ObjectiveTo provide a reference for the rational clinical use of cold Chinese medicines by sorting and analyzing their properties， flavors， meridian tropism， primary therapeutic indications， methods of administration， dosages， and precautions as recorded in the 2020 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China （Chinese Pharmacopoeia）. MethodsCold Chinese medicines for internal and external use included in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia were entered one by one， and their efficacy， properties， flavors， meridian tropism， methods of administration， dosages， and usage precautions were statistically classified and summarized to guide clinical medication use. ResultsA total of 259 cold Chinese medicines for internal use were included and categorized into 18 efficacy groups， mainly comprising heat-clearing drugs， water-excreting and dampness-draining drugs， and phlegm-resolving， cough- and asthma-relieving drugs. Their predominant flavors were bitter， sweet， and pungent， and they primarily entered the liver， lung， and stomach meridians. The main methods of administration included decocting first， grinding into powder for oral use， or preparing into pills or powders， with most dosages ranging from 9 to 15 g. A total of 83 cold Chinese medicines for external use were included， involving 16 efficacy categories. Their main flavors were bitter， sweet， and pungent， primarily entering the liver， lung， and large intestine meridians. The main external application methods were grinding into powder for topical use or preparing decoctions for fumigation and washing， with most dosages ranging from 9 to 15 g. Whether for internal or external use， cold Chinese medicines should be used with caution or contraindicated in pregnant women. ConclusionThe cold Chinese medicines included in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia are mainly suitable for patients with carbuncles， swellings， and coughs. However， in clinical practice， it is necessary to strictly follow the principles of syndrome differentiation and treatment， pay attention to administration methods and dosages， and use cold medicines rationally and effectively to improve clinical efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), a rare and recurrent autoinflammatory disease, imposes a substantial burden on patients and society. Awareness of GPP in China remains limited. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey, conducted between September 2021 and May 2023 across 14 hospitals in China, included GPP patients of all ages and disease phases. Data collected encompassed demographics, clinical characteristics, economic impact, disease severity, quality of life, and treatment-related complications. Risk factors for GPP recurrence were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 127 patients (female/male ratio = 1.35:1), the mean age of disease onset was 25 years (1st quartile [Q1]-3rd quartile [Q3]: 11-44 years); 29.2% had experienced GPP for more than 10 years. Recurrence occurred in 75.6% of patients, and nearly half reported no identifiable triggers. Younger age at disease onset ( P  = 0.021) and transitioning to plaque psoriasis ( P  = 0.022) were associated with higher recurrence rates. The median diagnostic delay was 8 months (Q1-Q3: 2-41 months), and 32.3% of patients reported misdiagnoses. Comorbidities were present in 53.5% of patients, whereas 51.1% experienced systemic complications during treatment. Depression and anxiety affected 84.5% and 95.6% of patients, respectively. During GPP flares, the median Dermatology Life Quality Index score was 19.0 (Q1-Q3: 13.0-23.5). This score showed significant differences between patients with and without systemic symptoms; it demonstrated correlations with both depression and anxiety scores. Treatment costs caused financial hardship in 55.9% of patients, underscoring the burden associated with GPP. CONCLUSIONS The substantial disease and economic burdens among Chinese GPP patients warrant increased attention. Patients with early onset disease and those transitioning to plaque psoriasis require targeted interventions to mitigate the high recurrence risk.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Psoriasis/pathology* ; Adult ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Adolescent ; Child ; Young Adult ; Quality of Life ; Middle Aged ; China/epidemiology* ; Recurrence ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; East Asian People

The cellular and molecular components of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and their information exchange processes significantly influence the trends of anti-tumor immunity. In recent years, numerous studies have begun to evaluate TIME in the context of previous cancer treatment strategies. This review will systematically summarize the compositional characteristics of TIME and, based on this foundation, explore the impact of current cancer therapies on the remodeling of TIME, aiming to provide new insights for the development of innovative immune combination therapies that can convert TIME into an anti-tumor profile.
Tumor Microenvironment/immunology* ; Humans ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Animals

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical significance of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in response evaluation and relapse monitoring for patients with primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL). METHODS: The clinical characteristics, efficacy and survival of 38 PMBCL patients in our hospital from January 2010 to April 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The ctDNA monitoring was conducted by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). RESULTS: Among the 38 patients, 26 cases were female, and 32 cases were diagnosed with Ann Arbor stage I-II. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate and progression-free survival (PFS) rate were 74.7% and 61.7%, respectively. Males and those with high aaIPI scores (3 points) had a relatively poor prognosis. The NGS results of 23 patients showed that STAT6 (65.2%), SOCS1 (56.5%), and TNFAIP3 (56.5%) were the most common mutated genes. Patients with stable disease (SD)/progressive disease (PD) exhibited enrichment in cell cycle, FoxO, and TNF signaling pathways. A total of 29 patients underwent end-of-treatment PET/CT (EOT PET/CT), and 16 of them received ctDNA monitoring with 12 negative. Among 6 patients with EOT PET/CT positive (Deauville 4), 4 underwent ctDNA monitoring, and 3 of them were negative, being still in continuous remission without any subsequent anti-tumor therapy. CONCLUSION CtDNA may be combined with PET/CT to assess efficacy, monitor relapse, and guide treatment of PMBCL.
Humans ; Circulating Tumor DNA/blood* ; Female ; Mediastinal Neoplasms ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Prognosis ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics* ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Mutation

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active moiety of both mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), serves as a primary immunosuppressant for maintaining solid organ transplants. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) enhances treatment outcomes through tailored approaches. This study aimed to develop an evidence-based guideline for MPA TDM, facilitating its rational application in clinical settings. The guideline plan was drawn from the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Using the Delphi method, clinical questions and outcome indicators were generated. Systematic reviews, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence quality evaluations, expert opinions, and patient values guided evidence-based suggestions for the guideline. External reviews further refined the recommendations. The guideline for the TDM of MPA (IPGRP-2020CN099) consists of four sections and 16 recommendations encompassing target populations, monitoring strategies, dosage regimens, and influencing factors. High-risk populations, timing of TDM, area under the curve (AUC) versus trough concentration (C₀), target concentration ranges, monitoring frequency, and analytical methods are addressed. Formulation-specific recommendations, initial dosage regimens, populations with unique considerations, pharmacokinetic-informed dosing, body weight factors, pharmacogenetics, and drug‍-‍drug interactions are covered. The evidence-based guideline offers a comprehensive recommendation for solid organ transplant recipients undergoing MPA therapy, promoting standardization of MPA TDM, and enhancing treatment efficacy and safety.
Mycophenolic Acid/administration & dosage* ; Drug Monitoring/methods* ; Humans ; Organ Transplantation ; Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage* ; Delphi Technique

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury （CIRI） has a very high incidence， disability， and mortality rates， which seriously affects human life and health. In recent years， modern medicine has made some progress in the diagnosis and treatment of CIRI， but there are still problems such as difficulties in postoperative rehabilitation and adverse drug reactions， and new therapeutic drugs for CIRI are urgently needed. As an important class of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine， flavonoids can play antioxidant， apoptosis inhibition， anti-inflammatory， and other pharmacological effects to improve brain tissue damage， which is important for improving the quality of life of CIRI patients and slowing down the aging of the social population. Numerous studies have found that flavonoids in traditional Chinese medicine can regulate cell surface receptors Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappaB （TLR4/NF-κB）， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt）， adenylate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin protein （AMPK/mTOR）， Ras homologous gene family member A/Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinase （RhoA/ROCK）， nuclear factor E₂-associated factor 2/Kelch-like epoxychloropropane-associated protein-1/haemoglobin oxygenase 1 （Nrf2/Keap1/ HO-1）， Notch， and other signaling pathways， so as to regulate the transcription and expression of related proteins after CIRI， alleviate brain tissue injury， and improve CIRI. This paper analyzed the relevant literature in China and abroad in recent years， reviewed the mechanism of action and related pathways of flavonoids in traditional Chinese medicine to improve CIRI， and explored the new therapeutic direction of CIRI at the metabolic level， with a view to providing a basis for the further development and application of flavonoids in traditional Chinese medicine.

: To explore the relationship between metal exposure level and blood pressure, so as to provide a scientific basis for verifying the relationship between metal exposure and elevated blood pressure among primary school students. Methods: In July 2022, a total of 555 students of second to sixth grade were selected by cluster random sampling method from two primary schools in Zhuxi County, Shiyan City, Hubei Province. A questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain the socio demographic characteristics and living habits of the participants. The height, weight, body mass index(BMI) and blood pressure were obtained by physical examination. At the same time, the urine of the subjects was collected, and the metal mass fraction in urine was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The relationship between metal mass fraction in urine and blood pressure was analyzed by generalized linear regression. Results: The detection rate of elevated blood pressure in primary school students was 15.86% , and there was a statistically significant difference in the detection rate of elevated blood pressure among obese primary school students (yes:37.25%,no:13.69%, χ 2=19.28, P <0.01).There were statistically significant differences in BMI[15.80( 14.69 ， 17.92 )，17.87(15.49，20.89)kg/m 2] between the non elevated blood pressure group and the elevated blood pressure group of elementary school students ( Z =-4.67, P <0.01). The geometric mean mass fraction of zinc in urine was the highest ( 6 942.86 μg/g), titanium was the lowest (2.20 μg/g). Zinc and lead were positively correlated with elevated systolic blood pressure( β = 0.054 , 0.014), zinc and cadmium were positively correlated with elevated diastolic blood pressure ( β =0.038,0.029) ( P <0.05). Conclusions Metal zinc, lead and cadmium concentration are associated with elevated blood pressure. It is necessary to intervene and control the exposure of zinc, lead and cadmium in the environment to promote the blood pressure health of primary school students.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the MSCT and MRI imaging manifestations of patients with duplication of the internal auditory canal(DIAC),improve understanding of the deformity,to provide preoperative basis for cochlear implantation.METHODS Retrospective observation of 20 cases(24 ears)of DIAC inner ear multi-spiral CT(MSCT)and MRI data,measurement and analysis of the width of the internal auditory canal(IAC)and cochlear nerve canal in the lesion group and the control group.RESULTS All DIACs had stenosis of the IAC cambined with other temporal bone malformations.MSCT shows that the 21 ears IAC,while MRI hydrography shows the 16 ears IAC divided into double tubes by bone.MRI hydrography shows a slender vestibulocochlear nerve.There were statistically significant differences(P<0.001)in the width of IAC and cochlear nerve canal between the lesion group and the control group.Six cases(8 ears)had varying degrees of hearing recovery after cochlear implant surgery.CONCLUSION DIAC shows stenosis of the IAC;The bone septa shown on MSCT are its characteristic fertures;MRI hydrography shows underdeveloped vestibular and cochlear nerves;The combination of two imaging examination methods can provide objective reference for the diagnosis of this disease and artificial auditory implantation.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Shentong Zhuyu Granules on rheumatoid arthritis(RA)rats.Methods There were 12 rats randomly selected from 60 rats as the normal group,and the remaining 48 rats were gaven two immunization in the simulated environment of'wind,cold and dampness'to construct the RA model.All 48 successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into model group,Shentong Zhuyu Granules high-,medium-and low-dose groups,with 12 rats in each group.All the groups were given corresponding administration for 21 days.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to observe and score the histopathology of synovial membrane of ankle joint in rats after administration.The swelling degree of bilateral ankle joints and feet of rats was compared before and after administration.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect the contents of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6 and interferon(IFN)-γ in ankle joint synovial tissue of rats after administration.The protein expressions of Janus kinase(JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)pathway in synovial tissues of rats were detected by Western Blot.Results Compared with the normal group,the synovial membrane of the rats in the model group proliferated,the structure of chondrocytes was disordered,and a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated in the cartilage cavity,the scores of inflammatory cell infiltration and bone destruction were significantly increased(P＜0.05),the swelling degree of bilateral ankle joints and feet was increased(P＜0.05),the contents of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 and IFN-γ in the synovial tissue,and the protein expression levels of JAK1,STAT3,phosphorylated STAT3(p-STAT3),STAT5 and phosphorylated STAT5(p-STAT5)were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the above indexes in the high-,medium-and low-dose groups of Shentong Zhuyu Granules were significantly improved(P＜0.05).Conclusion Shentong Zhuyu Granules can effectively improve RA in rats,and its mechanism is related to the inhibition of inflammatory factors and the activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway.

Inflammation-to-tumor transition is one of the important mechanisms by which the cervical high-risk human papillomavirus(HR-HPV)infection develops into cervical cancer.Persistent cervical HR-HPV infection is an important cause of cervical cancer,and the focal uncontrolled inflammatory microenvironment caused by persistent cervical HR-HPV infection is the underlying mechanism of cervical cancer.The macroscopic and microscopic pathological process of inflammation-to-tumor transition is consistent with the pathogenesis evolution of damp-heat accumulation resulting into toxin in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM):the accumulation of damp-heat is the driving factor of inflammation-to-tumor transition,long-term retention of damp-heat leading to spleen deficiency and liver depression contributes to the characteristics of pathogenesis evolution,and long-term retention of damp-heat toxin causes the disorder of liver and spleen and then blood stasis accumulates in the cervical orifice,which eventually becomes cancer toxin.The process of inflammation-to-tumor transition caused by persistent cervical HR-HPV infection is due to the pathological factors of damp,heat,deficiency and toxin in TCM.Therefore,the regulation of inflammatory microenvironment caused by persistent cervical HR-HPV infection is the key approach to the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.For the treatment of cervical cancer,methods of clearing heat and drying dampness,strengthening the spleen and soothing the liver are the key therapies.By intervention with the proper pathogen-eliminating methods and with simultaneous regulation of the interior and exterior,the process of inflammation-to-tumor transition can be interrupted.The exploration of inflammation-to-tumor transition caused by persistent cervical HR-HPV infection from the perspective of damp-heat accumulation resulting into toxin will provide thoughts for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer with TCM and for Chinese medicine in intervening inflammation-to-tumor transition.