ObjectiveTo explore the potential mechanisms of action of the modified Duhuo Jisheng Mixture （JDJM） in treating synovial lesions in knee osteoarthritis （KOA）. MethodsA total of 43 male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly allocated into a blank group （n=8） and a model group （n=35）. The KOA model was induced by immobilizing the right hind limb with a high-molecular resin plaster bandage， with a modeling period of 6 weeks， resulting in successful modeling in 32 rabbits. These rabbits were then randomly allocated to the model group， celecoxib group， JDJM group and JDJM+740Y-P group， each consisting of 8 rabbits. The celecoxib group received celecoxib via gavage at a single dose of 0.009 3 g·kg^-1， while the JDJM was administered a single dose of 6.8 mL·kg^-1 （4.515 2 g·kg^-1） of the herbal preparation via gavage. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin （PI3K/Akt/mTOR） pathway activator + JDJM group received 4.515 2 g·kg^-1 of the herbal preparation via gavage along with an auricular vein injection of 0.15 μmol·kg^-1 740Y-P. For a period of 6 weeks， the remaining groups received an equal volume of physiological saline via gavage daily. After the medication period， the knee joint pain threshold and circumference were measured， and hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was performed to assess the pathological changes in the synovial tissues. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） measured the levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， interleukin-6 （IL-18） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in the joint fluid. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to assess the mRNA expression of PI3K， Akt， mTOR， NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）， cysteine-requiring aspartate protease-1 （Caspase-1） and gasdermin D （GSDMD） in the synovial tissues. Immunohistochemical （IHC） assay was performed to assess the protein expression of NLRP3， Caspase-1 and GSDMD. Western blot was carried out to analyze the protein expression of p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， p-mTOR/mTOR， NLRP3， Caspase-1 and GSDMD. ResultsCompared to the blank group， the model group showed a significant increase in knee joint circumference and decrease in pain threshold， the synovial tissue pathology score was higher （P<0.05）， and the levels of IL-1β， IL-18， and TNF-α in the joint fluid significantly increased （P<0.01）. PI3K， Akt， mTOR phosphorylation as well as mRNA and protein expression increased （P<0.01）， while the mRNA and protein expression levels of NLRP3， Caspase-1 and GSDMD also significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared to the model group， the celecoxib and JDJM groups exhibited a significant reduction in knee joint circumference and increase in pain threshold， the synovial tissue pathology score was lower （P<0.05）， and the levels of IL-1β， IL-18， and TNF-α in the joint fluid decreased （P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expression of p-PI3K， p-Akt， p-mTOR， NLRP3， Caspase-1 and GSDMD were reduced （P<0.01）. Compared to the JDJM group， the JDJM+740Y-P group showed a decrease in the improvement of synovial lesions， an increase in knee joint circumference， and a decrease in pain threshold. The synovial tissue pathology score was lower （P<0.05）， and the levels of IL-1β， IL-18， and TNF-α in the joint fluid were higher （P<0.01）. The mRNA and protein expression of p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， p-mTOR/mTOR， NLRP3， Caspase-1 and GSDMD increased （P<0.01）. ConclusionJDJM is effective in treating KOA. Its mechanism may involve modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in synovial tissues， inhibiting pyroptosis， reducing inflammatory factor release， and protecting bony structures.

ObjectiveTo establish a mouse model of particulate matter 2.5 （PM_2.5）-induced dry eye and investigate whether Chufeng Yisuntang can ameliorate the PM_2.5-induced ocular surface damage by regulating the reactive oxygen species （ROS）/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK） signaling pathway. MethodsSixty 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were used. Ten were randomly selected as the control group. The remaining 50 mice received topical instillation of 1 drop （0.1 mL） of 5 g·L^-1 PM_2.5 suspension in both eyes， four times daily. Successfully modeled mice were randomized into four groups （n=10）： Model， p38 MAPK inhibitor， Chufeng Yisuntang， and combination （Chufeng Yisuntang at 7.3 g·kg^-1 + p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 at 5 mg·kg^-1）. Chufeng Yisuntang was administered via gavage， and the inhibitor group via intraperitoneal injection. The control and model groups received equal volumes of distilled water by gavage. All treatments lasted for 4 weeks. General conditions were dynamically observed. Tear secretion， tear film break-up time， and corneal fluorescein staining were assessed. After intervention for 4 weeks， hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was used to examine the histopathological changes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was adopted to measure serum levels of ROS， malondialdehyde （MDA）， superoxide dismutase （SOD） 1， and SOD2. Western blot and Real-time PCR were employed to determine the protein and gene levels， respectively， of p38 MAPK， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， and cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3 （Caspase-3） in the corneal tissue. ResultsCompared with the control group， the model group exhibited reduced tear secretion volume and tear film breakup time， along with increased corneal fluorescein staining scores （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the Chufeng Yisuntang group， p38 MAPK inhibitor group， and combination group demonstrated increased tear secretion volume and tear film breakup time， along with decreased corneal fluorescein staining scores （P<0.01）. HE staining revealed that compared with the control group， the model group exhibited marked increases in corneal epithelial cell layers and epithelial thickness， along with reduced meibomian gland acini and intensely stained， densely packed nuclei around the acini. Compared with the model group， the Chufeng Yisuntang group， p38 MAPK inhibitor group， and combination group showed intact corneal structure， improved cell morphology， and reduced damage severity. ELISA revealed elevated ROS and MDA levels （P<0.01） and decreased SOD1 and SOD2 levels （P<0.01） in the model group compared with the control group. Compared with the model group， Chufeng Yisuntang， p38 MAPK inhibitor， and the combination lowered ROS and MDA levels （P<0.01）， while raising SOD1 and SOD2 levels （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Western blot revealed that compared with the control group， the model group exhibited increased protein levels of p38 MAPK， Bax， and Caspase-3 （P<0.01） and reduced protein level of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， Chufeng Yisuntang， p38 MAPK inhibitor， and the combination down-regulated the protein levels of p38 MAPK， Bax， and Caspase-3 （P<0.01）， while up-regulating the protein level of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）. Compared with the Chufeng Yisuntang group， the combination group exhibited decreased protein levels of p38 MAPK， Bax， and Caspase-3 （P<0.01） and increased protein level of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）. Real-time PCR revealed that compared with the control group， the model group exhibited upregulated mRNA levels of p38 MAPK， Bax， and Caspase-3 （P<0.01）， and downregulated mRNA level of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， Chufeng Yisuntang， p38 MAPK inhibitor， and the combination down-regulated the mRNA levels of p38 MAPK， Bax， and Caspase-3 （P<0.01）， while up-regulating the mRNA level of Bcl-2 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the Chufeng Yisuntang group， the combination group exhibited decreased mRNA levels of p38 MAPK， Bax， and Caspase-3 expression （P<0.05， P<0.01） and increased mRNA level of Bcl-2 （P<0.01）. ConclusionChufeng Yisuntang may partially protect against PM_2.5-induced corneal injury by inhibiting the ROS/p38 MAPK pathway， enhancing antioxidant defense， and reducing epithelial apoptosis.

ObjectiveThis paper aims to investigate the effects and mechanism of Mimenghua prescription in modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase （MEK）/rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog （Ras）/rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma kinase （Raf）/extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK） signaling pathway to inhibit inflammatory responses in a dry eye animal model. MethodsA total of 60 C57BL/6J mice （eight weeks old， half male and half female） were used in the experiment. Ten mice were randomly selected as the blank control group， while the remaining 50 were exposed to a controlled dry system and received instillation of 0.2% benzalkonium chloride （BAC） into the eyes for four weeks to establish a dry eye mouse model. After successful modeling， the mice were randomly divided into five groups： Model group， sodium hyaluronate group， and Mimenghua prescription groups with low dose （4.83 g·kg^-1）， medium dose （9.67 g·kg^-1）， and high dose （19.34 g·kg^-1）. The mice in the model group received an equal volume of normal saline via gavage for four weeks. The mice in the sodium hyaluronate group received instillation of sodium hyaluronate eye drops twice daily for 14 consecutive days. The tear secretion volume， tear film break-up time （TBUT）， and corneal fluorescein staining were evaluated once every two weeks. After four weeks of administration， mice were euthanized， and their lacrimal gland tissues and corneas were harvested. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to assess histopathological morphology. Western blot was performed to detect the protein expression levels of MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to measure the contents and expressions of MEK， Ras， Raf， ERK， and interleukin （IL）-1β in lacrimal gland and corneal tissues of the mice in each group. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was employed to determine mRNA expression levels of MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK. ResultsThe Mimenghua prescription groups and the sodium hyaluronate group exhibited significantly increased tear secretion volume （P<0.05） and prolonged TBUT （P<0.05） after treatment. Ocular surface damage of mice was visibly recovered. Western blot results indicated that protein expression levels of MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK in the lacrimal gland and corneal tissues were significantly downregulated in the sodium hyaluronate group and Mimenghua prescription group with high dose （P<0.05）. ELISA results showed that IL-1β levels were highest in the model group but significantly reduced in the sodium hyaluronate group and Mimenghua prescription groups （P<0.05）. Both ELISA and Real-time PCR results demonstrated that the expression levels of MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK in the lacrimal glands and corneal tissues were significantly elevated in the model group （P<0.05）， but markedly downregulated in the sodium hyaluronate group and Mimenghua prescription groups （P<0.05）， suggesting that Mimenghua prescription can decrease the expressions of MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK in the lacrimal glands and corneal tissues. ConclusionMimenghua prescription can reduce inflammatory responses， increase tear secretion， prolong TBUT， and promote corneal recovery by inhibiting the MEK， Ras， Raf， and ERK signaling pathways in lacrimal gland and corneal tissues.

ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic efficacy of Qizhi Tongluo granules on proteinuria in membranous nephropathy （MN） and its potential protective effects and underlying mechanism against endoplasmic reticulum stress. MethodsAfter 70 Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were adaptively fed for one week， the MN rat model was established by injecting cationic bovine serum albumin （C-BSA） into the tail vein. Rats were divided into the normal group， model group， low-dose Qizhi Tongluo granules group （2.43 g·kg^-1）， medium-dose group （4.86 g·kg^-1）， high-dose group （9.72 g·kg^-1）， and benazepril group （0.01 g·kg^-1）， with 10 rats in each group. Treatment was administered for four weeks. The 24-hour urinary total protein （UTP） content， as well as the levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， and glutathione peroxidase （GPX） in renal tissues， were measured. Renal pathological changes were assessed using immunoglobulin G （IgG） staining， periodic acid-silver methenamine （PASM） staining， and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The localization and expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 （GRP78）， phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme 1α （p-IRE1α）， phosphorylated protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase （p-PERK）， activating transcription factor 4 （ATF4）， nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， and 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase-like protein 1 （OASL1） in rat kidneys were detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf2， thioredoxin 1 （Trx1）， thioredoxin-interacting protein （TXNIP）， and OASL1 in rat kidneys were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot analysis. ResultsCompared with the normal group， UTP levels were significantly increased in the model rats （P<0.05）， with obvious renal pathological damage. GPX content levels were significantly decreased in renal tissue （P<0.05）， while ROS and MDA content levels were significantly increased （P<0.05）. The expression of GRP78， p-IRE1α， p-PERK， and ATF4 proteins was significantly increased in the kidneys （P<0.05）， while the mRNA and protein expression levels of Trx1 and Nrf2 were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TXNIP and OASL1 were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the UTP levels of rats in the Qizhi Tongluo granules groups and the benazepril group decreased to varying degrees （P<0.05）， and renal pathological damage was significantly alleviated. The GPX content in renal tissue was significantly increased （P<0.05）， while the ROS and MDA levels were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. The expression of GRP78， p-IRE1α， p-PERK， and ATF4 proteins in the kidney was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Trx1 and Nrf2 were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while the mRNA and protein expression levels of TXNIP and OASL1 were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. ConclusionQizhi Tongluo granules alleviates proteinuria in MN rats by modulating the Nrf2/OASL1 signaling pathway in renal tissues to reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress， which represents its underlying mechanism.

Objective: To explore the impact of donor reentry experience, specifically among those with a single reactive serological result who completed the reentry process, on their willingness to return for future blood donation, and to examine the mediating roles of blood donation knowledge and trait anxiety. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between November and December 2025. A total of 386 blood donors from the Changsha Blood Center were categorized into a reentry group (n=123) and a control group (n=263). Data on demographic characteristics, blood donation knowledge (BDKQ), trait anxiety (STAI-T), and blood donation return intention (BDRIS) were collected via questionnaires. SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 28.0 were used for statistical analyses, including independent-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple linear regression, and path analysis for mediating effect testing. Results: There were statistically significant differences in age, occupation, education level, monthly income and donation frequency between the reentry group and the control group (all P<0.05). The reentry group scored significantly higher in blood donation knowledge and blood donation return intention than the control group (both P<0.05). The mean BDRIS score was 11.51±3.62, indicating a relatively high intention to return. Blood donation knowledge was significantly negatively correlated with trait anxiety (r=-0.15, P<0.05) and positively correlated with blood donation return intention (r=0.19, P<0.05); trait anxiety was significantly negatively correlated with blood donation return intention (r=-0.33, P<0.05). Significant differences in BDRIS scores were found based on group (reentry vs control), age, and number of previous donations (all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression showed that BDKQ positively predicted BDRIS (β=0.11, P<0.05), while STAI-T negatively predicted BDRIS (β=-0.27, P<0.05). Path analysis further revealed that the reentry experience had no direct effect on the intention to return. However, it exerted a positive influence through two indirect pathways: 1) a simple mediating effect via increased blood donation knowledge (β=0.17, accounting for 25.0% of the total effect), and 2) a chain mediating effect through "increased blood donation knowledge → decreased trait anxiety" (β=0.05, accounting for 8.1% of the total effect). The model fit indices reached the ideal fitting criteria. Conclusion: The donor reentry experience does not directly enhance the intention to return for blood donation. Rather, it may exert an indirect positive influence by increasing blood donation knowledge and through the sequential pathway of "increased knowledge → decreased trait anxiety". Blood collection institutions should leverage the reentry process as an opportunity for education and psychological support to improve donor retention rate.

Objective To investigate the perioperative outcomes and postoperative pregnancy outcomes of patients with intrauterine adhesions(IUA)treated by see-and-treat hysteroscopy and traditional hysteroscopy in transcervical resection of adhesions(TCRA).Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed on 485 patients with moderate-to-severe IUA who met the inclusion criteria and admitted in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2021.According to surgical approaches,the patients were assigned into a see-and-treat mode group and a traditional mode group.After clinical diagnosis(ultrasound and symptoms)of IUA,the patients from the former group received direct hysteroscopic adhesion separation surgery,and those of the latter group were diagnosed by outpatient hysteroscopy first and then hysteroscopic adhesion separation surgery.The perioperative indicators,postoperative three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound(3D-TVUS)examination related characteristics,postoperative menstrual recovery,postoperative pregnancy outcomes,obstetric related complications,and neonatal outcomes were collected and compared between the 2 groups.Results Among the enrolled 485 patients,there were 277 in the see-and-treat group and 208 in the traditional group.The success rate of surgical treatment was 89.89%in the see-and-treat group and 92.79%in the traditional group,but no statistical difference was seen between them(Chi-square=1.234,P=0.267).3D-TVUS examination displayed that the see-and-treat mode group obtained better improvement of endometrial morphology,uterine morphology and menstruation after operation than the traditional group(P<0.001).The postoperative pregnancy rate was slightly higher in the see-and-treat group than the traditional mode group(58.84%vs 58.17%,P=0.882).However,the see-and-treat mode showed obvious advantage in the postoperative natural pregnancy rate,with a rate of 90.80%,obviously higher than that in the traditional mode group(81.82%,P=0.026).The live birth rate was 70.55%in the see-and-treat mode group,excluding 1 case with ongoing pregnancy in the second trimester and 1 case with ongoing pregnancy in the third trimester,and the rate was 74.38%in the traditional group,excluding 3 cases with ongoing pregnancy in the third trimester,but there was no statistical difference between the 2 groups(P=0.303).In terms of obstetric-related complications,there were 0 cases of blood transfusion during delivery hospitalization in the see-and-treat group,while there were 7 cases in the traditional group(P=0.003).In neonatal outcomes,the rate of transfer to the pediatric department was 10.43%in the see-and-treat mode group and 22.22%in the traditional mode group(P=0.021).For health economics,the see-and-treat hysteroscopy group demonstrated a significant advantage over the traditional hysteroscopy group(P<0.001).There was no significant difference in pain scores between the 2 groups.Conclusion The see-and-treat approach is a safe,feasible,and highly efficient strategy for integrating the diagnosis and treatment of IUA,enabling maximal minimization of surgical trauma while optimizing time and cost efficiency.

Objective:To observe the effects of Qizhi Tongluo Prescription on renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with membranous nephropathy based on the Shh/Gli1 signaling pathway; To explore its intervention mechanism.Methods:Totally 60 male SD rats were divided into blank group ( n=10) and model group ( n=50) using random number table method. The model of membranous nephropathy was established according to the modified Border method. The successfully modeling rats were divided into model group, benazepril group and Qizhi Tongluo Prescription low-, medium- and high-dosage groups using random number table method. Benazepril group was gavaged with benazepril hydrochloride 10 mg/kg, Qizhi Tongluo Prescription low-, medium- and high-dosage groups were gavaged with Qizhi Tongluo Prescription solution 1.22 g/kg, 2.43 g/kg and 4.86 g/kg, and blank group and model group were gavaged with equal volume of normal saline, once a day, for 4 weeks. The 24-hour urine was collected to detect the 24-hour urinary protein quantification, and the blood was taken from the abdominal aorta to detect the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride(TG), and serum albumin(ALB); the pathological changes of rat kidney were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope; the protein expressions of sonic hedgehog factor (Shh), zinc finger protein 1 (Gli1) and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in renal tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry; the protein expressions of Shh, Gli1, α-SMA, TGF-β1, Collagen Ⅳ and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAl-1) in renal tissues were detected by Western blot. Results:Compared with the model group, the quantitative level of 24-hour urinary protein of rats in each administration group decreased ( P<0.05), serum TC and TG levels increased ( P<0.05), ALB level decreased ( P<0.05), the positive expressions of Shh, Gli1, α-SMA protein in renal tissue decreased ( P<0.05), and the protein expressions of Shh, Gli1, α-SMA, Collagen Ⅳ, TGF-β1, PAI-1 in renal tissue decreased ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Qizhi Tongluo Prescription can improve renal interstitial fibrosis in membranous nephropathy rats, possibly by inhibiting the Shh/Gli1 signaling pathway to delay renal interstitial fibrosis.

Tujia ethnic group medicine Xuetong is derived from Kadsura heteroclita, the stem of which has the medicinal value for anti-rheumatoid arthritis, liver protection, anti-tumor, anti-oxidation effects, and has been widely used in Hunan and Guangdong in China. The selection of reliable and stable reference genes is the basis for subsequent molecular research on K. heteroclita. In this study, GAPDH, TUA, Actin, UBQ, EF-1α, 18S-rRNA, CYP, UBC, TUB, H2A, and RPL were selected as candidate reference genes in Kadsura heteroclita. The gene expression levels of the 11 candidate reference genes of K. heteroclita in its 6 different parts(stem-inside of the cambium, stem-outside of the cambium, fruit, flower, root, and leaf) and under different intervention conditions [drought stress, salt stress, and methyl jasmonate(MeJA) treatment] were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR). The expression stability of the 11 candidate reference genes was comprehensively analyzed and evaluated by geNorm, NormFinder, ΔCT algorithm, and RefFinder software. The results showed that the expression of UBC and RPL was relatively stable in 6 different parts, and UBC and GAPDH genes were relatively stable under different intervention conditions. To verify the reliability of reference genes for K. heteroclita, this study further examined the relative expression levels of KhFPS, KhIDI, KhCAS, KhSQE, KhSQS, KhSQS-2, KhHMGS, KhHMGR, KhMVD, KhMVK, KhDXR, KhDXS, KhPMVK, and KhGGPS in different parts and under different intervention conditions, which might relate to the synthesis of the main component(Xuetongsu) of K. heteroclita. The results showed that with UBC and RPL or UBC and GAPDH as the reference genes, the expression trends of these 14 genes were basically consistent in different parts or under different intervention conditions for K. heteroclita. In conclusion, UBC can be used as a reference gene of K. heteroclita for its different parts and different intervention conditions, which lays a foundation for further research on the biosynthetic pathway of main components in K. heteroclita.
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods* ; Reference Standards ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Plant Proteins/metabolism* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal

Objective To introduce a modified technique of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reconstruction using a handmade bicuspid pulmonary valve crafted from expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and to summarize the early single-center experience. Methods Patients with complex congenital heart diseases (CHD) who underwent RVOT reconstruction with a handmade ePTFE bicuspid pulmonary valve due to pulmonary regurgitation at Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital from April 2021 to February 2022 were selected. Postoperative artificial valve function and right heart function indicators were evaluated. Results A total of 17 patients were included, comprising 10 males and 7 females, with a mean age of (18.18±12.14) years and a mean body weight of (40.94±19.45) kg. Sixteen patients underwent reconstruction with a handmade valved conduit, with conduit sizes ranging from 18 to 24 mm. No patients required mechanical circulatory support, and no in-hospital deaths occurred. During a mean follow-up period of 12.89 months, only one patient developed valve dysfunction, and no related complications or adverse events were observed. The degree of pulmonary regurgitation was significantly improved post-RVOT reconstruction and during follow-up compared to preoperative levels (P<0.001). Postoperative right atrial diameter, right ventricular diameter, and tricuspid regurgitation area were all significantly reduced compared to preoperative values (P<0.05). Conclusion The use of a 0.1 mm ePTFE handmade bicuspid pulmonary valve for RVOT reconstruction in complex CHD is a feasible, effective, and safe technique.

Attention is the cornerstone of effective functioning in a complex and information-rich world. While the neural activity of attention has been extensively studied in the cortex, the brain-wide neural activity patterns are largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of neural activity across the mouse brain during attentional processing using EEG and c-Fos staining, utilizing hierarchical clustering and c-Fos-based functional network analysis to evaluate the c-Fos activation patterns. Our findings reveal that a wide range of brain regions are activated, notably in the high-order cortex, thalamus, and brain stem regions involved in advanced cognition and arousal regulation, with the central lateral nucleus of the thalamus as a strong hub, suggesting the crucial role of the thalamus in attention control. These results provide valuable insights into the neural network mechanisms underlying attention, offering a foundation for formulating functional hypotheses and conducting circuit-level testing.
Animals ; Attention/physiology* ; Mice ; Brain/physiology* ; Male ; Electroencephalography ; Reaction Time/physiology* ; Brain Mapping ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Choice Behavior/physiology* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism*