Objective: This study aimed to develop a reliable and valid Mixed State Severity Index (MSSI) to assess mood instability in patients with mood disorders and determine cutoff scores. Methods: Twenty-one items were selected based on Koukopoulos’ criteria for mixed depressive episode, historically referred to as agitated depression, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision mixed features criteria. The MSSI was administered to 242 patients (major depressive disorder [n=92], bipolar disorder [BD] I [n=78], and BD II [n=72]) and 726 controls. Results: The MSSI demonstrated high internal consistency (α=0.78–0.90). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a stable four-factor structure. Based on receiver operating characteristic analysis, optimal cutoff scores were identified to distinguish mood disorder groups from controls, ranging from 19.5 to 27.5 depending on diagnosis. Conclusion The MSSI is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the severity of mixed features in patients with mood disorders. The established cutoff scores enhance its clinical utility, providing robust diagnosis and treatment planning support.

Matching for the rhesus (Rh) blood group is currently not taken into account in the organ allocation system. However, in Rh-mismatched transplantation, the primary concern is the potential for RhD-negative recipients to develop sensitization and produce anti-D antibodies if they receive a transfusion of RhD-positive blood. It is estimated that over 80% of RhD-negative recipients may experience Rh allosensitization when exposed to RhD-positive blood, although this occurrence is less common in recipients of solid organs. In theory, RhD-negative recipients who receive organs from RhD-positive donors are at risk of alloimmunization and the production of anti-D antibodies, which could complicate future blood product transfusions. However, our understanding of the impact of donor-recipient Rh mismatch on transplant outcomes, particularly in heart transplantation, is limited. We report a case of successful Rh-mismatched heart transplantation, which was effectively managed through the use of preoperative RhD immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis.

A 3-year-old boy with Glenn physiology exhibited refractory heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. To improve the patient’s oxygen saturation, he underwent ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation with concomitant Fontan completion. The extracardiac conduit Fontan operation was performed with a 4-mm fenestration. For VAD implantation, Berlin Heart cannulas were positioned at the left ventricular apex and the neo-aorta. Following weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, a temporary continuous-flow VAD, equipped with an oxygenator, was utilized for support. After a stabilization period of 1 week, the continuous-flow VAD was replaced with a durable pulsatile-flow device. Following 3 months of support, the patient underwent transplantation without complications.The completion of the Fontan procedure at the time of VAD implantation, along with the use of a temporary continuous-flow device with an oxygenator, may aid in stabilizing postoperative hemodynamics. This approach could contribute to a safe transition to a durable pulsatile VAD in patients with Glenn physiology.

Background: Over the last decade, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use in critically ill children has increased and is associated with favorable outcomes. Our study aims to evaluate the current status of pediatric ECMO in Korea, with a specific focus on its volume and changes in survival rates based on diagnostic indications. Methods: This multicenter study retrospectively analyzed the indications and outcomes of pediatric ECMO over 10 years in patients at 14 hospitals in Korea from January 2012 to December 2021. Four diagnostic categories (neonatal respiratory, pediatric respiratory, postcardiotomy, and cardiac-medical) and trends were compared between periods 1 (2012–2016) and 2 (2017–2021). Results: Overall, 1065 ECMO runs were performed on 1032 patients, with the annual number of cases remaining unchanged over the 10 years. ECMO was most frequently used for post-cardiotomy (42.4%), cardiac-medical (31.8%), pediatric respiratory (17.5%), and neonatal respiratory (8.2%) cases. A 3.7% increase and 6.1% decrease in pediatric respiratory and post-cardiotomy cases, respectively, were noted between periods 1 and 2.Among the four groups, the cardiac-medical group had the highest survival rate (51.2%), followed by the pediatric respiratory (46.4%), post-cardiotomy (36.5%), and neonatal respiratory (29.4%) groups. A consistent improvement was noted in patient survival over the 10 years, with a significant increase between the two periods from 38.2% to 47.1% (P = 0.004). Improvement in survival was evident in post-cardiotomy cases (30–45%, P = 0.002).Significant associations with mortality were observed in neonates, patients requiring dialysis, and those treated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (P < 0.001). In pediatric respiratory ECMO, immunocompromised patients also showed a significant correlation with mortality (P < 0.001). Conclusion Pediatric ECMO demonstrated a steady increase in overall survival in Korea;however, further efforts are needed since the outcomes remain suboptimal compared with global outcomes.

Background: Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB), a traditional medicinal herb, has been reported to have pharmacological effect including protection against liver, neuron and kidney toxicity. However, explanation of its underlying mecha‑ nisms remains a great challenge. This study investigated the protective effects of GEB extract on vancomycin (VAN)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and underlying mechanisms with emphasis on the anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflam‑ mation and anti-apoptosis. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided three groups: control (CON) group, VAN group and GEB group with duration of 14 days. Results: The kidney weight and the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in the GEB group were lower than the VAN group. Histological analysis using hematoxylin & eosin and periodic acid Schiff staining revealed pathological changes of the VAN group. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the expression levels of N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, myeloperoxidase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the GEB group were decreased when compared with the VAN group. The number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells, phosphohistone and malondialdehyde levels were lower in the GEB group than VAN group.The levels of total glutathione in the GEB group were higher than the VAN group. Conclusions The findings of this study suggested that GEB extract prevents VAN-induced renal tissue damage through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis.

Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) have been widely used to provide real-world evidence. Due to the nature of claims data, researchers use operational definitions to define patients with specific diseases. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the operational definitions of liver cancer used in studies based on the NHIS database and to suggest the most appropriate operational definition. Literature search was completed on January 6, 2021, using PubMed and KoreaMed.We applied the most frequently used operational definitions of liver cancer to the NHIS–National Sample Cohort and calculated age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of liver cancer by year. The ASRs using each operational definition were compared with the ASR from the Korea Central Cancer (KCCR) data. Among 236 articles, 90 were selected for review, covering histologically various kinds of liver cancer and varied by study subjects. Most studies (n = 79) did not mention whether the codes for the operational definition were from only the main diagnosis or from both the main and sub-diagnosis. The most frequently used operational definition was C22 (n = 39); however, the most similar operational definition was the ASR using “C22.0 or C22.9” for men and “C22.0” for women as the main diagnosis to the ASR from the KCCR. Based on the comparison with KCCR data, we suggest using “C22.0 or C22.9” for men and “C22.0” for women as the main diagnosis for the operational definition of liver cancer when using the NHIS data.

Objectives: We reviewed the operational definitions of colorectal cancer (CRC) from studies using the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and compared CRC incidence derived from the commonly used operational definitions in the literature with the statistics reported by the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR). Methods: We searched the MEDLINE and KoreaMed databases to identify studies containing operational definitions of CRC, published until January 15, 2021. All pertinent data concerning the study period, the utilized database, and the outcome variable were extracted. Within the NHIS-National Sample Cohort, age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) of CRC were calculated for each operational definition found in the literature between 2005 and 2019. These rates were then compared with ASRs from the KCCR. Results: From the 62 eligible studies, 9 operational definitions for CRC were identified. The most commonly used operational definition was “C18-C20” (n=20), followed by “C18-C20 with claim code for treatment” (n=3) and “C18-C20 with V193 (code for registered cancer patients’ payment deduction)” (n=3). The ASRs reported using these operational definitions were lower than the ASRs from KCCR, except for “C18-C20 used as the main diagnosis.” The smallest difference in ASRs was observed for “C18-C20,” followed by “C18- C20 with V193,” and “C18-C20 with claim code for hospitalization or code for treatment.” Conclusions In defining CRC patients utilizing the NHIS database, the ASR derived through the operational definition of “C18-C20 as the main diagnosis” was comparable to the ASR from the KCCR. Depending on the study hypothesis, operational definitions using treatment codes may be utilized.

Treatment options for children with end-stage heart failure are limited. We report the first case of a successful pediatric heart transplantation bridged with a durable left ventricular assist device in Korea. A 10-month-old female infant with dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction was listed for heart transplantation. During the waiting period, the patient’s status deteriorated. Therefore, we decided to provide support with a durable left ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplantation. The patient was successfully bridged to heart transplantation with effective support and without any major adverse events.

Background: Chylothorax after congenital heart surgery is not an uncommon complication, and it is associated with significant morbidity. However, consensus treatment guidelines are lacking. To improve the treatment outcomes of patients with postoperative chylothorax, we implemented a standardized management protocol at Severance Hospital in September 2014. Methods: A retrospective review of patients treated at a single center was done. All corrective and palliative operations for congenital heart disease performed at our institution between January 2008 and April 2018 were reviewed. The incidence and treatment outcomes of postoperative chylothorax were analyzed. Results: The incidence of chylothorax was 1.9%. Sixty-one percent of the patients could be managed with a low-fat diet, while 28% of the patients required complete restriction of enteral feeding. Thoracic duct embolization was performed in 2 patients and chest tube drainage decreased immediately after the procedure. No patient required thoracic duct ligation or pleurodesis. After implementation of the institutional management protocol, the number of chest tube drainage days decreased (median, 24 vs. 14 days; p=0.45). Conclusion Implementing a strategy to reduce postoperative chylothorax resulted in an acceptable incidence of postoperative chylothorax. Instituting a clinical practice protocol helped to curtail the treatment duration and to decrease the requirement for surgical treatment. Image-guided embolization of the thoracic duct is an effective treatment for postoperative chylothorax.