CI: 60.5%-84.1%), and the specificity was 94.0% (95%CI: 83.8%-98.4%), with the area under the ROC curve of 0.897, which was larger than that of albumin quotient, IgG index, and IgG synthesis rate. Conclusions:This study finds a significant increase in the Tp antibody index in NS patients with good diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, providing reference for the diagnosis of NS.

Objective To analyze the distribution of ocular bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic resistance status at a tertiary-care hospital and to provide a reference for the appropriate use of antibiotics.Methods Retrospective analysis was conducted with bacteria isolated from the ophthalmic samples sent for lab analysis at a tertiary-care hospital from 2012 to 2021.The suspected bacterial strains were identified with automated systems for microbial identification and susceptibility analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer.VITEK 2 Compact,an automated microbial identification and antibiotic susceptibility analysis system,was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.Results A total of 1556 ophthalmology bacteria culture samples were collected,574 of which showed bacterial growth,presenting an overall positive rate of 36.89%.Of the isolated bacteria,Gram-positive cocci,Gram-positive bacilli,Gram-negative bacilli,and Gram-negative cocci accounted for 63.15%(377/597),18.76%(112/597),17.09%(102/597),and 1.00%(6/597),respectively.Among the bacteria isolated in different years over the course of a decade,Gram-positive cocci always turned out to be the main cause of eye infections.Of the Gram-positive cocci,73.47%(277/377)were isolated from patients with endophthalmitis,with the most important species being Staphylococcus epidermidis,which was followed by Streptococcus viridans.The rest,or 26.53%(100/377),of the Gram-positive cocci were isolated from patients with external eye infections,with the main isolated strains being Staphylococcus epidermidis,Streptococcus viridans,and Staphylococcus aureus.More than 70%of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from both endophthalmitis and external eye infections were resistant to methicillin.No strains resistant to vancomycin,linezolid,or tigecycline were detected.Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from patients with external eye infections had a low rate of resistance to levofloxacin(2/27 or 7.41%),whereas those isolated from patients with endophthalmitis had a higher resistance rate(43/127 or 33.86%).The difference in drug resistance rate between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion The chief ocular bacterial pathogens identified in a tertiary-care hospital were Gram-positive cocci,among which,Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common species.The Staphylococcus epidermidis identified in the hospital had a high rate of resistance to oxacillin,but remained highly sensitive to vancomycin,linezolid,and tigecycline.The endophthalmitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis in the hospital can be treated empirically with vancomycin and then the treatment plan can be further adjusted according to the results of the drug susceptibility test.However,the establishment of the breakpoint of drug susceptibility test is mainly based on the model of bloodstream infection and has limited reference value for the treatment of eye infection.The required drug distribution concentration at the infection site can be achieved by dose increase or local administration.

Objective:To explore values and differences of multi-modality image registration and normalization methods in 18F-AV45 PET quantitative analysis of Alzheimer′s disease (AD). Methods:Twenty AD patients (10 males, 10 females; age (77.0±5.8) years) and 20 normal controls (NC; 8 males, 12 females; age (75.2±4.8) years) from the AD neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) open database of the National Institute on Aging were analyzed. β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition (positive/negative) was assessed by visual analysis. The SUV ratio (SUVr) in each brain region and individual average SUVr were calculated using template normalization method (M1), normalization after registration with 18F-FDG PET or MRI image (M2 or M3) respectively with the cerebellum as the reference area. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to complete the reliability between methods, and independent-sample t test and one-way repeated measures analysis of variance were used to compare the differences of quantitative indexes between different groups and different methods. ROC curve analysis was used to compare the diagnostic efficacy in distinguishing AD and NC, Aβ positive and negative cases. Results:There were 15 and 6 patients with positive Aβ deposition in AD group and in NC group respectively by visual analysis. The SUVrs of three methods were with good consistency (ICC=0.82, P<0.001), and the differences among individual average SUVrs (1.29±0.17, 1.36±0.23, 1.45±0.24) were significant ( F=68.78, P<0.001). There were significant differences between AD group (1.39±0.17, 1.48±0.24, 1.58±0.25) and NC group (1.20±0.10, 1.24±0.15, 1.33±0.16; t values: 3.55-4.33, all P<0.05), Aβ positive group (1.39±0.16, 1.50±0.21, 1.59±0.23) and negative group (1.19±0.11, 1.21±0.14, 1.31±0.15; t values: 4.58, 5.11, 4.41, all P<0.001), and the individual average SUVr of M3 was higher (both P<0.001). The AUCs of distinguishing Aβ positive and negative deposition of M1-M3 were 0.86, 0.88, 0.84 and the thresholds of SUVrs were 1.29, 1.37, 1.52, respectively. Conclusion:The three multi-modality registration and normalization methods are reliable methods for quantitation of 18F-AV45 PET imaging with certain differences, and should be selected carefully based on data conditions in practice.

Objective:To establish the HPLC fingerprint of Centellae herba and determine the content of asiaticoside, madecassic acid and asiaticoside B simultaneously; To compare the quality differences of Centellae herba collected in different months. Methods:The chromatographic condition was a Shimadzu InertSustain C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 2 mmol/L beta cyclodextrin in gradient elution at the flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The detection wavelength was 204 nm, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The different Centellae herba materials of collected in 2-12 months from Chenzhou were studied by the similarity evaluation combined with cluster analysis, principal component analysis and the three contents determination. Results:The HPLC fingerprint of Centellae herba was established and 9 common peaks were designated. The eleven samples were different, which can be aggregated into 4 categories and the quality of Centellae herba collected in July was the best. Conclusion:The established fingerprint and multi-components quantitative method are stable and reliable, which can provide a reference for the quality control and the utilization of Centellae herba resource.

Nowadays, more attentions have been paid on brown adipose tissue (BAT) because BAT plays a great role in individuals with obesity and metabolic diseases. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT is noninvasive and sensitive to detect the location, volume, and metabolic activity of BAT. 18F-FDG PET/CT for BAT provides new insight for the prevention and clinical management of obesity and diabetes. The review summarizes the methods to activate BAT, the preparation of patients, 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging techniques and clinical application.

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the distribution of non-fermentative bacteria causing bloodstream infection in hospitalized patients in Sichuan Province and their drug susceptibility to common antibiotics for better understanding their epidemiological characteristics. Methods: From January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017, all of the non-fermentative bacteria isolated from patients with bloodstream infection in nine hospitals in Sichuan Province were collected. Species distribution and drug resistance test results were retrospectively analyzed. Results: A total of 6 291 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated, including 3 674 strains of gram-negative bacteria (58.4%) and 2 617 strains of gram-positive bacteria (41.6%). The gram-positive bacteria were 1 895 strains of Staphylococcus (30.1%), 372 strains of Streptococcus (5.9%), 317 strains of Enterococcus (5.1%) and 33 strains of other gram-positive bacteria (0.5%). The gram-negative bacteria were 3 191 Enterobacteriaceae strains (50.7%), 389 non-fermentative strains (6.2%) and 94 other gram-negative strains (1.5%). The isolated non-fermentative bacteria were mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa (136 strains, 35.0%), Acinetobacter baumannii (126 strains, 32.0%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (33 strains, 8.5%). There were 167 (42.9%), 112 (28.8%) and 82 (21.1%) non-fermentative bacteria isolated in internal medicine departments, ICUs and surgery departments, respectively. The drug resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cefepime, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were 16.5%, 10.7% and 9.9%, respectively. Carbapenems-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CR-PA) accounted for 13.6%. No polymyxin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found. The resistance rates of Acinetobacter baumannii to all antibiotics were over 30% except for minocycline and polymyxin and 75.7% of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB) were isolated. The drug resistance rates to levofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftazidime were 0%, 0% and 37.0% in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates and 10.5%, 4.2% and 19% in Burkholderia cepacia isolates, respectively. Conclusions Non-fermentative bacteria causing 6.2% of bloodstream infection in Sichuan, mainly by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. There were significant differences in the isolation rate of non-fermentative bacteria in different departments and most of the strains were isolated in internal medicine departments. The detection rate of Acinetobacter baumannii with multiple drug resistance was high, while other non-fermentative bacteria had good sensitivity to antibiotics.

In view of the current situation of the teaching of diagnostics, this paper analyzes the ex-isting problems and deficiencies , and puts forward the teaching reform of the National Medical College Students' clinical skills competition. Through the construction of experimental teaching demonstration center of clinical skills, we set up theclinical skills associationamong the students, boldly try innovative training, strengthen humanistic education and take other measures to improve the quality of clinical practice teaching of diagnostics, so as to achieve the purpose of the competition focusing on promote teaching, learning and using by competition.