Background: Emergency living donor liver transplantation (e-LDLT) is crucial for patients experiencing acute liver failure, acute-on-chronic liver failure, or severe, life-threatening cirrhosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors that affect the death rate of patients who are waiting for e-LDLT by analyzing data on the Korean Network for Organ Sharing (KONOS). Methods: A retrospective examination of KONOS data was performed, encompassing consecutive e-LDLT applications from 2017 to 2021. Exclusions were made for pediatric patients. The data were classified into two distinct groups. Patients who died before getting e-LDLT were classified as Group 1 (n=38), while patients who spontaneously recovered without liver transplantation, non-emergency LDLT, or deceased donor liver transplantation more than 14 days following e-LDLT treatment were classified as Group 2 (n=30). Results: Significantly greater rates of pre-transplant critical care unit stay, pre-transplant ventilator support, or continuous renal replacement treatment were observed in Group 1 compared to Group 2. In comparison to Group 2, Group 1 exhibited notably lower serum albumin levels and higher model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores. Significantly, the MELD score increased by more than 10% for 3 days preceding to e-LDLT applications in Group 1 compared to Group 2. The multivariate analysis revealed that the only factor that affected the death of patients waiting for LDLT after e-LDLT applications was pre-transplant ventilator support. Conclusion The present study suggested that patients receiving mechanical ventilator support in the pre-transplant period should be approached cautiously when deciding on e-LDLT.

Background: Deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) and living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) are employed to address highly urgent patients, including those with acute liver failure (ALF), acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), or critical cirrhosis. This study compares outcomes between LDLT and DDLT patients with ALF, ACLF, or critical cirrhosis in highly urgent LDLT (HU-LDLT) applications. Methods: This study conducted a retrospective analysis of the Korean Network for Organ Sharing (KONOS) data, which included 391 consecutive HU-LDLT applications from 2017 to 2021. Results: The proportion of DDLT was 15.1% (n=59) within the cohort of HU-LDLT applications. The prevalence of hepatorenal syndrome, duration of pre-transplant intensive care unit (ICU) care, incidence of pre-transplant continuous renal replacement therapy, and median model for end-stage liver disease scores were significantly greater and prolonged in DDLT patients compared to LDLT patients. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in postoperative complications or overall survival between the two groups. In the multivariate analysis, only pre-transplant ventilator care emerged as a significant predisposing factor for mortality. Conclusion The present study indicates that LDLT is a viable option, yielding comparable perioperative and long-term outcomes to DDLT for HU patients, which can encourage living liver donation to overcome organ shortages in HU patients.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop eating traits scale for Korean adults and verify its validity and reliability. Methods: The initial items were developed based on the literature reviews. The first preliminary scale has consisted of 78 items and the second preliminary scale consisted of 50 items selected by 13 experts who were formed to evaluate the content validity. To review whether they could understand the questionnaires at their reading level, 27 sixth-grade elementary school students were asked to be involved in this study. The questionnaire was revised through the consultation of Korean language teachers, and the final preliminary scale was composed of 50 items. Data were collected from 329 adults aged 19 to 65 years to test validity and reliability of the scale The item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were applied. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed 5 factors of 35 items. The factors (No. of items) were ‘Mood states (6)’, ‘Pursuit of health (6)’, ‘Stimulation of food (9)’, ‘Social situations (5)’, ‘Desire satisfaction (9)’. These 5 factors explained 55.04% of the total variance. Eating traits scale developed in this study was established construct validity. The reliability of the scale, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .92 and the factor’s ranged from .77 to .87. Conclusions Eating traits scale developed in this study was verified by content validity, construct validity and reliability. It is expected to be useful measuring eating traits of Korean adults in clinical practice and research.

Objective: This study evaluated the relationship between IVD degeneration and the vertebral body FSF in dogs and compared these factors between chondrodystrophic (CD) and nonchondrodystrophic (NCD) dogs. Methods: IVD degeneration in dogs was classified morphologically using the Pfirrmann grade, and the vertebral body FSF was evaluated quantitatively. Results: The vertebral body FSF showed a statistically significant difference among the age groups. The vertebral body FSF was significantly higher in Pfirrmann grades 3–5 than in grades 1 and 2. The mean Pfirrmann grade of CD dogs was higher than that of NCD dogs in the four-to-six-year-old group. The mean vertebral body FSF of CD dogs was higher than that of NCD dogs in the group of seven years and above. Conclusions and Relevance: In dogs, the vertebral body FSF increased significantly with age and Pfirrmann grade. The CD dogs showed a higher degree of IVD degeneration at a younger age than the NCD dogs. CD dogs appeared to experience more severe fat deposition of the vertebral body in old age than NCD dogs. MRI examinations are helpful for evaluating IVD degeneration and vertebral body fat deposition.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop eating traits scale for Korean adults and verify its validity and reliability. Methods: The initial items were developed based on the literature reviews. The first preliminary scale has consisted of 78 items and the second preliminary scale consisted of 50 items selected by 13 experts who were formed to evaluate the content validity. To review whether they could understand the questionnaires at their reading level, 27 sixth-grade elementary school students were asked to be involved in this study. The questionnaire was revised through the consultation of Korean language teachers, and the final preliminary scale was composed of 50 items. Data were collected from 329 adults aged 19 to 65 years to test validity and reliability of the scale The item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were applied. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed 5 factors of 35 items. The factors (No. of items) were ‘Mood states (6)’, ‘Pursuit of health (6)’, ‘Stimulation of food (9)’, ‘Social situations (5)’, ‘Desire satisfaction (9)’. These 5 factors explained 55.04% of the total variance. Eating traits scale developed in this study was established construct validity. The reliability of the scale, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .92 and the factor’s ranged from .77 to .87. Conclusions Eating traits scale developed in this study was verified by content validity, construct validity and reliability. It is expected to be useful measuring eating traits of Korean adults in clinical practice and research.

Objective: This study evaluated the relationship between IVD degeneration and the vertebral body FSF in dogs and compared these factors between chondrodystrophic (CD) and nonchondrodystrophic (NCD) dogs. Methods: IVD degeneration in dogs was classified morphologically using the Pfirrmann grade, and the vertebral body FSF was evaluated quantitatively. Results: The vertebral body FSF showed a statistically significant difference among the age groups. The vertebral body FSF was significantly higher in Pfirrmann grades 3–5 than in grades 1 and 2. The mean Pfirrmann grade of CD dogs was higher than that of NCD dogs in the four-to-six-year-old group. The mean vertebral body FSF of CD dogs was higher than that of NCD dogs in the group of seven years and above. Conclusions and Relevance: In dogs, the vertebral body FSF increased significantly with age and Pfirrmann grade. The CD dogs showed a higher degree of IVD degeneration at a younger age than the NCD dogs. CD dogs appeared to experience more severe fat deposition of the vertebral body in old age than NCD dogs. MRI examinations are helpful for evaluating IVD degeneration and vertebral body fat deposition.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop eating traits scale for Korean adults and verify its validity and reliability. Methods: The initial items were developed based on the literature reviews. The first preliminary scale has consisted of 78 items and the second preliminary scale consisted of 50 items selected by 13 experts who were formed to evaluate the content validity. To review whether they could understand the questionnaires at their reading level, 27 sixth-grade elementary school students were asked to be involved in this study. The questionnaire was revised through the consultation of Korean language teachers, and the final preliminary scale was composed of 50 items. Data were collected from 329 adults aged 19 to 65 years to test validity and reliability of the scale The item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were applied. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed 5 factors of 35 items. The factors (No. of items) were ‘Mood states (6)’, ‘Pursuit of health (6)’, ‘Stimulation of food (9)’, ‘Social situations (5)’, ‘Desire satisfaction (9)’. These 5 factors explained 55.04% of the total variance. Eating traits scale developed in this study was established construct validity. The reliability of the scale, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .92 and the factor’s ranged from .77 to .87. Conclusions Eating traits scale developed in this study was verified by content validity, construct validity and reliability. It is expected to be useful measuring eating traits of Korean adults in clinical practice and research.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop eating traits scale for Korean adults and verify its validity and reliability. Methods: The initial items were developed based on the literature reviews. The first preliminary scale has consisted of 78 items and the second preliminary scale consisted of 50 items selected by 13 experts who were formed to evaluate the content validity. To review whether they could understand the questionnaires at their reading level, 27 sixth-grade elementary school students were asked to be involved in this study. The questionnaire was revised through the consultation of Korean language teachers, and the final preliminary scale was composed of 50 items. Data were collected from 329 adults aged 19 to 65 years to test validity and reliability of the scale The item analysis and exploratory factor analysis were applied. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed 5 factors of 35 items. The factors (No. of items) were ‘Mood states (6)’, ‘Pursuit of health (6)’, ‘Stimulation of food (9)’, ‘Social situations (5)’, ‘Desire satisfaction (9)’. These 5 factors explained 55.04% of the total variance. Eating traits scale developed in this study was established construct validity. The reliability of the scale, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .92 and the factor’s ranged from .77 to .87. Conclusions Eating traits scale developed in this study was verified by content validity, construct validity and reliability. It is expected to be useful measuring eating traits of Korean adults in clinical practice and research.

Subgaleal hematomas are accumulation of blood between periosteum and galea aponeurosis. A 2-year-old male Chihuahua was presented with a severe head swelling after trauma. Radiography and computed tomography (CT) showed a massive swelling encircling the entire calvarial vault, extending toward the cervical neck and crossing the suture line. It was heterogeneously, mild hyperdense fluid to soft tissue attenuating with contrast enhancement on CT images. On day 4, physical and imaging examination showed resolution of the calvarial swelling. Subgaleal hematoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis when there is a massive soft tissue swelling over the skull on physical and imaging examinations.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Meal kits and home meal replacements (HMRs) are rapidly growing segments in the convenience food industry. Consequently, numerous studies have examined consumer perceptions of HMR and meal kits, respectively. HMR is an established segment, while meal kits are a recent category. Both segments offer convenience compared to home-cooked meals. However, meal kits offer a wider variety of recipes with fresh ingredients, requiring simple cooking steps to prepare the meal rather than merely heating the food. Despite the commonalities and differences, previous studies have only examined the purchasing behavior and influencing factors of either the meal kits or HMR.However, changes in the purchasing patterns of both segments may be correlated. This study investigates the relationship between consumer purchasing trends of meal kits and HMR and presents practical recommendations regarding the need of consumers for convenience foods.MATERIALS/METHODS: We conducted a panel regression analysis of consumer purchase data obtained from shopping receipts, spanning the 2019, 2020, and 2021 waves of the Korean Rural Development Administration. RESULTS: The results show that the purchases of meal kits and HMR increased during the period, suggesting a complementary relationship between the 2. We also found significant increases in purchases within 2 sub-categories of HMR, namely, ready-to-prepare and readyto-cook, alongside meal kits. These findings were further supported by the results of the sub-regression analysis. CONCLUSION The simultaneous growth of meal kits and HMR indicates that convenience foods continue to play a crucial role in meeting consumer needs in the food industry.In addition, considering the significant growth of the HMR sub-categories with fresh ingredients and cooking, we suggest that companies should aim to satisfy the desire of consumers for both convenience as well as freshness and culinary aspects.