Lung transplantation is a definitive treatment for end-stage lung disease and can significantly improve patient prognosis. However, postoperative complications such as infection, rejection, ischemia-reperfusion injury and chronic lung allograft dysfunction intertwine to form a complex pathological network, posing persistent challenges to long-term patient survival. In 2025, research teams worldwide have made systematic progress in the field of basic lung transplantation research. By integrating cutting-edge technologies including single-cell multi-omics, spatial transcriptomics and novel animal models, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the evolutionary dynamics of drug-resistant infections, molecular mechanisms of immune regulation, programmed cell death, optimization of donor lung protection strategies and early warning of chronic lung allograft dysfunction. This article systematically reviews the representative advances in basic lung transplantation research worldwide in 2025, and deeply analyzes the implications of mechanistic breakthroughs for optimizing diagnosis and treatment strategies, aiming to anchor the direction for innovative breakthroughs and clinical translation in basic lung transplantation research.

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of influenza-like illness (ILI) cases and the distribution patterns of influenza virus types in Xiaogan City from 2020 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for local influenza prevention and control. MethodsData on ILI surveillance reported by two national sentinel hospitals in Xiaogan City and influenza virus detection data reported by the network laboratory of Xiaogan Center for Disease Control and Prevention during 2020‒2024 were collected. All data were stratified and statistically analyzed by time, age and gender. Inter-group differences were compared using the chi-square (χ²) test, and statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 27.0 software. ResultsA total of 781 528 outpatient and emergency cases were reported by two sentinel hospitals in Xiaogan City from 2020 to 2024, among which 34 078 were ILI cases, with an ILI proportion (ILI%) of 4.36%. The highest proportion of ILI cases was observed in the 0‒<5 years age group, accounting for 28.62% (9 754/34 078). A total of 11 000 surveillance samples were tested, and 1 515 were positive for influenza virus, with an overall positive rate of 13.77%. Among the positive samples, 724 (47.79%) were influenza A (H3N2) subtype, 232 (15.31%) were influenza A (H1N1) subtype, 554 (36.57%) were influenza B (Victoria lineage), and 5 (0.33%) were mixed infections. A statistically significant difference was found in the seasonal distribution of influenza virus positivity rate (χ²=9 120.63, P<0.001). Epidemic peaks mainly occurred in winter and spring, with positivity rates ranging from 42.22% to 76.62%, while summer epidemic peaks were observed only in 2021 and 2022 (positivity rate was 21.48% and 43.03%, respectively). A statistically significant difference was also observed in influenza virus positivity rate among different age groups (χ²=846.61, P<0.001), with the highest influenza positive rate in the 5‒<15 years age group. No statistically significant difference was found in gender distribution (χ²=2.43, P=0.650). ConclusionThe influenza epidemic season in Xiaogan City is mainly in winter and spring, with occasional summer peaks. Prevention and control efforts should focus on children and adolescents aged 5 to <15 years, and targeted measures should be adopted in key settings such as schools. It is necessary to continuously strengthen influenza surveillance to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies.

Objective:To analyze the colonization rate and molecular types of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) on the tracheotomy wounds of neonates at early postoperative stage in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods:This was a case series study. Patients who were admitted and underwent tracheotomy in NICU of Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 1 st 2020 to December 31 st 2023 were enrolled. Swabs on the skin around the incision or on the nasal mucosa were collected and cultured at 24, 72 and 168 h after operation. Coagulase test and Staphytect Plus kits were used for SA identification. The nuc gene amplification and molecular types of SA were assessed by PCR. The patients were divided into SA colonization group and non-colonization group based on the presence or absence of SA colonization, and into infection group and non-infection group based on the presence or absence of infection. Demographic data, hospitalization information, colonization and infection status of SA were collected from the digital medical record system of the hospital. Differences between groups were analyzed using the independent sample t test or Fisher exact test. Results:Totally 19 patients were enrolled, among whom 13 were male. The gestation age was 39.0 (38.1, 40.0) weeks, and the birth weight was 3 150 (2 600, 3 400) g. Tracheotomy was done at 8.2 (4.1, 19.6) days after diagnosis and indication confirmed. Corrected gestational age of patients on the operation day was 43.6 (42.2, 45.4) weeks. The NICU stay time was (34.0±3.1) days. SA colonization was confirmed around the incision of 8 patients. Out of the 18 strains of colonized bacteria, 10 were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The most common molecular type of MRSA was ST59-SCCmec Ⅳ-t437 strain (8 strains). A total of 10 patients presented typical clinical manifestations of bacterial infection at the lungs, 3 patients in the blood stream and 2 patients in the central nervous system. Among 10 patients with bacterial infection, 3 patients were MRSA positive by boby fluid culture and affected by the ST59-SCCmec Ⅳ-t437 strain. The infection rate was different between patients with or without SA colonization on the tracheotomy incision (7/8 vs. 3/11, P=0.020). Conclusions:The colonization rate and infection rate are high on the tracheotomy incision in neonates. The major type is MRSA, and the most common molecular strain is ST59-SCCmec Ⅳ-t437 .

Background: The association of changes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) with cognitive function remains unclear. We explored this association using prospective and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. Methods: MetS components including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), waist circumference (WC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and triglycerides were measured at baseline and two follow-ups, constructing a MetS index. Immediate, delayed memory recall, and cognitive function along with its dimensions were assessed by immediate 10- word recall test (IWRT) and delayed 10-word recall test (DWRT), and mini-mental state examination (MMSE), respectively, at baseline and follow-ups. Linear mixed-effect model was used. Additionally, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of MetS was conducted and one-sample MR was performed to assess the causality between MetS and cognitive function. Results: Elevated MetS index was associated with decreasing annual change rates (decrease) in DWRT and MMSE scores, and with decreases in attention, calculation and recall dimensions. HDL-C was positively associated with an increase in DWRT scores, while SBP and FPG were negatively associated. HDL-C showed a positive association, whereas WC was negatively associated with increases in MMSE scores, including attention, calculation and recall dimensions. Interaction analysis indicated that the association of MetS index on cognitive decline was predominantly observed in low family income group. The GWAS of MetS identified some genetic variants. MR results showed a non-significant causality between MetS and decrease in DWRT, IWRT, nor MMSE scores. Conclusion Our study indicated a significant association of MetS and its components with declines in memory and cognitive function, especially in delayed memory recall.

AIM To explore the clinical effects of Huayu Ditan Linao Decoction combined with Suhexiang Pills on elderly patients with cerebral hemorrhage in convalescent stage.METHODS One hundred and ten patients were randomly assigned into control group(55 cases)for 1-month intervention of both conventional treatment and rehabilitation training,and observation group(55 cases)for 1-month intervention of Huayu Ditan Linao Decoction,Suhexiang Pills,conventional treatment and rehabilitation training.The changes in clinical effects,TCM syndrome score,NIHSS score,FMA score,BI index,cerebrovascular function indices(dynamic resistance,average flow velocity,peripheral resistance,average flow rate),serum inflammatory indices(IL-6,hs-CPR,TNF-α)and serum oxidative stress indices(SOD,MDA)were detected.RESULTS The observation group demonstrated higher total effective rate than the control group(P＜0.05).After the treatment,the two groups displayed decreased TCM syndrome score,NIHSS score,dynamic resistance,peripheral resistance,serum inflammatory indices,MDA(P＜0.05),and increased FMA score,BI index,average flow velocity,average flow rate,SOD(P＜0.05),especially for the observation group(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION For the elderly patients with cerebral hemorrhage in convalescent stage,Huayu Ditan Linao Decoction combined with Suhexiang Pills can enhance clinical effects,improve limb functions and nerve functions,regulate serum inflammatory and oxidative stress indice,and promote prognosis.

Objective:To explore the split-face phenomenon in patients with bulbar-involved amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) through clinical and electrophysiological studies.Methods:A total of 52 clinically definite and clinically probable cases of bulbar-involved ALS, diagnosed according to the World Federation of Neurology El Escorial criteria, were retrospectively collected in the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin from September 2019 to November 2022. And 58 patients with idiopathic facial nerve paralysis with onset time≤7 days who visited the Department of Neurology of the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin during the same period were collected as control group. The firm eye closure (FC) score and cheek bulge (CB) score were used to assess the clinical involvement of facial muscles (dividing into facial muscle involvement group and non-facial muscle involvement group) and the presence of the split-face phenomenon (strong eye closure and weak cheek bulging) in ALS patients. The compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes of the bilateral orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles were measured using the Nicolet EDX Viking electromyography/evoked potential system. The CMAP amplitude ratio was calculated. The facial nerve electrophysiological differences were compared between ALS patients with bulbar involvement and patients with idiopathic facial nerve paralysis. The analysis of electrophysiological data across various groups was carried out utilizing the Kruskal-Wallis H test, while pairwise comparisons between groups were executed employing the Bonferroni correction method. Additionally, a stepwise binary Logistic regression analysis was implemented to ascertain the factors associated with facial muscle involvement in patients with bulbar-involved ALS. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of facial nerve electrophysiological testing in diagnosing ALS in the presence of symptoms of facial muscle involvement. Results:Among the 52 ALS patients with bulbar involvement, there were 20 cases (38.5%) with facial muscle involvements, all of which were bilateral; 16 patients (30.8%) exhibited weakness solely in the ability to puff their cheeks, 1 patient (1.9%) presented with weakness exclusively in closing the eyes, and 3 patients (5.8%) experienced weakness in both closing the eyes and puffing the cheeks. The Revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) score of the facial muscle involvement group was lower compared to the non-facial muscle involvement group (36.90±9.20 vs 40.75±5.21, t=2.419, P=0.019), while the FC score and CB score were higher in the facial muscle involvement group [FC score: 0(0, 1) vs 0(0, 0), U=5.854, P<0.001; CB score: 4(3, 4) vs 0(0, 0), U=9.069, P<0.001], showing statistically significant differences. There was no statistically significant difference in the CMAP amplitude of the orbicularis oculi muscle between the facial muscle involvement group and the healthy side of the idiopathic facial nerve paralysis group, the affected side of the idiopathic facial nerve paralysis group, and the non-facial muscle involvement group (all P>0.05). The CMAP amplitude of the orbicularis oris muscle in the facial muscle involvement group [1 100.00 (775.00, 1 375.00) μV] was lower than that in the healthy side of the idiopathic facial nerve paralysis group [1 800.00 (1 400.00, 2 300.00) μV] and the non-facial muscle involvement group [1 555.00 (1 202.50, 1 980.00) μV], with statistically significant differences ( H=5.884, P<0.001; H=4.114, P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the CMAP amplitude of the orbicularis oris muscle between the facial muscle involvement group and the affected side of the idiopathic facial nerve paralysis group ( P>0.05). The CMAP amplitude ratio of the orbicularis oculi/orbicularis oris muscles in the facial muscle involvement group [0.83(0.51, 1.14)] was higher than that in the healthy side of the idiopathic facial nerve paralysis group [0.55(0.39, 0.73)], the affected side of the idiopathic facial nerve paralysis group [0.57(0.40, 0.73)], and the non-facial muscle involvement group [0.60(0.42, 0.71)], with statistically significant differences ( H=-3.440, P=0.003; H=-3.433, P=0.004; H=-3.225, P=0.008). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the CMAP amplitude of orbicularis oris muscle ( OR=0.998,95% CI 0.997-0.999, P<0.001) and ALSFRS-R score ( OR=0.916,95% CI 0.857-0.979, P=0.010) were factors associated with facial muscle involvement in ALS patients with bulbar involvement. The ROC curve analysis results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the orbicularis oculi muscle CMAP was 0.629, the AUC of the orbicularis oris muscle CMAP was 0.838, and the AUC of the CMAP amplitude ratio of the orbicularis oculi/orbicularis oris muscles was 0.690 in the facial muscle involvement group. Conclusions:Patients with bulbar-involved ALS have split-face phenomenon characterized by strong eye closure and weak cheek bulging. When bulbar-involved ALS patients have symptoms of facial muscle involvement, the CMAP amplitude of the orbicularis oris muscle decreases significantly, whereas the CMAP amplitude of the orbicularis oculi muscle remains relatively stable, further illustrating the split phenomenon.

Phosgene is a highly reactive chemical substance and a prevalent chemical warfare agent,and it is vitally important for rapid and accurate detection of phosgene to counteract terrorist threats and industrial accidents.In this work,a phosgene probe,designated as SX-Pho,which incorporated benzimidazole and hydroxyl groups as recognition motifs,was prepared through Suzuki coupling and Debus-Radziszewski methodologies to incorporate an electron-donating carbazole moiety.This probe exhibited a large Stokes shift(Approximately 130 nm).Upon exposure to triphosgene/triethylamine conditions(in situ phosgene generation),the fluorescence emission of probe at 470 nm underwent significant quenching,with a 20-fold reduction in intensity,while the fluorescence lifetime decreased from 3.30 ns to 3.06 ns.Concentration titration experiments demonstrated that SX-Pho achieved a lower detection limit of 57.8 nmol/L with high specificity and interference resistance.Preton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(1H NMR),high-resolution mass spectrometry,and density functional theory(DFT)calculations confirmed the cyclization reaction between hydroxyl groups,imines,and phosgene.The extent of overlap between the highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO)and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)was notably decreased,leading to the suppression of radiative transitions.The energy gap underwent a reduction of 0.43 eV,while the non-radiative transition was augmented,resulting in fluorescence quenching and achieving rapid detection of phosgene.Based on this,probe-loaded test strips were prepared.The color change under 365 nm illumination allowed visual discrimination of phosgene at concentrations below 20 μL/L.Furthermore,using a smartphone's built-in RGB application to measure the intensity of the blue(B)channel after the test strips were exposed to phosgene enabled both qualitative and quantitative detection.The detection range was 1.82-50 μL/L,with a limit of detection(LOD)of 1.814 μL/L.

Background: The association of changes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) with cognitive function remains unclear. We explored this association using prospective and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. Methods: MetS components including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), waist circumference (WC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and triglycerides were measured at baseline and two follow-ups, constructing a MetS index. Immediate, delayed memory recall, and cognitive function along with its dimensions were assessed by immediate 10- word recall test (IWRT) and delayed 10-word recall test (DWRT), and mini-mental state examination (MMSE), respectively, at baseline and follow-ups. Linear mixed-effect model was used. Additionally, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of MetS was conducted and one-sample MR was performed to assess the causality between MetS and cognitive function. Results: Elevated MetS index was associated with decreasing annual change rates (decrease) in DWRT and MMSE scores, and with decreases in attention, calculation and recall dimensions. HDL-C was positively associated with an increase in DWRT scores, while SBP and FPG were negatively associated. HDL-C showed a positive association, whereas WC was negatively associated with increases in MMSE scores, including attention, calculation and recall dimensions. Interaction analysis indicated that the association of MetS index on cognitive decline was predominantly observed in low family income group. The GWAS of MetS identified some genetic variants. MR results showed a non-significant causality between MetS and decrease in DWRT, IWRT, nor MMSE scores. Conclusion Our study indicated a significant association of MetS and its components with declines in memory and cognitive function, especially in delayed memory recall.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the fastest growing cancers in the world, ranking fourth among the causes of cancer-induced death in the world. At present, the field of HCC treatment is developing rapidly, and immunotherapy has been recognized as a promising treatment method, in which T cells play a key role in HCC immunotherapy. However, in the case of virus infection or in tumor microenvironment (TME), T cells will be continuously stimulated by antigens and then fall into the state of T cell exhaustion (Tex). This state will not only reduce the immunity of patients but also lead to poor efficacy of immunotherapy. Therefore, to deeply analyze the mechanism of Tex and to explore effective strategies to reverse Tex is the key point in the immunotherapy for HCC. This review aims to summarize the mechanism of Tex in HCC patients, and the current situation and shortcomings of drug research and development to reverse Tex at this stage, in order to provide theoretical basis for the optimization of immunotherapy regimen for HCC patients.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy* ; Liver Neoplasms/therapy* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology* ; Tumor Microenvironment/immunology* ; Animals ; T-Cell Exhaustion

Male factors contribute to 50% of infertility cases, with 20%-30% of cases being solely attributed to male infertility. Helicase for meiosis 1 ( HFM1 ) plays a crucial role in ensuring proper crossover formation and synapsis of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, an essential process in gametogenesis. HFM1 gene mutations are associated with male infertility, particularly in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. However, the effects of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in HFM1 -related infertility cases remain inadequately explored. This study identified novel biallelic HFM1 variants through whole-exome sequencing (WES) in a Chinese patient with severe oligozoospermia, which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The pathogenicity of these variants was assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunoblotting, which revealed a significant reduction in HFM1 mRNA and protein levels in spermatozoa compared to those in a healthy control. Transmission electron microscopy revealed morphological abnormalities in sperm cells, including defects in the head and flagellum. Despite these abnormalities, ICSI treatment resulted in a favorable fertility outcome for the patient, indicating that assisted reproductive techniques (ART) can be effective in managing HFM1 -related male infertility. These findings offer valuable insights into the management of such cases.
Humans ; Male ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; Oligospermia/therapy* ; Adult ; Spermatozoa/ultrastructure* ; Exome Sequencing ; Mutation