Prostate cancer (PCa) ranks as the second most prevalent malignancy among men worldwide. Early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and prognosis prediction of PCa play a crucial role in improving patients' survival rates. The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly the utilization of deep learning (DL) algorithms, has brought about substantial progress in assisting the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis prediction of PCa. The introduction of the foundation model has revolutionized the application of AI in medical treatment and facilitated its integration into clinical practice. This review emphasizes the clinical application of AI in PCa by discussing recent advancements from both pathological and imaging perspectives. Furthermore, it explores the current challenges faced by AI in clinical applications while also considering future developments, aiming to provide a valuable point of reference for the integration of AI and clinical applications.
Humans ; Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Male ; Artificial Intelligence ; Deep Learning ; Prognosis

BACKGROUND: While emotional distress, encompassing anxiety and depression, has been associated with negative clinical outcomes, its impact across various clinical departments and general hospitals has been less explored. Previous studies with limited sample sizes have examined the effectiveness of specific treatments (e.g., antidepressants) rather than a systemic management strategy for outcome improvement in non-psychiatric inpatients. To enhance the understanding of the importance of addressing mental health care needs among non-psychiatric patients in general hospitals, this study retrospectively investigated the impacts of emotional distress and the effects of early detection and management of depression and anxiety on hospital length of stay (LOS) and rate of long LOS (LLOS, i.e., LOS >30 days) in a large sample of non-psychiatric inpatients. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 487,871 inpatients from 20 non-psychiatric departments of a general hospital. They were divided, according to whether they underwent a novel strategy to manage emotional distress which deployed the Huaxi Emotional Distress Index (HEI) for brief screening with grading psychological services (BS-GPS), into BS-GPS ( n = 178,883) and non-BS-GPS ( n = 308,988) cohorts. The LOS and rate of LLOS between the BS-GPS and non-BS-GPS cohorts and between subcohorts with and without clinically significant anxiety and/or depression (CSAD, i.e., HEI score ≥11 on admission to the hospital) in the BS-GPS cohort were compared using univariable analyses, multilevel analyses, and/or propensity score-matched analyses, respectively. RESULTS: The detection rate of CSAD in the BS-GPS cohort varied from 2.64% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.49%-2.81%) to 20.50% (95% CI: 19.43%-21.62%) across the 20 departments, with a average rate of 5.36%. Significant differences were observed in both the LOS and LLOS rates between the subcohorts with CSAD (12.7 days, 535/9590) and without CSAD (9.5 days, 3800/169,293) and between the BS-GPS (9.6 days, 4335/178,883) and non-BS-GPS (10.8 days, 11,483/308,988) cohorts. These differences remained significant after controlling for confounders using propensity score-matched comparisons. A multilevel analysis indicated that BS-GPS was negatively associated with both LOS and LLOS after controlling for sociodemographics and the departments of patient discharge and remained negatively associated with LLOS after controlling additionally for the year of patient discharge. CONCLUSION Emotional distress significantly prolonged the LOS and increased the LLOS of non-psychiatric inpatients across most departments and general hospitals. These impacts were moderated by the implementation of BS-GPS. Thus, BS-GPS has the potential as an effective, resource-saving strategy for enhancing mental health care and optimizing medical resources in general hospitals.
Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data* ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Psychological Distress ; Inpatients/psychology* ; Aged ; Anxiety/diagnosis* ; Depression/diagnosis*

Objective:To investigate the difference of condylar bone density,volume and surface area in adult female patients with different vertical skeletal features of skeletal Class Ⅱ.Methods:This study was a retrospective case-control study.150 female patients aged 18-30 years were included as the subjects.Lateral cephalic radiographs were measured and the cases with high angle,average an-gle and low angle of skeletal Class Ⅱ were included and respectively grouped(n=50),the CBCT images were collected,the condyles were reconstructed by Mimics Reseach 20.0 software,the bone density,volume and surface area of the condyles were measured.Univa-riate analysis of variance(ANOVA)was used to compare the difference of condyle measurements among the 3 groups.Results:The overall difference of condylar bone density,volume and surface area among the 3 groups were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Pair-wise comparison showed that the condyle bone mineral density in high angle group was lower than that in average angle group(P＜0.05),in average angle group was lower than that in low angle group(P＜0.05),in high angle group was lower than that in low angle group(P＜0.001).Condyle volume and surface area in high angle group were lower than those in low angle group(P＜0.05),in aver-age angle group was lower than those in low angle group(P＜0.001),in high angle group was lower than those in average angle group(P＞0.05).Conclusion:The condyle bone density,volume and surface area of the different vertical skeletal features of skeletal class Ⅱ in adult female patients are different.

A new method was developed for simultaneous detection of total 19 kinds of organophosphate esters(OPEs)and their diester metabolites(di-OPEs)in human serum(1.0 mL)and urine(1.5 mL)with low volume of samples.The target compounds were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)after acetonitrile liquid-liquid extraction combined with purification using an ENVI-18 solid-phase extraction(SPE)column.OPEs and di-OPEs were separated using a Shim-pack GIST C18 column(100 mm×2.1 mm,2 μm)with a Shim-pack GIST-HP(G)C18 guard column.An electrospray ionization source(ESI)was employed in mass spectrometry analysis,with positive/negative ion mode using the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM).All target compounds were separated within 15 min,and exhibited good linear relationships in the concentration range of 2-100 ng/mL,with correlation coefficients(R2)above 0.994.The method detection limits(MDL)in serum ranged from 0.001 to 0.178 ng/mL and the MDL in urine ranged from 0.001 to 0.119 ng/mL.The recoveries of the analytes spiked in serum and urine matrices at two concentration levels were 30.5%-126.8%,with the relative standard deviations(RSDs)ranged from 1%to 23%.In addition,paired serum and urine samples from 11 patients were analyzed.For all samples tested,the internal standards of OPEs exhibited recoveries between 61%and 114%,whereas the internal standards for di-OPEs had recoveries ranging from 43%to 103%.OPEs and di-OPEs exhibited high detection frequencies in 22 serum and urine samples.Triethyl phosphate(TEP),tributyl phosphate(TBP),tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate(TEHP),tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate(TBEP),tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate(TCIPP),triphenyl phosphate(TPHP),tri-m-tolyl-phosphate(TMTP)and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate(EHDPP)were universally detected in all serum samples.TCIPP was identified at the highest concentrations(median 0.548 ng/mL)in serum samples.In urine samples,the detection frequency for 12 kinds of target compounds reached 100%.Notably,TBP emerged as the predominant OPE in urine,demonstrating a median concentration of 0.506 ng/mL.Regarding di-OPEs,bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(BCEP)and bis(2-butoxyethyl)hydrogen phosphate(BBOEP)were the most abundant in urine,with median concentrations of 6.404 and 2.136 ng/mL,respectively.The total concentrations of OPEs and di-OPEs in serum and urine were 1.580-3.843 ng/mL and 5.149-17.537 ng/mL,respectively.These results not only confirmed the effectiveness of the method in detection of OPEs and di-OPEs in biological matrices,but also revealed the widespread presence of OPE compounds in human body and pointed to potential exposure risks.

OBJECTIVE To establish high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） fingerprint of Xiaohe syrup and determine the contents of 10 effective ingredients in them. METHODS With 12 batches of Xiaohe syrup as samples， ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） was adopted with Athena C18 （250 mm×4.6 mm， 5 μm） as the chromatographic column， acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution as mobile phase for gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min， and the detection wavelength was 210 nm. Similarity Evaluation System for Traditional Chinese Medicine Chromatographic Fingerprint （2012A version） was imported to establish the fingerprint of Xiaohe syrup and evaluate the similarity. The content determination was performed on ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18（ 100 mm×2.1 mm， 1.7 μm） chromatographic column， with 0.01% formic acid acetonitrile-0.01% formic acid water as mobile phase for gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min； combined with high-resolution mass spectrometer， positive and negative ions were scanned with an electric spray ion source to determine the content of each main component in 12 batches of Xiaohe syrup. RESULTS A total of 33 common peaks were calibrated in 12 batches of samples， with similarities greater than 0.97； 10 chromatographic peaks were confirmed， namely flavonoid glycosides， paeoniflorin， ferulic acid， naringin， rosmarinic acid， neohesperidin， salvianolic acid B， tetrahydropalmatine， saikosaponin A， and saikosaponin D. The results of content determination showed that the above 10 components had good linear relationships within their respective mass concentration ranges （all R 2＞0.999）， with contents ranging from 0.35 to 0.64， 3.15 to 5.61， 0.11 to 0.17， 1.68 to 3.17， 1.59 to 1.90， 1.15 to 1.64， 0.78 to 1.48， 0.11 to 0.26， 0.06 to 0.13， and 0.33 to 0.61 mg/mL， respectively. CONCLUSIONS The main components of 12 batches of Xiaohe syrup are similar， but the contents vary； HPLC fingerprint and UPLC-MS/MS content determination method established in this study can be used for comprehensive quality evaluation of Xiaohe syrup.

Objective:To analyze the release and distribution characteristics of Chinese medical insurance payment policies,and to provide reference for future policy formulation in the field of medical insurance payment construction.Methods: Content analysis method was used to construct a two-dimensional framework of "policy goals-policy tools",and text analysis was carried out according to 63 policy documents.Results: A total of 493 policy codes were completed.From the perspective of policy goals,the policy objectives of Chinese medical insurance payment mainly focused on three aspects: improving the payment level,optimizing the medical insurance environment,and standardizing the supervision regulations.From the perspective of policy tools,environmental policy tools are the most used policy tools,followed by supply and demand tools.There is a shortage of financial input and talent training in all policy objectives,so more attention should be paid to demonstration and Category of payment.Conclusion: Our country puts forth effort to build a perfect medical insurance payment system,but should further strengthen policy content supplement,optimize the structure of policy tools,and give full play to the payment ability of medical insurance when pulling the demand of medical insurance payment and driving the supply of medical insurance payment.

Objective To explore the effect of Polysaccharides of Panax notoginseng(PPN)on anti-exercise fatigue in mice.Methods One hundred male KM mice were randomly divided into negative control group,positive control group and experimental-L,-M,-H groups,with 20 cases per group.Experimental-L,-M,-H groups was given 100,200,400 mg·kg-1 PPN,respectively;positive control group was given 200 mg·kg-1 vitamin C;negative control group was given 0.1 mL·10 g-1 0.9％NaCl.Five groups were gavaged once a day for 28 days.After the last administration,the loaded swimming time was measured;after 90 minutes of the unloaded swimming test,the mice were allowed to rest for 30 minutes,the levels of lactic acid(LD),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),glycogen,and malondialdehyde(MDA)were measured,the safety of PPN with organ indices and histopathology.Results LD levels in negative control group,positive control group and experimental-L,-M,-Hgroupswere(4.76±0.84),(2.86±0.34),(3.00±0.69),(2.35±0.65)and(1.39±0.48)mg·kg-1;BUN contents were(13.65±1.25),(12.55±0.91),(12.12±1.24),(11.06±1.30)and(9.85±1.05)mmol·L-1;liver glycogen contents were(3.24±0.56),(11.11±2.16),(5.61±1.41),(6.60±1.49)and(12.05±2.25)mg·g-1;MDA levels were(2.36±0.21),(1.23±0.41),(1.93±0.23),(1.73±0.21)and(1.04±0.18)mg prot·mL-1.Compared with negative control group,the differences of above indexes in the positive control group and experimental-L,-M,-H groups were statistically significant(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.001).Conclusion PPN can increase exercise endurance in mice and has an anti-fatigue effect.This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of PPN in the field of anti-fatigue research.

Objective To study the antioxidant activity and organ protection of different components of Panax notoginseng polysaccharide(PNPS)in D-galactose-induced oxidative damage aging model mice.Methods KM mice were randomly divided into normal group,model group,vitamin C(VC)group(given 200 mg·kg-1 VC),crude polysaccharide from Panax notoginseng(CPPN)group,neutral polysaccharide from Panax notoginseng(NPPN)group and acidic polysaccharide from Panax notoginseng(APPN-Ⅰ,APPN-Ⅱ,APPN-Ⅲ)group(given 400 mg·kg-1 CPPN,NPPN,APPN-Ⅰ,APPN-Ⅱ,APPN-Ⅲ,respectively).Except for the normal group,oxidative injury aging mouse models were established by intraperitoneal injection of 1 g·kg-1 D-galactose.The mice were sacrificed after continuous administration for 42 days,and serum and liver homogenate were prepared.Malondialdehyde(MDA)was determined by thiobarbituric acid method;superoxide dismutase(SOD)was determined by tetrazole salt method;glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)was determined by double antibody sandwich method.Results Serum SOD in the normal group,model group,VC group,CPPN group,NPPN group and APPN-Ⅰ,APPN-Ⅱ,APPN-Ⅲ groups were(15.07±0.69),(12.79±1.51),(15.56±1.01),(13.69±0.96),(14.27±0.64),(14.31±0.99),(14.18±0.79)and(15.85±0.89)U·mL-1;serum GSH-Px were(105.35±4.97),(90.36±4.31),(111.51±7.00),(113.03±8.06),(118.77±5.19),(123.60±8.08),(131.65±3.60)and(149.22±13.32)ng·L-1;serum MDA were(1.72±0.26),(4.16±0.92),(2.26±0.59),(2.82±0.47),(2.46±0.50),(1.98±0.41),(2.39±0.39)and(2.07±0.24)nmol·mL-1;the liver SOD were(234.22±3.84),(205.04±7.28),(234.63±6.37),(214.99±17.66),(234.13±3.63),(234.63±3.44),(233.87±5.63)and(235.42±2.33)U·mgprot-1;liver GSH-Px were(274.27±23.72),(207.00±15.22),(257.68±16.39),(249.79±18.78),(252.62±10.92),(256.25±21.83),(261.20±17.52)and(263.16±17.98)ng·L-1;liver MDA were(35.70±3.52),(49.65±6.32),(36.15±2.48),(39.17±4.29),(37.40±6.19),(35.34±4.06)and(35.90±5.36),(33.31±7.64)nmol·mgprot-1.Compared with the normal group,SOD,GSH-Px in serum and liver of mice in the model group were significantly reduced,and the content of MDA was significantly increased(all P＜0.01).After treatment with different components of Panax notoginseng polysaccharide,the oxidative indicators in mice were significantly improved,among which APPN-Ⅲ have the best antioxidant activity,which could significantly increase the activities of SOD,GSH-Px in serum and liver,and reduce the content of MDA(all P＜0.01).Conclusion Different components of Panax notoginseng polysaccharide have antioxidant activity and organ protection in vivo,among which APPN-Ⅲ has the best antioxidant activity and has a good organ protection effect.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children in Jiangsu Province from 2014 to 2023.Methods:The acute respiratory infection cases in children aged 0-14 years were selected from outpatient/emergency or inpatient departments in 2 surveillance sentinel hospitals, respectively, in Nanjing, Suzhou and Taizhou of Jiangsu from 1 July 2014 to 31 December 2023, and RSV nucleic acid test was conducted and the intensity of the RSV infection was accessed by WHO influenza epidemiological threshold method, and case information and clinical data were collected. χ2 test was used to compare the differences between groups, and the Bonferroni method was used for pairwise comparisons between groups. Results:In 4 946 cases of acute respiratory infections, the RSV positive rate was 8.21% (406/4 946), and the age M( Q1, Q3) of the cases was 1 (0, 3) years. The RSV positive rate was 10.92% (258/2 362) during 2014-2019 and 6.06% (118/1 948) during 2019-2023, the difference was significant ( χ2=31.74, P<0.001). RSV infection mainly occurred from October to March during 2014-2019, with the incidence peak in December and moderate or higher intensity. The seasonality of RSV infection was not obvious during 2019-2023, with low intensity. The RSV positive rate was highest in children in age group 0- years (17.85%, 151/846), and the positive rate declined gradually with age ( χ2=184.51, P<0.001). The RSV positive rate was higher in inpatient cases (9.84%, 244/2 480) than in outpatient/emergency cases (6.57%, 162/2 466) ( χ2=17.54, P<0.001). In the 155 RSV infection cases with complete clinical data, the clinical symptoms mainly included cough (99.35%, 154/155), fever (55.48%, 86/155), and shortness of breath (45.16%, 70/155). In the cases aged <6 months, the proportion of those with fever was low, but the proportion of those with shortness of breath, transferred to intensive care units, and receiving oxygen therapy were higher (all P<0.05). Children aged <6 months and those with underlying diseases were more likely to have severe RSV infection (all P<0.05). Conclusions:RSV infection in children in Jiangsu Province showed seasonal prevalence in winter from 2014 to 2019. Since 2020, the seasonal characteristics of the epidemic have changed, the epidemic period has been dispersed and the epidemic intensity has decreased. Infants <1 year old were at high risk for RSV infection, and those <6 months old and with underlying diseases might have severe infection.